Oral Administration Of Methanol Extract Research Articles

Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of the leaf extract of Solanum pubescens willd. (Solanaceae) in Wistar albino Rats

The present study showed that the methonolic extract of Solanum pubescens willd leaves possess Anti- ulcer in animal model. The anti-ulcer activity was evaluated against Pylorus ligated ulcers. Gastric ulcer disease is an imbalance between mucosal defense factors (bicarbonate, mucin, prostaglandin, nitric oxide, and other peptides and growth factors) and injurious factors (acid and pepsin). Oral administration of methanol extract of solanum pubescens willd at doses of 200 and 400mg/kg exhibited dose dependent inhibition percentage of 36.28% and 52.3% (p<0.001) respectively compared to the ulcer control, proving the anti-ulcer activity. The standard drug omeprazole (20mg/kg) exhibited percentage inhibition of 70% when compared with ulcer control. Extract treated and ulcer control group was compared with normal control group. Result showed a significant decrease in the ulcer development in the animal models (pylorus ligated model) used in the study. In pylorusligation, both the doses showed significantant ulcer activity by reduction in ulcer index, gastric volume, free acidity, total acidity as compared to the control group. The intensity of heamorrhage and lesions was significantly reduced upon pretreatment with the extract, revealing the protective effect of MESP. Flavonoids and tannins are the major constituents that are present in the leaves of Solanum pubescens willd which may be responsible for its Ulcer- protective and Anti- ulcer activity.
 Keywords: Peptic ulcer, Solanum pubescens, Wistar rats, Acute Oral toxicity, ANOVA

A Polyherbal Formulation Habb-e-Ustukhuddus Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Cell Migration in Lung and Breast Cancer Cells without Any Toxicity in Mice.

A polyherbal medicine, Habb-e-Ustukhuddus (HU), is used for its anti-inflammatory properties. However, the anticancer and chemopreventive properties of HU were not known, and Therefore, investigated in the present study. Cancer cells were treated with 50-400 µg/ml HU and MTT, trypan blue, and clonogenic assays were performed. Propidium iodide (PI) staining, annexin V-FITC assay, and JC-1 staining were done for cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively, using flow cytometry. Immunoblotting, cell migration and invasion assays were performed. Chemical characterization of HU was done through GC-MS and HPLC analyses. C57BL/6 mice were used to assess the in vivo toxicity of HU. While evaluating the anticancer activity, the methanolic extract of HU (50-400 µg/ml) strongly inhibited the growth and survival (P<0.05-0.001) of lung and breast cancer cells and increased the cell population in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. HU caused apoptotic death of cancer cells (P<0.05-0.001), which was associated with the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) (P<0.001) and an increase in Bax to Bcl-2 protein ratio. Further, HU inhibited the invasion and migration of cancer cells, which was accompanied by an increase in the epithelial marker, E-cadherin, and a decrease in the mesenchymal marker, vimentin. The HU characterization by GC-MS and HPLC analyses showed the abundance of bioactive compounds including flavonoids and alkaloids. In the chemopreventive study, the oral administration of methanolic extract of the formulation HU (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight) to mice did not cause any toxicity and significantly increased the specific activities of hepatic drug metabolizing phase I and phase II enzymes, which suggested for its detoxification potential of xenobiotic compounds. Together, these results demonstrated the anticancer potential HU, without any apparent toxicity in mice, and thus HU could be further explored for its clinical utility in cancer control.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CAYLUSEA ABYSSINICA LEAVES

Introduction: Controlling type 2 diabetes with a treatment having no side effects remains a challenge for researchers even if the side effects are reduced and there may be a chance for reduced adverse reactions or severe side effects due to drug interaction. These interactions could result from concurrent use of dietary supplements or pharmacological therapy in addition to the medications. The current reading's objective was to assess the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses, and antidiabetic potentials of methanol leaf extract of Caylusea abyssinica (C. abyssinica) in diabetic rats. Methods: The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses of total alkaloids phenol, and flavonoids were determined using the well-known test procedure outlined in the literature. The obtained C. abyssinica methanol leaf extract was used to examine in vitro anti-diabetic activity (α-Amylase inhibition), oral acute toxicity, and in vivo anti-diabetic activity against streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, saponins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, tannins, and flavonoids were all established in the samples after phytochemical examination. Results: The amount of phenolics in the methanol leaf extract was (295.50 mg/g), with flavonoids coming in second (136.66 mg/g) and alkaloids coming in third (11.23 mg/g). The extract's ability to inhibit α-amylase was investigated. The study's findings show that the chosen plants had significant in vitro anti-diabetic effect. Up to 2000 mg/kg given over 14 days, the methanol extract's acute toxicity trials did not reveal any harmful effects. Rats were given streptozotocin (60 mg/kg; i.p.) to induce diabetes, and glibenclamide (500 mcg/kg body weight) was utilized as the usual medication. Body weight, HDL, total protein, SGOT, SGPT, cholesterol, blood sugar levels, and triglycerides were all assessed in this study. Comparing diabetic rats to normal (control) rats, blood sugar and total protein, SGOT, SGPT, cholesterol levels, and triglyceride concentrations were all considerably (p&lt; 0.001) reduced after oral administration of methanol extract of C. abyssinica at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg and increased the level of HDL and body weight. Conclusion: As a result of the aforementioned findings, it can be said that C. abyssinica methanol leaf extract significantly reduces blood sugar levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Peer Review History: Received: 5 November 2022; Revised: 11 December; Accepted: 8 January 2023, Available online: 15 January 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, tamer_hassan@pharm.suez.edu.eg Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my Prof. Hüsniye Kayalar, Ege University, Turkey, husniyekayalar@gmail.com Similar Articles: EFFECT OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CLERODENDRUM THOMSONIAE LINN (VERBENACEAE) LEAVES ON TYPE 2 DIABETIC WISTAR RATS INDUCED BY THE MACAPOS1 TYPE DIET AND DEXAMETHASONE ANTIDIABETIC AND ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF DRACAENA CINNABARI BALF. RESIN ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SOQATRA ISLAND IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS EVALUATION OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF EUPHORBIA NERIIFOLIA STEM BARK ON BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS, SERUM AND TISSUE LIPIDS IN A PRECLINICAL MODEL

Drug Promising Effect for Diabetic Mice of CARICA PAPAYA Leaves

Diabetics Mellitus is a major problem for city people worldwide. The objective of this study is finding the anti-diabetic and anti-hyper lipidaemic activity by using Carica papaya leaves. This leaves are not generally eaten but this leaves were eaten during dengue fever. The leaves extract is used for the treatment of diabetes and cancer. This leaves were collected from different place of Bangladesh and made methanolic extract then this extract was feed four groups of mice. The results showed that there was a significant (p&lt;0.001 to p&lt;0.05) reduction in blood glucose concentration (mmol/L) by the methanolic extract of C. papaya leaves at dose 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and glibenclamide (used as standard) 5mg/kg body weight. C. papaya leaves extract also regulated the serum lipid profile levels significantly (p&lt;0.001) at same dose in experimental model of diabetes mellitus. The level of serum SGPT, SGOT and CRP were also seen change to the normal level notably (p&lt;0.001) by the oral administration of methanolic extract of C. papaya leaves. In conclusion this research finding indicate that the methanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves contains bioactive substances with hypoglycemic potency.

Uroprotective and Hepatoprotective Potential of Anagallis arvensis against the Experimental Animal Model.

Anagallis arvensis (A. arvensis) belonging to the family Primulaceae is traditionally used for liver and kidney diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the uroprotective and hepatoprotective potentials of A. arvensis in cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity rat model, respectively. Nociception, bladder weight, vesical vascular permeability, Gray's criteria for edema and hemorrhage, and levels of nitric oxide, catalase, and glutathione were estimated and studied in the cystitis model. Liver function test, lipid profile, and histopathological evaluation were carried out in the hepatoprotective activity. Oral administration of methanol extract of A. arvensis significantly reduced bladder weight, vesical vascular permeability, edema, hemorrhage, nitric oxide, IL-6, and TNF-α, while the level of catalase and glutathione peroxide was increased. In hepatoprotective activity, pretreatment with A. arvensis significantly decreased the level of liver markers (Bilirubin, ALT, AST, and ALP) and lipid profile (cholesterol, TG, LDL, and VLDL). Histopathological studies confirmed the biochemical findings of both studies. GC-MS analysis presented the presence of antioxidant phytoconstituents. Thus, it was concluded that A. arvensis might act as uroprotective and hepatoprotective due to the presence of antioxidant phytochemicals in the rodent model. Isolation and identification of phytochemicals present in the methanol extract of A. arvensis and evaluation of their exact mechanism of action become mandatory in future studies.

Potential mechanism of Jatropha gossypifolia phenolic derivatives in enhancing insulin-signalling cascades GLUT 4, IRβ and GSK-3β in streptozotocin nicotinamide induced type II diabetic in wistar rat model

ObjectiveDiabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome that alters the composition of carbohydrates, proteins and fat content in the body due to decreased insulin secretion. This disrupts the insulin-signaling cascade, resulting in failure in the targeted tissues, such as insulin-stimulated glucose absorption muscle and fat. Natural products such as plants, which are rich in nutrient, offer a wide range of treatments for a number of diseases and infections including diabetes mellitus. Hence, this study investigates the anti-hyperglycemic efficacy of the methanolic leaves extract of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimental diabetic rats. MethodsPhytochemical constitution of J. gossypifolia showed tannin content to be significantly increased in methanolic extract and HPLC analysis also revealed phenolic derivative tannic acid to be main constitution. An intraperitoneal administration of 110 mg/kgbody weight (b.w) nicotinamide and 45 mg/kg b.w. streptozotocin was provided to male Wistar albino rats, thus inducing diabetic. Diabetic induced rats treated with methanolic leaves extract of J. gossypifolia at the concentration between 100 and 50 mg/kg for 35 days. Periodic blood glucose level and body weight were measured. Methanolic extract influence was evaluated with q-PCR and western blot analysis on the cellular targets of insulin signaling cascades. ResultsThe results showed the decrease in blood glucose levels and increased serum insulin level in treated groups was significant (P < 0.05) in oral administration of methanol extract. Methanolic extract exhibited a profound increase in the gene expression of the cellular targets of insulin signaling cascade including IRTK, IRS1, PI3K, GS, GLUT 4 and a basal level expression of GSK-3β. In addition, methanolic extract increased protein expression of IRβ (2.7-fold), GSK-3β (2.5-fold) and GLUT 4 (2.4-fold) translocation as evidenced from western blot analysis with the plasma membrane fractions. ConclusionConclusively, methanolic leaves extract of J. gossypifolia exhibited a profound anti-hyperglycemic activity by modulating the expression of the key targets of insulin signaling pathway.

Haematological Assessment of Methanolic Stem Extract of Cissus quadrangularisLinn. against Freund's Complete Adjuvant induced Female Albino Arthritic Rats

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory and autoimmune disorder. Rheumatoid arthritis is a joint destruction which occurs due to increased expression of cytokines and transcription factors. Cissus quadrangularis belongs to the Vitaceae family. The plant shows anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Soxhlet method was used for the extraction of the plant using methanol as a solvent. The anti-arthritic activity of methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis was evaluated by in vivo study. The present study assess the haematological parameters in female albino rats after the induction of Freund's Complete Adjuvant. Dexamethasone was used as the standard reference drug. The study showed varied changes in the haematology after the arthritic induction by 0.1 ml FCA which were analyzed before and afterthe treatment period. The inhibition of secondary inflammation in adjuvant arthritic rats by methanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis was studied by haematological parameters. The total haemoglobin, total RBC, total WBC, ESR and RF values were assessed before initiation of the treatment and after for 28 days of the treatment. The results showed significant incline or decline in each parameter in the study period of 28 days. While their changes were rectified with the oral administration of methanolic extract of the plant at a dose of 250mg/kg. The methanolic extract boosted the levels of Hb, RBC and simultaneously reduced WBC, ESR levels along with the serological factor RF. The plant extract showed effective results in the haematological parameters, when compared to the standard reference drug Dexamethasone. The results from the study suggest that the plant has potential effect in curing arthritis.&#x0D;

HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF THE WHOLE PLANT OF NEPTUNIA PROSTRATA L. IN CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INDUCED RATS

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of the whole plant of Neptunia Prostrata L.&#x0D; Methods: The whole plant was collected and identified as Neptunia Prostrata L. The collected plants were shade dried and pulverized to fine powdered of particle size (#) 40. It was then defatted with petroleum ether for 24 hour and soaked with methanol and ethanol, respectively. The extracts was filtered and distilled off using a rotary evaporator. The phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out and thin layer chromatography study was also done. Acute toxicity study and in vivo hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract using CCL4 (carbon tetra chloride) induced model was investigated.&#x0D; Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides (saponins), flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic, steroids and terpenoids. Thin-layer chromatography of the methanolic and ethanolic extracts with their fractions using different solvents were performed by taking petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (2:8) as mobile phase system and were able to observe the presence of many spots. Oral administration of methanolic extract of Neptunia prostrata at doses till 2000 mg/kg was found safe and shows good hepatoprotective activity by showing decreased levels of serum SGOT (serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), SGPT (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) when compared with the standard drug silymarin.&#x0D; Conclusion: The preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanol and ethanolic extract shows phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and chromatographic studies indicates the presence of several components in varying abundance. The decrease of serum bilirubin level by the methanolic extract of the plant shows hepatoprotective activity. It has confirmed the traditional claim for its use in the treatment of jaundice.

Investigation on Potential Efficacy of Methanol Extract of Lawsonia inermis L. against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) a pharmacological tool was used to induce liver damage in Wistar albino rats. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) and methanol extract of Lawsonia inermis Linn. family Lythraceae (known to possess hepatoprotective compounds) was used to reverse the liver damage caused due to CCl4 (induced toxicity). Hydroalcholic extract of stem bark and leaf of Lawsonia inermis Linn. was evaluated, for its restorative efficacy against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity which was assessed in terms of biochemical and histopathological parameters. CCl4 produce the altitude levels of serum marker enzymes of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), alanine phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin in blood serum. Due to the toxicity of CCl4 cause turbine hepatic cell architecture, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion, and sinusoidal dilatation along with reduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) appeared in liver tissue. SOD is the primary step in the defense mechanism involved in the antioxidant system against the oxidative stress. It diminishes by converting the superoxide radical in to peroxide and molecular oxygen. CAT or GPx reactions, also exert a similar effect thereby reducing the level of cellular damage. By oral administration of methanol extract of Lawsonia inermis Linn. plant extracts, i.e., stem bark extract (250 mg/kg b.wt.) and leaf extract (250 mg/kg b. wt.) the levels of these parameters was restored to near controlled (untreated) levels. Thus, the present study revealed that the extracts of stem bark and leaf of Lawsonia inermis Linn. offered protection against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4.

Evaluation of Efficacy of Cucumis melo in Gentamycin and CPD Induced Urolithiasis on Rats

Evaluation of the efficacy of methanolic extract of Cucumis melo in urolithiasis induced by gentamycin and calculi producing diet on Wistar rats. Gentamycin (40 mg/kg, subcutaneously) and calculi-producing diet (CPD) was fed to induce urolithiasis on Wistar rats. The effect of oral administration of methanolic extract of Cucumis melo seed on calcium oxalate urolithiasis has been studied and is compared with the effect of oral administration of Cystone as standard on Wistar rats. Gentamycin and CPD feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate deposition as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and oxalate. Supplementation with methanolic extract of Cucumis melo seed reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, showing a regulatory action on endogenous oxalate synthesis. The results indicate that the seed of Cucumis melo is endowed with antiurolithiatic activity.&#x0D; Keywords: C. melo, Hyperoxaluria, calcium oxalate deposition, cystone, hyperoxaluria, analysis of variance

Acute and subacute toxicity study of the methanolic extract ofolea europea.Lleaves in Wistar rat

Olea europea.L(olive tree) is a plant widely used in the world. Its leaves have an extensive use in traditional herbal medicine to prevent and/or treat several diseases especially in Mediterranean regions. Despite this, research into the study of its toxicity is very limited in the literature. For this, this study aims to study the acute and subacute toxicity of methanolic extract olive leaves in Wistar rats. To study acute toxicity, four dose levels (50,300,2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight) were tested by single oral administration to Wistar rats. The subacute toxicity for 28 days was conducted by daily oral administration of methanolic extract of olive leaves at doses 1000,2000 and 3000 mg/kg in rats Wistar. After fourteen days of the administration of escalating doses, no deaths were recorded in the animals and no clinically detectable signs were observed. The results of subacute toxicity showed that the body weight of rats was not significantly changed by administration of methanolic extract of olive leaves. Monitoring of the behavior of the rats during the study showed the appearance of some manifestations of tremor, agitation and diarrhea in rats treated with the dose of 3000mg/kg. Grosse examination of the kidneys and liver revealed no changes in those organs and histopathological examination showed congestion and inflammation of the fat in rats treated with the dose of 3000mg/kg. the hematological profile showed no significant changes of the measured hematological parameters. Olive leaves should be used with care and caution since its methanolic extract caused some signs of toxicity and may affect the liver at repeated dose. however, more studies are needed to verify and clarify the toxic aspect ofolea europea.Lleaves.

Antifertility effect of methanolic extract of Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. flower in male albino rats.

Search for an effective, feasible, and safe male contraceptive has been one of the major public health challenges. The present contraceptive methods are either permanent or impractical. Herbal methods are considered safe, and thus, their acceptability is higher than other prospective methods. In the present study, oral administration of methanolic extract of Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. flower was investigated for its potential role in the modulation of fertility in male albino rats. Healthy male albino rats were randomly distributed into three groups, i.e., a control and two groups administered with 50 and 500 mg/kg body weight/day of methanolic extract of B. monosperma flower for 30, 90, and 180 days, respectively. Fertility records were maintained throughout the experimental period. At the end of experiment, animals were sacrificed and the weight of reproductive organs, sperm characteristics, and histopathology of testicular and epididymal tissues were evaluated. A 45-day withdrawal period was also investigated for parameters as described above for each group. A 40% decline in fertility rate was evident in rats administered with 500 mg/kg of B. monosperma flower extract for 180 consecutive days. A significant reduction in testicular and epididymal weight was observed in these animals. Sperm count, motility, and viability were also reduced significantly in animals treated for 180 days. Histological evaluation of testicular cells indicated distortions in germ cell arrangements at various stages of spermatogenesis. Following 45 days of withdrawal, the resumption of normal functional and histological characteristics was apparent. Based on the abnormalities present in the sperm characteristics and damages in testicular histology, it was confirmed that methanolic extract of B. monosperma flower contain antifertility potential.

Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effect of Methanol Extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Seed in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

This study investigated the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of the oral administration of methanol extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. Two different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) of the methanol extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed were administered daily to two groups of diabetic rats for a period of two weeks. Metformin (250 mg/kg) was given as the reference standard drug. Phytochemical, acute toxicity, fasting blood glucose, body weight, cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins levels were determined using standard methods. Acute toxicity of methanol extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. There was an initial decrease in the body weight of the experimental animals after induction of diabetes which increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) by the second week of treatment. The fasting blood glucose levels of the treated diabetic rats were significantly decreased at the second week of treatment with the group that received 400 mg/kg of extract recording the lowest fasting blood glucose level. The cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoproteins levels of the diabetic treated rats were significantly reduced while the high density lipoproteins level significantly increased. It can therefore be concluded that Hibiscus sabdariffa seed has the ability to lower blood sugar and maintain a stable lipid level.&#x0D; Keywords: Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, Alloxan, Phytochemical, Hibiscus sabdariffa

Acute and sub-acute toxicity profile of methanol leaf extract of Geophila obvallata on renal and hepatic indices in Wistar rats

The study evaluates the toxic effects of acute and sub-acute oral administration of methanol extracts of Geophila obvallata in rats. During acute study, a dose of 1600, 2900 and 5000 mg/kg bw of ex...

Acute Toxicity and Hepatotoxicity Evaluation of Methanol Extract of Root Bark of Calotropis gigantea in Rats

Many studies of root extract of Calotropis gigantea have been done to prove its potential as anticancer, antimicrobial, etc. agent C. gigantea plant itself is very easy to grow in tropical countries. However, studies of acute toxicity of C. gigantea root extract has not been performed.The purpose of this research was to know the safety level, the chemical constituents, and the acute toxicity of methanol extract of C. gigantea root bark given orally on Rattus norvegicus in rats. C. gigantea root bark was extracted by using methanol. The methanol extract was suspended in 1% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and administered orally by gavage (1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg) in separate groups. On the day of fifteen, all animals were anesthetized and some selected vital organs were excised, weighed and macroscopically examined. The liver was assessed histopathologically. There were no lethal effects, behavioral changes and no significant change in body and organ weights compared to control after the administration of the extracts. Thus, the value of LD50 for oral administration of methanol extracts from root bark of C. gigantea was larger than 5000 mg/kg. Methanol extract of C. gigantea root bark must be considered safe enough as none of the rats were died along the study. But, it can damage the hepatic cell, if given in higher dose.&#x0D; Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 17(2): 243-250, 2018 (December)

Hypoglycemic Effect of Vitex agnus castus Extract in Diabetic Rats Induced by Streptozotocin

The aim of this study is to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts (leaf + stem) of Vitex on an animal model. Rats of theWistar strain of both sexes, N = 20 females for the short-term test and N = 28 males for the medium-term test, weighing between 125 g and 240 g are rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg body weight) and divided into four groups. Triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were determined by the enzymatic method using spectrophotometry, then for the blood glucose is measured by the Accu Chek sensor meter. The oral administration of methanolic extract of Vitex agnus castus at a dose of 300 mg/kg decreased blood glucose after 2 h for the short-term test; with regard to the medium-term test, there was a decrease in the glycemia and an improvement in the lipid profile for 21 days. These results confirm the antidiabetic effects of this plant.

Pharmacokinetic study of the major chemical constituents in Xanthoceras sorbifolia wood after oral administration of methanol extract, wood powder, and single constituents

ABSTRACTThe wood powder and extract of Xanthoceras sorbifolia are used to treat rheumatism, gout, and other diseases in Mongolian medicine. Information on the pharmacokinetic differences between various forms of the herb drug is needed. Eight Xanthoceras constituents were examined simultaneously in rat plasma by ultra liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. In vitro experiments were performed to determine the influence of digestive juices on the pharmacokinetic profiles. Epicatechin and dihydromyricetin had higher AUC values in rats that were gavaged with X. sorbifolia extract versus the pure compounds. The AUC value of epicatechin in rats that were gavaged with X. sorbifolia wood powder was higher than that with the methanol extract. The nonextractable epicatechin polymer in the wood powder could be degraded to epicatechin by gastric juice, consequently elevating the epicatechin levels in blood.

Evaluation of acute toxicity of the methanolic extract of Tanacetum parthenium L. in albino wistar rats

Tanacetum parthenium L. commonly known as feverfew and it is belongs to the family Asteraceae. Toxicologymaybedefined asthe study ofharmful,poisonousandadverseeffectsofdrugsandotherchemicals constituentsfoundinplants,whichmayincreasethechancesofmortalityorweaknessinthegeneralhealth, physically as well as mentally. The present study has been undertaken to study the adverse or hazardous effects of methanolic extract of T. parthenium and to establish the safety of methanolic extract of T. parthenium in albino wistar rats (180-200g) as per OrganizationforEconomic CooperationandDevelopment(OECD) guidelines. In acute toxicity study, the oral dose (1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg/kg) of tested plant extract was administered to four groups of animals (GROUP I, II, III and IV)in single dose and for seven days their general behavior, adverse effects and mortality were monitored. In acute toxicity, all treated groups revealed neither mortality nor any significant changes were observed. The result indicates that the oral administration of methanolic extract of T. parthenium plant did not produce any significant toxic effect in albino rats. Hence, the extract can be utilized safely for therapeutic use in pharmaceutical formulations.

Toxicity Studies and Body Weights Changes in Wistar Rats Following Oral Administration of Methanol Extract From Indigenous Ganoderma Sp.In Nigeria

The acute and sub acute toxicity studies of methanol extract ofGanoderma lucidum was evaluated in Wistar rats using standard methods Various doses and mg kg of the extract were orally administered to Wistar rats over a period of hours in acute toxicity studies while selected doses of and mg kg of the extract were orally administered daily for days to rats according to body weights Results of findings in both studies showed no apparent clinical sign of toxicity and no gross lesion was observed in the excised organs lung liver kidney spleen and heart of the experimental rats The experimental rats responded well through increases in body weights throughout the study period These findings showed safety of the methanol extract of the wild Ganoderma spp in wistar rats implying a wide margin of safety following consumption for a long period of time especially at doses of and mg kg the rats were equally observed to reverse changes in their physiological values following a withdrawal period of two weeks This implied the effective biotransformation and elimination of this natural product within a short time period

The anti diabetic and anti obesity effect of Memecylon umbellatum extract in high fat diet induced obese mice.

In recent years, obesity and diabetes have become the epidemic mainly due to fast food and lifestyle changes. Several herbs have been claimed to control diabetes and obesity. However, there are a few which control both. Our aim was to evaluate the anti-diabetic and anti-obesity activity of methanolic extract of Memecylon umbellatum (MU) in alleviation of insulin resistance (IR). Diet induced obese (DIO) mice model was developed by feeding the mice on high fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks resulting in hyperglycemia, obesity and IR. 250mg/kg body weight of extract was administered orally daily for 8 weeks. Fasting glucose and body weight were monitored throughout the experiment. At the end of the study, serum parameters, histological examinations and gene expression pattern were analyzed. There was a significant reduction in fasting glucose levels, body weight and triglycerides. Improvement in the glucose tolerance and amelioration of insulin resistance was observed as revealed by reduction in serum IL6, serum oxidised LDL, histological sections of liver and subcutaneous adipose. Gene expression studies demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract by down regulating IL6, PAI1 and ApoB gene expression as compared to the untreated HFD control. Our results demonstrate for the first time that oral administration of methanolic extract of MU in DIO mice leads to reduction in hyperglycemia, body weight, triglycerides and ameliorates insulin resistance. Further, mechanism of action of the extract needs to be investigated by purifying the extract and analyzing the active ingredient playing the major role.