Oral Cancer Mortality Research Articles

Exploring a potential impact of a social marketing campaign on reducing oral cancer incidences in Michigan: an ecological study.

Objectives/Aims:The social marketing campaign was launched in 2005–2007 to address excess risk of oral cancer in Detroit tri-county area, Michigan. We assessed the extent to which the campaign might have contributed to decreasing risk of oral cancer using the modified interrupted time-series design.Materials and Methods:Oral cancer incidence and mortality data came from Michigan Department of Community Health, and trends of age-adjusted rates during 1990–2009 were compared between intervention and comparison counties via joinpoint regression.Results:Although mortality rates in both areas decreased in parallel manner, incidence rates decreased during and after the campaign only in the intervention counties. A similar trend was observed in the race-specific analysis. Alternative explanations, including population profiles, health-care access and pre-existing trends, were examined, and these characteristics were comparable between two areas in 1990s and 2000s.Conclusions:These results suggested that the campaign was more likely to be associated with the decreasing trend of oral cancer incidence in the intervention counties than alternative explanations. Although oral cancer is a deadly disease, its awareness has been relatively low. This study highlights a potential impact of concerted efforts to improve the oral cancer awareness in the high-risk communities.

How many individuals must be screened to reduce oral cancer mortality rate in the Western context? A challenge.

Controlling oral cancer (OC) through screening is appealing. Advantages of this are as follows: OC is often preceded by visible premalignant lesions, early-stage survival is threefold greater than late-stage survival, and visual screening is inexpensive. Disadvantages of this are as follows: high frequency of false positives, undemonstrated cost-effectiveness, and irregular screening attendance by high-risk individuals. Screening effectiveness in Western countries has not been proven, because of low OC prevalence, which disproportionally increases the number of individuals needed to screen (NNS) to decrease mortality. This study estimated the NNS to obtain an evident decrease in OC mortality rate in the UK. Data gathered from reliable databanks were used. NNS to detect one case (NNScase ) was estimated using a Bayesian approach. NNS to prevent one death (NNSdeath ) was assessed multiplying NNScase by the number of cases that must be screen-detected to prevent one death. NNS to decrease mortality rate by 1% (NNSmortality ) was assessed multiplying NNSdeath by 1% of annual OC deaths. NNSmortality was overall 1 125 000 (95% confidence interval - 95CI, 690 000-1 870 000), males 551 000 (95CI, 337 000-916 000), and females 571 000 (95CI, 347 000-942 000). An OC visual screening campaign capable of producing an evident decrease in mortality rate in the UK requires a large number of adults to be annually and regularly screened.

Glycoprotein B7-H3 overexpression and aberrant glycosylation in oral cancer and immune response

The incidence and mortality rate of oral cancer continue to rise, partly due to the lack of effective early diagnosis and increasing environmental exposure to cancer-causing agents. To identify new markers for oral cancer, we used a sialylation probe to investigate the glycoproteins differentially expressed on oral cancer cells. Of the glycoproteins identified, B7 Homolog 3 (B7-H3) was significantly overexpressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and its overexpression correlated with larger tumor size, advanced clinical stage, and low survival rate in OSCC patients. In addition, knockdown of B7-H3 suppressed tumor cell proliferation, and restoration of B7-H3 expression enhanced tumor growth. It was also found that the N-glycans of B7-H3 from Ca9-22 oral cancer cells contain the terminal α-galactose and are more diverse with higher fucosylation and better interaction with DC-SIGN [DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM-3)-grabbing nonintegrin] and Langerin on immune cells than that from normal cells, suggesting that the glycans on B7-H3 may also play an important role in the disease.

Abstract IA18: Tumor suppressor gene silencing by somatic mutations and promoter methylation leads to genomic instability in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract IA18: Tumor suppressor gene silencing by somatic mutations and promoter methylation leads to genomic instability in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Gender and Race Inequalities in Oral Cancer Mortality.

Gender and Race Inequalities in Oral Cancer Mortality.

Aspectos epidemiológicos da mortalidade por câncer de boca: conhecendo os riscos para possibilitar a detecção precoce das alterações na comunicação

Resumo:OBJETIVOS:caracterizar os aspectos epidemiológicos da mortalidade por câncer de boca, no município de Olinda, no período de 2008 a 2012.MÉTODOS:foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico, de base populacional, do tipo seccional, a partir dos dados do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade dos óbitos por câncer de boca no período de 2008 a 2012, em residentes de Olinda. Foi calculado o coeficiente de mortalidade específico por câncer de boca, e foram analisadas as variáveis sexo, faixa etária, raça/cor, grau de instrução, estado civil, ocupação, sitio anatômico do câncer e local de ocorrência do óbito, e as diferenças percentuais foram testadas pelo Qui-quadrado corrigido de Yates (α=5%). Foi mensurada a razão de prevalência (α=5%).RESULTADOS:ocorreram 87 óbitos por câncer de boca, perfazendo um coeficiente de mortalidade específico de 21,5/ 100.000 habitantes. Houve predomínio dos óbitos entre homens, não casados, em pretos ou pardos, com ocupação não braçal, escolaridade inferior a 7 anos de estudo, com localização anatômica do tumor em faringe e língua (p<0,005). As maiores razões de prevalência foram encontradas entre os homens (RP=3,43), em trabalhadores braçais (RP= 2,86) e nos casos em que o câncer ocorreu no palato (RP=4,5).CONCLUSÃO:a identificação dos aspectos epidemiológicos que apresentam os maiores riscos para a mortalidade por câncer de boca orientará o planejamento das intervenções em saúde e em Fonoaudiologia.

Early oral cancer diagnosis: The Aarhus statement perspective. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Mortality is linked to diagnostic intervals in certain cancers. As symptom perception is conditioned by tumor site, a specific study on oral cancer is needed. This study's inclusion criteria were original data, symptomatic primary oral squamous cell carcinoma, and exposure of interest, diagnostic interval, or diagnostic delay. The outcome of interest was survival and disease stage. A meta-analysis was undertaken to investigate the relationship between intervals to diagnosis, TNM classification, and survival in oral cancer. Regarding referral delay, the results present no heterogeneity and showed a risk increase in mortality of 2.48 (range = 1.39-4.42). The larger the diagnostic delay, the more advanced the stage at diagnosis. High quality studies reveal a higher risk increase than low quality studies (odds ratio [OR] = 2.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36-4.36 vs OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.26-1.86). A longer time interval from first symptom to referral for diagnosis is a risk factor for advanced stage and mortality of oral cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2182-E2189, 2016.

Enduring health effects of asbestos use in Belgian industries: a record-linked cohort study of cause-specific mortality (2001–2009)

ObjectiveTo investigate cause-specific mortality among asbestos workers and potentially exposed workers in Belgium and evaluate potential excess in mortality due to established and suspected asbestos-related diseases.DesignThis cohort study is based...

Mortalidad por cáncer oral y faríngeo en Chile, años 2002-2010

There are several types of oral and pharyngeal cancer, with the most frequent being squamous cell carcinoma (90%). It is more common in men, in adulthood. It is associated with multiple risk factors, mainly smoking and alcohol consumption. ObjectiveTo describe mortality due to oral and pharyngeal cancer in Chile between 2002 and 2010. MethodEcological study. The data obtained from death certificates from the Department of Health Statistics and Information, Ministry of Health of Chile and were analyzed according to anatomical location, sex, age, education level, and area of urban/rural residence. ResultsThe mortality rate in the period studied ranged from 1.11 to 1.25 per 100000 inhabitants. The male:female ratio ranged from 2.3:1, with 50% mortality in women over 75 years-old, while in men it was 24.86%. Most cases (90.7%) lived in an urban area. A total of 54.61% of deaths occurred in people with basic/primary education level. Tongu cancer accounted for 17.7% of the deaths. ConclusionsThe mortality rate for oral and pharyngeal cancer in Chile remained stable throughout the study period, and was higher in men. The women died at an older age than men. The deaths were mostly in people with a lower educational level. The most common anatomical location was the tongue.

Oral cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2011.

To descript the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer among Chinese population in 2011, and provide valuable data for oral cancer prevention and research. Data from 177 population-based cancer registries distributed in 28 provinces were accepted for this study after evaluation based on quality control criteria, covering a total of 175,310,169 populations and accounting for 13.01% of the overall national population in 2011. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated by area, gender and age groups. The numbers of new cases and deaths were estimated using the 5-year age-specific cancer incidence/mortality rates and the corresponding populations. The Chinese population in 2000 and World Segi's population were used for age-standardized rates. The estimate of new cases diagnosed with oral cancer was 39,450 including 26,160 males and 13,290 females. The overall crude incidence rate for oral cancer was 2.93/100,000. The age-standardized rates by China (ASRCN) population and by World population (ASRwld) were 2.22/100,000 and 2.17/100,000, respectively. Among subjects aged 0-74 years, the cumulative incidence rate was 0.25%. The estimated number of oral cancer deaths of China in 2011 was 16,933, including 11,794 males and 5,139 females. The overall crude mortality rate was 1.26/100,000, accounting for 0.80% of all cancer deaths. The ASRCN and ASRwld for mortality were 0.90/100,000 and 0.89/100,000, respectively. Among subjects aged 0-74 years, the cumulative mortality rate was 0.10%. The incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer were much higher in males and urban areas than in females and rural areas. In addition, the incidence and mortality rates were increased by the raising of ages. Results in the study may have important roles for oral cancer prevention and research. Although oral cancer burden of China is not high, we must pay attention to this malignancy as well. In addition, further researches need to be done for primary and secondary prevention research of oral cancer, especially for the high risk population.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of oral cancer and precancerous lesions: A meta-analysis of observational studies

Associations between type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) and risk of oral cancer and precancerous lesions have been reported with controversial findings. We performed a meta-analysis to explore these associations. We identified studies by a literature search of MEDLINE and EMBASE through May 31, 2014, and by searching the reference lists of pertinent articles. Summary relative risk (SRR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated with a random-effects model. Between- study heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran's Q and I(2) statistics. A total of 13 studies (4 case-control and 9 cohort studies) on the association between type 2 DM and oral cancer were included. Overall analysis found that compared with non-diabetic individuals, individuals with type 2 DM had a significantly elevated incidence of oral cancer (SRR=1.15, 95% CI: 1.02-1.29; Pheterogeneity=0.277, I(2)=15.4%; 10 studies). Subgroup analyses found that duration of follow-up (⩾11years) significantly altered this positive association. Type 2 DM was associated with increased oral cancer mortality (SRR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.16-1.72; 4 studies). Meta-analysis of the four case-control studies showed a positive association between type 2 DM and risk of oral precancerous lesions (SRR=1.85, 95%CI: 1.23-2.80; Pheterogeneity=0.038, I(2)=57.5%). No significant public bias was found across these studies. These findings of this meta-analysis indicate that compared with non-diabetic individuals, individuals with type 2 DM have an elevated risk of oral cancer and precancerous lesions development.

Oral cavity cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2010.

To analyze the incidence and mortality of oral cavity cancer in the cancer registration areas of China in 2010. Until June 1, 2013, 219 population-based cancer registries submitted the data of 2010 to the National Central Cancer Registry of China covering about 207,229,403 population, and 120 cancer registries were selected after the quality evaluation for this analysis. Oral cavity cancer cases were selected from the database according to the International Classification of Diseases-10 coded as "C00-C10, C11-C12." We calculated the crude incidence and mortality rates of oral cavity cancer by sex, age, and location (urban/rural). The China population in 2000 and Segi's population were used as standardized populations for the calculation of age standardized rates. In 2010, it was estimated that there were 34,319 new cases diagnosed as oral cavity cancer in China, including 23,096 males and 11,223 females. The crude incidence rate of oral cavity cancer was 2.61/100,000 in 2010, accounting for 1.11% of overall new cancer cases, ranked the 20th in all cancer sites. The age standardized by China population (ASRcn) and by world population (ASRwld) were 2.06/100,000 and 2.02/100,000, respectively. Cumulative rate (0-74 years old) and truncated age standardized rate (35-64 years old) were 0.23% and 3.82/100 000, respectively. In 2010, it was estimated that there were 14,652 cases died in oral cavity cancer in China, including 10,363 males and 4289 females. The crude mortality rate of oral cavity cancer was 1.11/100,000 in 2010, accounting for 0.75% of overall cancer deaths, ranked the 20th in all cancer sites. The ASRcn and ASRwld were 0.86/100,000 and 0.85/100,000, respectively. Cumulative rate and truncated age standardized rates were 0.10% and 1.30/100,000, respectively. Both the incidence and mortality of oral cavity cancer in China were still low in 2010. Primary prevention such as smoking control, reducing alcohol consumption, changing the habit of chewing betel nut, and chemical prevention should be enhanced in the general population.

Current updates on early detection and prevention of oral cancer

Oral cancer is ranked among the top 10 cancers in the world. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) constitutes more than 90% of oral cancers. The risk factors for OSCC are well-known. Tobacco and alcohol being the major causes make the disease preventable. Data reveal that only around half of the patients survive the disease over 5 years. Despite advances in treatment modalities over past decades, a significant improvement in prognosis is not achieved. This is attributable to the failure to detect small lesions and potentially malignant lesions early, which precludes successful treatment. Therefore, early detection is the key to improve survival rate in oral cancer patients. [1] Early detection is possible through screening programs and by employing specific diagnostic aids and biomarkers. [2] Although extensive research and clinical application of diagnostic aids and biomarkers are rising, they lack practical feasibility when applied to larger population at risk and low socio-economic groups. A recent systematic review on screening programs and preventive measures on oral cancer concludes that systematic visual oral examination by a clinician is by far the most common method for screening. Cost-effectiveness and feasibility increase its popularity. Visibility of the lesion may be enhanced by employing special dyes. [3] A cluster-randomized control trial conducted by Sankaranarayanan et al. (2013) reported a sensitivity of 67.4% for the visual examination in detecting oral cancer. They concluded that those who adhere to repeated screening rounds demonstrate a sustained reduction in oral cancer mortality, thus highlighting the significance of population-based screening programs targeting tobacco and/or alcohol users. [4] The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research and World Health Organization propose that screening for oral cancer should involve a systematic visual inspection of the oral cavity and palpation of the tongue, floor of the mouth and regional lymph nodes. If any abnormality persists for more than 2 weeks, then it calls for a re-evaluation and should be considered for biopsy. [5,6] Screening may be targeted at high risk groups or opportunistic, that involves people who attend health services for other reasons or a population as a whole based on statistics. [3] In contrary, a review by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) on the evidence on efficacy and accuracy of oral cancer screening programs revealed inadequate evidence on the diagnostic accuracy and benefits of oral cancer screening in asymptomatic adults. USPSTF has thus recommended counseling to prevent tobacco use and to reduce alcohol misuse. [7]

Oral Screening for Pre-cancerous Lesions Among Areca-nut Chewing Population from Rural India.

To detect early oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) in a rural population chewing tobacco-free areca nut preparations, determine their awareness level of oral cancer and educate them about maintaining good oral health. A total of 2175 18- to 65-year-old areca nut chewers (male:female ratio 2.5:1), without a history of consuming tobacco in any form, from the villages of two districts of the West Bengal state of India were screened clinically through oral examination for suspected OPLs. A pre-designed questionnaire was employed to record demographic data, information on tobacco-free areca-nut chewing habit and knowledge about oral diseases. Education on oral health was provided through distribution of printed leaflets, display of banner/posters and a public-announcement system. Chewing areca nut in the form of betel quid was more popular (90.7%) than chewing areca nut alone (9%) or tobacco-free packaged areca nut preparation sold as 'pan masala' (0.3%). OPLs were detected in 7.3% of the subjects, more among the males. An increasing incidence of OPLs could be observed with an increase in age as well as with duration and frequency of areca-nut chewing, while decreasing incidence was observed with an increase in educational level. Oral submucous fibrosis showed the highest prevalence (2.7%) among the various OPLs detected. Tobacco-free areca-nut chewing is an independent risk factor for the development of OPL and a large rural population still practices such high risk behaviour. In rural areas with limited health care resources, screening by visual oral examination involving minimum cost may prove useful to reduce oral cancer mortality.

Cáncer oral en Santiago de Cali, Colombia: análisis poblacional de la tendencia de incidencia y mortalidad

To describe the time trends of the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer (OC) in Cali, Colombia between 1962-2007. Age-standardized (Segi's world population) incidence (ASIR) and mortality (ASMR) rates for oral cancer were estimated using data from the Population-based Cancer Registry of Cali, Colombia and from the database of the Municipal Secretary of Public Health (MSPH) respectively. Annual percentage change (APC) was used to measure the changes in rates over time. 1637 new cases of oral cancer were registered in the CPCR and the mean age upon diagnosis was 60 years. The ASIR decreased from 1962-2007 in men APC= 1.3 (IC95%:-2.0; -0.6) and women APC= -1.0 (IC95%: -1.7; -0.4).The ASMR decreased from 1984-2001 only in men, APC=2.8 (IC95%: -4.1; -1.5). There was a significant decrease in the incidence and mortality rates for OC in Cali, Colombia. The type of tumor associated to these changes was the squamous cell carcinoma.

Recent Advancements in Oral Submucous Fibrosis Management: an Overview

The management of Oral submucous fibrosis has been the subject of controversy ever since Schwartz first described the condition in 1952. It is potentially malignant disorder and crippling condition of oral mucosa. An attempt is made update the knowledge about the management of this precancerous condition with advancements which helps to reduce the mortality of oral cancer. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i2.20256 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research and Education Vol.4(2) 2014: 88-90

Oral cancer in Australia 1982-2008: a growing need for opportunistic screening and prevention.

Globally, a decline in the incidence of oral cancer has been noted, while the mortality rates have remained relatively stable. The aim of this study was to provide an update on the incidence and mortality of oral cancer in Australia on a national and state level. Data regarding new cases and deaths associated with cancer of the lip, oral cavity and oropharynx were obtained from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare for the period 1982-2008. Crude- and age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were calculated for all of Australia and for each state and territory. A total of 60 826 cases of lip, oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer were diagnosed in Australia. Between 1992 and 2008, a decline in the annual percentage change of age-standardized incidence was noted. The lip, followed by the tongue, continue to represent the most common sites of new oral cancer cases. There was no significant change in the rates of mortality for oral cancer over the time period. These findings show that the oral cancer mortality rate remains high despite a decline in incidence over the past three decades, highlighting a greater need for dental practitioners to undertake preventive strategies and opportunistic screening for patients.

Assessing and Mapping Spatial Associations among Oral Cancer Mortality Rates, Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Soil, and Land Use Types Based on Multiple Scale Data

In this study, a deconvolution procedure was used to create a variogram of oral cancer (OC) rates. Based on the variogram, area-to-point (ATP) Poisson kriging and p-field simulation were used to downscale and simulate, respectively, the OC rate data for Taiwan from the district scale to a 1 km × 1 km grid scale. Local cluster analysis (LCA) of OC mortality rates was then performed to identify OC mortality rate hot spots based on the downscaled and the p-field-simulated OC mortality maps. The relationship between OC mortality and land use was studied by overlapping the maps of the downscaled OC mortality, the LCA results, and the land uses. One thousand simulations were performed to quantify local and spatial uncertainties in the LCA to identify OC mortality hot spots. The scatter plots and Spearman’s rank correlation yielded the relationship between OC mortality and concentrations of the seven metals in the 1 km cell grid. The correlation analysis results for the 1 km scale revealed a weak correlation between OC mortality rate and concentrations of the seven studied heavy metals in soil. Accordingly, the heavy metal concentrations in soil are not major determinants of OC mortality rates at the 1 km scale at which soils were sampled. The LCA statistical results for local indicator of spatial association (LISA) revealed that the sites with high probability of high-high (high value surrounded by high values) OC mortality at the 1 km grid scale were clustered in southern, eastern, and mid-western Taiwan. The number of such sites was also significantly higher on agricultural land and in urban regions than on land with other uses. The proposed approach can be used to downscale and evaluate uncertainty in mortality data from a coarse scale to a fine scale at which useful additional information can be obtained for assessing and managing land use and risk.

Role of serum ß-carotene in the diagnosis and prevention of oral squamous cell carcinoma - a case control study.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common cancer of the head and neck. It accounts for more than 90% of all malignancies Which occur in the head and neck region. The high incidence and mortality rate of oral cancer stimulates continuation of research on finding new diagnostic tools or markers for it. To evaluate the possible role of serum β-carotene as a biochemical parameter in the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The serumβ-carotene levels in 40 patients with clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed oral squamous cell carcinoma were estimated and the levels were compared with those of 40 healthy controls. The serum β-carotene levels were estimated by using a spectrophotometer. The data which was obtained was analyzed statistically by using unpaired t-test. Subjects with oral squamous cell carcinoma showed significantly lower levels of mean serum β-carotene (149.95 ± 61.29) as compared to those seen in controls (278.19 ± 90.12). The results of the present study are encouraging and they suggest that the estimation of the low levels of β-carotene in the patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma may be a useful diagnostic tool for making the diagnosis of oral squamous Cell carcinoma and thereby improving the prognosis of this dreaded disease.

Diagnostic Markers in the Head and Neck Malignancy

Oral cancer, the largest subset of head and neck cancer, has become one of the most lethal malignancies during the last two decades. Although several diagnostic tools have been applied for the early detection of oral malignancies, it is still urgent to identify novel tumor markers. Early detection would signifi cantly decrease the mortality rate of oral cancer. Advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have resulted in an increasing number of biomarkers that can be used to predict the behavior of this disease. The authors conducted a review of studies examining the role of immunohistochemistry-based protein biomarkers in predicting OSCC outcome. Recently, numerous molecular markers such as cell surface markers, intracellular markers, markers of anomalous keratinization, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and proliferative markers have been investigated.