Oral Administration Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

The HbA1c and blood glucose response to selenium-rich polysaccharide from Fomes fomentarius loaded solid lipid nanoparticles as a potential antidiabetic agent in rats.

Fomes fomentarius is a medicinal fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various illnesses. Antidiabetic effects of F. fomentarius extracts have been reported recently. In this study, F. fomentarius extracellular polysaccharide (PS) was prepared, and then to enhance its antidiabetic effects, Na2SeO3 was added to the culture medium, and selenium-polysaccharide (PS-Se) was obtained. Also, solid lipid nanoparticles containing PS (SLN-PS) and PS-Se (SLN-PS-Se) were synthesized by the microemulsion method to compare their effects with free polysaccharides in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. Optimized SLNs had a size of 170.5nm and drug loading of 9.27%. EDS analysis confirmed that Se presence in PS-Se. Characterization analyses such as FTIR, DSC, TGA, and XRD suggested that SLNs have good thermal stability and crystalline nature. Release of PS from SLNs demonstrated sustained profile, and MTT assay proved that PSs and SLNs have no cytotoxicity. Furthermore, oral administration of PS, PS-Se, SLN-PS, and SLN-PS-Se for 28days to diabetic rats significantly declined blood glucose by 48.24%, 49.96%, 55.50%, and 60.47%, respectively. Also, insulin secretion and body weight improved, and HbA1c levels decreased. Treatment by PS, PS-Se, SLN-PS, and SLN-PS-Se alleviated lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and serum proteins. Liver anti-oxidant parameters and histopathological observation of the liver, pancreas, and kidney confirmed that F. fomentarius PSs and SLNs have antidiabetic impacts. Moreover, supplementation of PS with selenium improves its anti-hyperglycemic effects. Finally, SLN-PS and SLN-PS-Se showed a higher antidiabetic impact than free PS and PS-Se.

Simultaneous determination of six short-chain fatty acids in colonic contents of colitis mice after oral administration of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the intestinal bacteria are very critical for the intestinal barrier, mucosal cytoprotection and normal intestinal biology. However, accumulation of SCFAs promoted by the polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat remains unknown. Thus, it is necessary to investigate SCFAs in the colonic contents of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis mice after oral administration of the polysaccharides from C. morifolium Ramat which is very helpful to unravel how it works. In this study, a rapid and reliable gas chromatographic method with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for simultaneous determination of six SCFAs such as acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), isobutyric acid (IBA), valeric acid (VA) and isovaleric acid (IVA) has been developed and validated. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions and sample extraction procedure, good separation for 6 target compounds was obtained on a HP-INNOWAX column within 12min. Results revealed that polysaccharides from C. morifolium Ramat positively affected the SCFAs intestinal production. The polysaccharides group had greater SCFAs concentration in colonic content than the DSS-treated group (P<0.05), which was decreased remarkably compared to the normal group (P<0.01). With the decrease of the polysaccharides dosage, the contents of AA, PA and VA increased gradually, while the change of BA concentration was the opposite. There was no significant difference in the content of IBA at the different administration concentrations. And the content of IVA reached the highest concentration 0.953mg/g at lower dose of the polysaccharides. Additionally, oral administration of the polysaccharides prominently attenuated the body weight loss, reduced the disease activity index, rectal bleeding and stool consistency, improved colon shortening and macroscopic score of colitis. Our results indicated that the polysaccharides of C. morifolium Ramat might be used as prebiotic agents to prevent gut dysbiosis and inflammatory bowel disease.

Polysaccharide from Seeds of Plantago asiatica L. Increases Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production and Fecal Moisture along with Lowering pH in Mouse Colon

Mice (20.0 ± 2.0 g, n = 48 per group) were given 30 days oral administration of polysaccharide from Plantago asiatica L. seeds at the dose of 0.4 g/kg body weight by gavage to investigate the effects of the polysaccharide on mouse colon. Results showed that the concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids in mouse colonic content of polysaccharide treated group were all significantly higher than that of control group (water) (p < 0.05). In addition, moisture of mouse colonic content of polysaccharide treated group was also notably higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05) indicating the intake of polysaccharide from P. asiatica L. resulted in a stronger water-holding capacity for colonic content throughout the experimental period. Furthermore, a decreased pH (from 7.5 ± 0.1 to 7.2 ± 0.1) was observed in mouse colon of the polysaccharide treated group compared with the control group (pH from 7.5 ± 0.1 to 7.5 ± 0.1). These results suggested that the intake of the polysaccharide from P. asiatica L. might be beneficial for the colon health.

Preparation of polysaccharides from Acanthopanax senticosus and its inhibition against irradiation-induced injury of rat

Acanthopanax senticosus grows in many provinces in china and has long been used as a traditional medicine in china. This paper reports on the extraction of polysaccharides from A. senticosus and its effect of irradiation-protection. 15 Gy X-rays irradiation was delivered to rats. Polysaccharides from A. senticosus were administered before and after irradiation to examine its inhibition against irradiation-induced injury. Results indicate that in comparison with non-irradiated controls, irradiation of 15 Gy resulted in a significant reduction of rats’ body weight (BW), food and water intake, white cell counts (WC), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and increase of MDA level 10–20 days after being irradiated although after that these indexes start to slowly return to normal ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Oral administration of polysaccharides from A. senticosus dose-dependently reduced the irradiation-induced injury on rats studied, showed a protective effect against irradiation-induced loss of BW, WC, food and water intake, reduce MDA level and raise antioxidase activity (SOD, GSH-Px) ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01). It may be concluded that polysaccharides from A. senticosus possess good irradiation-protective effect.

Antidepressant evaluation of polysaccharides from a Chinese herbal medicine Banxia-houpu decoction.

Banxia-houpu decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine has been used in the treatment of depression. The present study confirmed that oral administration of polysaccharides from Banxia-houpu decoction, exhibited a reduction in the immobility time in the tail suspension and in the forced swimming tests in mice in a time-dependent manner. This effect at a dose of 320 mg/kg was more potent than that at a dose of 640 mg/kg. The polysaccharides from Banxia-houpu decoction were active in animal models of depression with comparable effects to known antidepressants. The oral administration of the polysaccharides at a low dose for 4 weeks resulted in a significant increase in the monoamine neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) levels in whole mouse brain, but produced no significant increase in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations. The effect of polysaccharides on the brain neurotransmitter levels appeared to be quite different from the effect of fluoxetine, a serotonin specific reuptake inhibitor. The results indicate that the mode of action of polysaccharides from Banxia-houpu decoction in depression might be related to both 5-HT and DA systems.

Immunopotentiating activities of polysaccharide fraction from pine seed shell extract.

The function of polysaccharide (PSE) extracted from pine seed shells as a immunopotentiator was investigated. The phagocytosis and chemotaxis of mouse peritoneal macrophages (MP) were augmented by oral administration of PSE. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine by Con A-stimulated mouse splenic cells was significantly intensified by administration of PSE but the adherent-cells (MP)-eliminated splenic lymphocytes was not increased. It is shown that the existence of activated MP is needed for the activation (proliferation) of T lymphocytes. The responsiveness of mouse T cells to alloantigen was also augmented by administration of PSE. The number of anti-SRBC plaque-forming cells in the spleen of mouse and chicken was also significantly increased. The results indicate that MP are first activated by oral administration of PSE and that the activation of T cells is then initiated indirectly by humoral factors (cytokines) produced by activated MP.

Immunomodulating, antianemic, and adaptogenic effects of polysaccharides from plaster clover (Melilotus officinalis)

Daily oral administration of polysaccharides extracted from plaster clover plants increased physical endurance (as determined in swimming tests) and body weight in mice and rats, stimulated the recovery of hematopoiesis in rats with experimentally produced lead anemia, and boosted the immune response to rat erythrocytes in mice, causing pronounced changes in the erythrocytic and leukocytic series and particularly in immunocompetent organs such as the thymus and spleen.