Prevention Of Oral Cancer Research Articles

Perception and outcome of oral cancer awareness among clinical undergraduate dental students of Tertiary health care centre at Kanpur city: A cross-sectional study.

Background:The International Agency for Research on Cancer has predicted that India's incidence of cancer will increase from 1 million in 2012 to more than 1.7 million in 2035. Lack of knowledge about oral cancer among general dental practitioners leads to delay in the diagnosis and treatment of such lesions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the awareness and knowledge of prevention and early diagnosis of oral cancer among dental undergraduate students.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted. A total of 139 undergraduate students who received teaching on oral diseases including oral cancer in their clinical postings in the department of oral medicine and radiology were included in the study. All the students were subjected to evaluation using structured questionnaires with multiple choices. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 18. Chi-square test was done to evaluate the statistical significance.Results:The present study showed that the participants had average awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and its clinical presentations. The awareness and knowledge toward oral cancer protocols revealed a decreasing trend from final-year students to 3rd-year and interns. Nearly 66.2% of the undergraduates felt less well informed regarding oral cancer. All the undergraduates (100%) requested further information about oral cancer.Conclusion:The present study concluded that knowledge and awareness of undergraduate dental students with respect to early detection and prevention of oral cancer was satisfactory. It is recommended that the syllabus of dental courses should be expanded to provide knowledge regarding the prevention and early diagnosis of oral cancer.

Malignant potentiality assessment of oral submucous fibrosis through semi-quantitative approach.

Background:In the context of early diagnosis and prevention of oral cancer, precise assessment of malignant potentiality of the oral potentially malignant disorders, particularly oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is crucial. Till date, the assessment of malignant potentiality suffers from predictive ambiguity due to the lack of precision in the gold standard techniques. This can be addressed by integrating heuristic domain knowledge with quantitative analysis.Aim:The aim of this study is to propose an index for enhancing accuracy in malignant potentiality evaluation.Materials and Methods:The present study analyzes important histomorphometric attributes (epithelial thickness, basal cell nuclear size, nuclear-to-cytoplasmic area ratio of basal cells, chromaticity of basal cell nucleus, thickness of basement membrane, ratio of vasculature in juxta-epithelial connective tissue [i.e., area covered by blood vessels/total area], collagen density in the lamina propria) of oral mucosa in dysplastic and nondysplastic OSF in association with relevant oncopathological appreciations (weightage of different features as suggested by oral pathologists) toward proposing a “Malignant Potentiality Index” (MPI).Results:Analysis of variance and notch box plot analysis depict statistically significant differences (P < 0.0001) in the histopathological features among different study groups (normal oral mucosa, OSF without dysplasia, OSF with dysplasia). Histopathological observation of one OSF patient with calculated MPI is shown.Conclusion:This newly proposed diagnostic cum prognostic decision-making parameter, the “MPI” may bring a value addition to the conventional diagnostic gold standard.

Prevention of oral cancer by natural products

Oral cancer has a tendency to be detected at late stage which is detrimental to the patients because of its high mortality and morbidity rates. Early detection of oral cancer is important to reduce the incidence of mortality. The use of natural products which have a rich source of anticancer agents helps to reverse, suppress, or prevent carcinogenic progression. Chemopreventive agents play a crucial role in reversal, suppression, and prevention of carcinogenesis of premalignant or malignant cells by modulating cell proliferation or differentiation. This article review describes the most important chemopreventive agents taking place in the prevention of premalignant lesions to develop to oral cancer. By including cancer fighting foods in the daily diet like leafy green vegetables, sweet potatoes, carrots, soya, seaweed, drumsticks, tomatoes, grapes, avocado, grapefruit, papaya, lemon, oranges, and green tea, oral cancer can be prevented. Natural therapies may be a good substitute in the prevention of premalignant lesion to develop to invasive cancer by using Chemotherapeutic agents.

Knowledge assessment among the fourth and fifth year students on the potentially malignant lesions of oral cavity

Background/Aim: Potentially malignant oral lesions (PMOL) are lesions that have an increased risk of malignant transformation concerning healthy oral mucosa. This research aimed to assess the knowledge of students of final years of study on the potentially malignant lesions of the oral cavity. Material and Methods: 120 students of the fourth and fifth years of study participated in this research,60 respondents were fourth-year students, 60 respondents were fifth-year students. All of the respondents signed informed consent.According to the type of research, this is a cross-sectional study which was conducted by completing a 15-item questionnaire. The results were statistically analyzed and processed in the SPSS Statistics 21.0 program. Results: The results indicate that during the clinical examination the fourth and fifth-year students examine the oral mucosa as well. 61% of the students find themselves poorly informed on the PMOL. In the fourth year of study, only 5,5% of students responded that they were well informed, while in the fifth year that number totaled 28,5%. When knowledge self-assessment is concerned the difference has shown itself to be statistically significant between the fourth and fifth-year students. When asked what knowledge on the prevention of oral cancer they expect to receive during their studies, 78% of the students expected more knowledge than at that moment - 36% of which were fifth-year students, and 42% were fourth-year students. Conclusions: Even though the oral cavity is easily accessible to examination, the discovery of oral cancer occurs quite late. Ours, as well as results of other studies, impose the need for better theoretical and practical education of the students.

New Insights into Oral Cancer-Risk Factors and Prevention: A Review of Literature.

The oral cancer constitutes 48% of head and neck cancer cases. Ninety percent of oral cancer cases are histologically diagnosed as oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Despite new management strategies, the 5-year survival rate of oral cancer is still below 50% in most countries. Head and neck cancers are heterogeneous tumors, and this characteristic of them provides a challenge to treatment plan. Due to the poor outcomes in oral cancer, prevention is a necessity. In this review, a relevant English Literature search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar from 2000 to mid-2018 was performed. All published articles related to oral cancer and its prevention were included. The risk factors of oral cancer and strategies of oral cancer prevention will be discussed.

Early detection and prevention of oral cancer: an appraisal

Oral cancers (OC) represent the majority of head and neck cancers with more than half million patients being affected each year worldwide. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth commonest cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 4% of all cancers. Therefore, an improvement in the prevention and control of oral cancer is of critical importance. This may be achieved by reducing the risk through avoidance of tobacco and alcohol, recognizing and treating premalignant lesions and detecting developed OC at an early stage. Data search for the present review was done electronically. Electronic search was conducted using databases such as Pubmed and Medline, Cochrane library, articles published in peer-reviewed journals, text books, grey literature and from sites of World Health Organization, Centre For Diseases Control Report, Global Adult Tobacco Survey and Global Youth Tobacco Survey reports. This review ruled out web of causation and web of prevention including early detection and prevention to be an ideal strategy to reduce the prevalence of oral cancer and its impact on quality of life. Screening and early detection in population at risk have been proposed to decrease both morbidity and mortality associated with the oral cancer.

CHANGES IN THE HARMFUL HABITS OF RISK FOR ORAL CANCER OVER 27 YEARS IN THE STATE OF PARANÁ, BRAZIL

Tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking are increasing the risk of oral cancer. The aim of the study is to report the experience of 27 years of voluntary actions regarding the prevention of oral cancer in Parana, Brazil. From 1989 to 2015, voluntary health actions were carried out aimed at the prevention of oral cancer. Volunteers over 30 years old answered a questionnaire with personal data and harmful habits, such as smoking and alcoholism, as well as a physical examination. Results: A total of 25,177 patients were examined, of which 21.5% had oral lesions, such as traumatic and inflammatory lesions and leukoplakia, with characteristics of malignancy, papilloma, and erythroplasia. Regarding the harmful habits, from 1989 to 1998, 25% of the participants were smokers and 14.4% drinkers of alcohol. In the subsequent 10 years, there was a drop in habits to 18.4% and 14.3%, respectively. However, frequencies increased between 2009 and 2015, reaching to 24.3% of smokers and 18.4% of alcohol drinkers. The data show that the harmful habits of the population studied varied over the years, while the percentage of smokers and users of alcohol in Parana is still high, and that more preventive campaigns should be made to raise awareness of the population regarding its carcinogenic effects.

Uwaga problem – wirus onkogenny HPV a nowotwory jamy ustnej i gardła

Current epidemiological and molecular research has confirmed that HPV (human papillomavirus) infection is strongly associated with malignant tumors of the mouth and throat. HPV infection is currently considered to be one of the main causes of the growing incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in the oropharynx and oral cavity, in particular among populations of developed countries. HPV-positive cancers are characterized by a different from non-viral clinical image, epidemiology, risk factors and treatment protocols. Therefore, it deserves special attention and separate treatment. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of HPV-positive carcinomas in the world, especially in the group of patients under 50 years of age. All of these factors lead to the conclusion, that redefinition of risk groups for cancer of this area and updating of protocols and prophylaxis is needed. Younger patients should be provided with oral cancer prevention programs, it is also advisable to promote vaccinations. The article describes current epidemiological status and the state of knowledge about HPV positive cancers of mouth and throat region.

Association of metabolic NCD risk factors with oral, breast and cervical precancers and cancers in India

ObjectiveTo find an association between metabolic non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors (high blood pressure (BP), high random blood sugar (RBS) and overweight /obesity) and oral, breast, cervical cancers/precancerous or potentially...

An Overview of Internet of Dental Things: New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry

Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has revolutionized health care sector drastically since last decade. Recent advances in digital world have helped to achieve prevention and management of chronic diseases by the IoMT technology based devices in medical field. Advanced science, cloud technology, and new generations of smart-phones, plus tablets with integrated apps have helped patients to track their diseases continuously on daily basis. Dentistry has also transformed completely due to establishment of computer-based advanced technologies, new preventive disease measures, and improved diagnostic techniques in last few years. Internet of Dental Things (IoDT) is an innovative approach to achieve prevention and management of dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancers, and other dental diseases. IoDT could play vital role in collection and monitoring of patients’ data for oral health care; moreover this data could be used in eventual risk assessment and further research. This paper reviews IoMT and its possible application IoDT in dentistry; additionally it also introduces IoDT technology dependent oral heath-care model and architecture applied to dentistry. In addition, it also reviews data collection devices used with reference to IoDT technology. Thus the overview compiles recent studies on arising digital progressions in dentistry and recommends IoDT as the futuristic advent in the advanced clinical dentistry. To conclude, IoDT will influence positively clinical monitoring, and oral-health data collection; furthermore IoDT will also improve overall management of oral diseases.

Betel quid chewing and cessation in the sociocultural context of Paiwan people from Taiwan: a qualitative study

Although recent medical studies have found a significant correlation between betel quid chewing and oral cancer, some Taiwanese aboriginal people continue the traditional betel quid culture. Using the transtheoretical model framework, we conducted a qualitative study to examine the stages of behavioral change in betel quid chewing in the Paiwan sociocultural context. We conducted in-depth interviews with 20 aboriginal chewers of betel quid. Results of a content analysis showed significant patterns in the precontemplation, contemplation, action, and maintenance stages, but none in the preparation stage. Relapse was most likely to occur between the contemplation and action stages. In the precontemplation stage, interviewees showed no motivation to change their chewing behavior due to shared positive attitudes of psychosocial benefits and cultural identity. In the contemplation stage, dependent-type chewers were aware of oral damage and pain caused by chewing betel quid but could not resist their cravings; social-type chewers showed approach–avoidance conflicts between social needs and cessation. Chewers entered the action stage once they decided to quit; “to stop immediately” or “reduce quantity” were the most frequent strategies reported. In this stage, chewers endured withdrawal symptoms and refused betel quid from others but tended to relapse easily. Participants entering the maintenance stage were not affected by withdrawal symptoms and did not have ulcers or pain. Future research should identify ways to preserve traditional aboriginal culture while encouraging aboriginal people to quit betel quid chewing to promote the prevention and treatment of oral cancer.

A conceptual framework for an oral cancer awareness campaign in Northern Germany - Challenges in campaign development and assessment.

Initial impetus for action: Oral cancer is still an underestimated disease in terms of incidence as well as mortality rates; it requires urgent prevention and early detection. At present, there is no best-practice systematic approach to raising awareness and informing the public about about this type of cancer in Germany. This article describes a framework that covers the significant stages of conceptual development and campaign design to promote oral cancer awareness in Germany. Solution: The challenges of the development, as well as evaluation of an oral cancer awareness campaign are shared in this article. Four key stages of the campaign are defined: (1) mass media, (2) target groups, (3) health care professionals, and (4) epidemiology. For each section, the following levels of assessment are proposed: (a) campaign development (formative assessment), (b) controlling and optimising campaign implementation (process assessment) and (c) measuring outcomes (summative assessment). Outcome: A process-oriented assessment concept for each of the four campaign sections was developed and merged to form a matrix, which includes each of the above sections regarding the prevention and early detection of oral cancer, as well as the three stages of campaign assessment. Future implications and learning points: The conceptual framework demonstrated that systematic planning and evaluation of different components helped to describe and evaluate an oral cancer campaign: For future campaigns, the use of a matrix covering different campaign targets as well as the entire campaign process, is recommended as a basis for campaign design and evaluation.

Awareness and health-enhancing behavior of oral cancer among high school students

Introduction. An increase in head and neck cancers has been observed. Recent findings show an association between those cancers and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. It is known that HPV infections lead to oral cancers, especially among adolescents. Material and methods. An author-delivered questionnaire was carried out among 774 high school students. The survey covered questions about epidemiology, lifestyle, dental behavior, and oral cancer prevention and risk factors. Results. 29.1% of students smoke or vape. 34.9% of respondents think that HPV infections can cause oral cancer. It is believed that transmission occurs through sexual activity (72.2%), vertical (47.5%), horizontal (23.8%), and auto-transmission (14.6%). 20.4% of interviewees noticed changes in their oral mucosa and 20.0% perform mouth self-examination. Conclusions. Students do not have adequate knowledge of oral cancer. Smoking and drinking are still at a high level. The lack of knowledge prevailed in technical schools. Participants attending classes with an advanced curriculum in science had better lifestyle habits than others. There is a need to improve head and neck cancers education and awareness among youth attending technical schools and schools with non-scientific curriculums.

The Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on PRECEDE Model on Oral Cancer Prevention Behaviors in Hookah Users.

Educational intervention about oral cancer prevention is essential for all people, especially in hookah users. The aim of this study is investigating the effect of an educational intervention based on PRECEDE model on oral cancer prevention in hookah users living in Fasa, Fars Province, Iran, in 2017-2018. In this quasi-experimental study, 360 hookah users were selected and divided into experimental and control groups (180 subjects for each group). Educational intervention was performed for experimental group in 12 sessions. A questionnaire consisting of items evaluating demographic information and PRECEDE model constructs (knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, enabling factors, and reinforcing factors) was used to measure oral cancer prevention behaviors and nicotine dependency of subjects before and 6months after intervention. Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software through paired t test, independent t test, and chi-square test at significance level of P < 0.05. Six months after intervention, experimental group showed significant increase in knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, enabling factors, reinforcing factors, oral cancer prevention behaviors, and reduction of nicotine dependency compared with control group. This study showed the efficiency of educational intervention based on PRECEDE model in adoption of oral cancer prevention behaviors and reduction of nicotine dependency of hookah users 6months after intervention.

Progress in Drug and Formulation Development for the Chemoprevention of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review

Cancer is a life-threatening global problem with high incidence rates. Prioritizing the prevention of cancer, chemopreventive agents have drawn much attention from the researchers. This review focuses on the discussion of the progress in the development of chemopreventive agents and formulations related to the prevention of oral cancer. In this perspective, an extensive literature survey was carried out to understand the mechanism, control and chemoprevention of oral cancer. Different patented agents and formulations have also exhibited cancer preventive efficacy in experimental studies. This review summarizes the etiology of oral cancer and developments in prevention strategies. The growth of oral cancer is a multistep activity necessitating the accumulation of genetic as well as epigenetic alterations in key regulatory genes. Many risk factors are associated with oral cancer. Genomic technique for sequencing all tumor specimens has been made available to help detect mutations. The recent development of molecular pathway and genetic tools has made the process of diagnosis easier, better forecast and efficient therapeutic management. Different chemical agents have been studied for their efficacy to prevent oral cancer and some of them have shown promising results. Use of chemopreventive agents, either synthetic or natural origin, to prevent carcinogenesis is a worthy concept in the management of cancers. Preventive measures are helpful in controlling the occurrence or severity of the disease. The demonstrated results of preventive agents have opened an arena for the development of promising chemopreventive agents in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract 658: Antiproliferative effects of type II diabetes agents in Fanconi derived oral squamous carcinoma

Abstract Fanconi anemia is a rare disease characterized by bone marrow failure requiring transplantation at a young age. Patients with Fanconi Anemia are at risk for the development of squamous cell carcinomas of the skin and mucosal surfaces at risks several hundred fold higher than control populations and these malignancies can pursue an aggressive, often fatal, course. Our group has been interested in repurposing Type 2 diabetes agents for oral cancer prevention and treatment. Presently, we examined the effects of the thiazolidinedione drug, pioglitazone, and an experimental biguanide, N1-hexyl-N5-benzyl-biguanide (HBB), on the proliferation of Fanconi-derived oral carcinoma cells. We incubated MOP FA1,a, VU-1131, and VU-1365 b, and C squamous cell carcinoma cell lines with vehicle controls or the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone or biguanide (HBB). We found dose-dependent decreases in cellular proliferation in all three Fanconi-derived cell lines at physiologically relevant concentrations (10 - 50 µM) after 1 to 3 days in several experiments. The effects were not due to simple cytotoxicity as judged by trypan blue staining. In other non-squamous cell lines of cervical and oral cavity origins we have previously discovered similar effects. These agents affect PPAR gamma associated pathways (pioglitazone) or mTOR and mitochondrial glucose metaboliscm pathways (HBB). Since Fanconi anemia patients are highly susceptible to DNA damaging effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy, these classes of agents might be attractive in Fanconi Anemia oral cancer treatment or prevention. Metformin, another biguanide, is currently postulated to delay bone marrow failure in the Fanconi population and is currently in use in an early phase clinical trial. Our results may, therefore, be attratciveattractive for oral cancer prevention and treatment in this population, as they are well tolerated. Further examination of molecular mechanisms will likely generate putative pharmacodynamics markers for future clinical trials. Citation Format: Kim Miller, Beverly Wuertz, David Potter, Frank G. Ondrey. Antiproliferative effects of type II diabetes agents in Fanconi derived oral squamous carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 658.

C-Myc Overexpression Promotes Oral Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration by Enhancing Glutaminase and Glutamine Synthetase Activity

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate whether glutaminase (GLS) and glutamine synthetase (GS) are involved in c-Myc-mediated tumor development in oral cancer. MethodsThe correlation between the expressions of c-Myc, GLS, and GS in clinical samples and the clinicopathologic features of oral cancer were examined using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. After overexpressing the c-Myc gene and using an inhibitor of GLS or GS, functional experiments were performed to confirm the effects of c-Myc, GLS and GS on proliferation, cell cycle and migration in KB oral cancer cells. The expressions of E-cadherin and N-cadherin were determined by immunofluorescence assays in KB cells overexpressing c-Myc in the presence of GLS or GS inhibitors. ResultsThe protein expression of GS was correlated with the Tumor, Lymph Node, and Metastasis (TNM) stage. In addition, c-Myc mRNA levels were positively correlated with GS mRNA levels. Overexpression of c-Myc increased the colonies derived from oral cancer cells and caused more cells to be in S phase compared with the mock-vehicle group. The migratory speed of KB cells was promoted by overexpression of c-Myc compared to the mock-vehicle group. However, these effects were effectively reversed in the presence of GLS or GS inhibitor. Furthermore, c-Myc could inhibit E-cadherin protein expression while promoting N-cadherin expression by enhancing the activity of GLS and GS. Conclusionsc-Myc overexpression promotes oral cancer cell proliferation and migration by enhancing GLS and GS activity. Our findings are beneficial for the identification of novel molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of oral cancer.

Fluorescence visualization improves the detection of oral, potentially malignant, disorders in population screening.

Scientific literature shows the great potential of fluorescence visualization (FV) in the detection of lesions in the skin and mucosa, though its use has been intermitant. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) with and without the use of fluorescence visualization in population screening. During a population screening for oral cancer and OPMD, general practice dentists (GPD) performed conventional oral examination (COE) in the first year, and in the second year the FV was inserted in the oral examination. When detecting any suspicious lesion in oral mucosa either by COE or FV, patients were referred for final diagnosis by a specialist in oral medicine. Biopsy was performed in cases of high-risk lesions to confirm the diagnosis, presence of epithelial d (ED), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). During the oral cancer prevention campaign in the first year, benign neoplasms were the oral lesions with higher diagnosis rate (26.2%), followed by non-neoplastic proliferative processes (23.8%) and potentially malignant disorders (21.4%). During the second year, with the implementation of the use of FV, OPMD were the lesions with higher diagnosis rate (37.7%). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the detection of potentially malignant disorders were respectively equal to 94.4%, 96.2% and 96.1%. The detection of lesions with epithelial dysplasia for these amounts were respectively equal to 100%, 92.4% and 92.6%. FV presented high diagnostic values when used by GPD and improved the detection of OPMD in population screening. FV has potential to be used as an adjunctive method for early diagnosis of oral high-risk lesions.

Prevalence of oral leukoplakia in oral cancer prevention in the state of Paraná-Brazil between 1989 and 2017

Prevalence of oral leukoplakia in oral cancer prevention in the state of Paraná-Brazil between 1989 and 2017

Awareness of oral cancer and potentially malignant oral disorder among final year medical and dental undergraduate students of Chitwan Medical College, Nepal

Background: Oral Cancer (OCA) is a common malignancy in South East Asia and the burden of the disease is increasing. OCA is usually preceded by Potentially Malignant Oral Disorder (PMOD). The early detection of these diseases may limit the high mortality and morbidity. The objectives of this study were to assess the awareness of burden, associated risk fac­tors, early detection and prognosis of OCA and OPMD among final year medical and dental students..&#x0D; Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among final year Medical and Dental undergraduate students of Chitwan Medical College, Nepal in April 2017 using a pre tested self-administered questionnaires. All the final year students present at their respective classes (Dental= 50 and Medical=75 students) responded to the questionnaires after giving informed consent. Data entered in SPPS 20 software was analyzed using Pearson Chi Square test and Fisher exact test.&#x0D; Results: Dental students had better awareness concerning PMOD. Yet, the dental students did not differ significantly from their medical coun­terpart in most of the responses related to OCA. Surprisingly, more Dental students had misconception that OCA is not preventable and early detec­tion is difficult. Few of both groups were confident in having sufficient knowledge in OCA prevention and detection. Only 18.6% of Medical stu­dents had examined PMOD and few students of both groups had exam­ined OCA.&#x0D; Conclusions: This study revealed the deficient aspect in the knowledge concerning OCA and OPMD among Medical and Dental students indicat­ing the need to emphasize on these aspects of medical education.