Oral Administration Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

Ameliorative effects of Tagetes erecta Linn. flower against desiccation stress-induced dry eye symptoms in the mice model

BackgroundTagetes erecta Linn, popularly known as Marigold, has various pharmacological effects. It is used as a dietary supplement, especially for the posterior segment of the eye. However, the effect of T. erecta Linn on ocular disorders is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of oral administration of ethanol extract of T. erecta Linn flower (TE) for dry eye syndrome (DED) in a murine model. MethodsTwenty-four mice were subjected to desiccation stress (DS) to induce DED and subcutaneous injection of scopolamine hydrobromide was administered 4 times a day for 21 days. TE and cyclosporine A (CsA) were administered for an additional 14 days under DS conditions. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, TE200, TE400, and CsA. Changes in tear production and corneal fluorescein staining were measured at baseline, after 7 days of DS, and after treatment for 7 and 14 days. ResultsDS significantly decreased tear production and increased corneal fluorescein score; the parameters were significantly reversed in the TE400 (oral administration of 400 mg TE/kg body weight) group. TE markedly improved DS-induced changes including corneal epithelial detachment and lacrimal gland inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effect of TE 400 supplementation was similar to that of CsA. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that oral administration of TE may protect against DS-induced DED via stabilization of the tear film and suppression of inflammation. This study provides an experimental basis for further studies on the potential clinical use of TE in preventing DED.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and α-pyrones isolated from Cantinoa stricta.

This study evaluated the composition and the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extracts and two isolated compounds, anamarine (ANA) and 10-epi-olguine (eOL), obtained from the leaves of Cantinoa stricta (Lamiaceae). Crude ethanolic extract (EEt) and dichloromethane extract (DCM), selected based on NMR data, were submitted to pharmacological tests in male Swiss mice. The oral administration of EEt and DCM significantly reduced the second phase of formalin-induced nociception (60%), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mechanical hyperalgesia (90%), and carrageenan (Cg)-induced edema (25%). ANA and eOL, the major compounds in EEt and DCM extracts, administered orally or locally (in the paw), also reduced the LPS-induced mechanical hyperalgesia (Oral ID50 1.9 and 3.9mg/kg; Local ID50 93.4 and 677.3ng, respectively) without changing the thermal acute nociception or the motor performance of the animals. Local administration of ANA and eOL also reduced Cg-induced edema (40 and 23%, respectively). These isolated compounds did not change the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, prostaglandin E2, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, or forskolin but reversed the hyperalgesia induced by dopamine, epinephrine, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The hyperalgesia induced by epinephrine was reversed in male but not in female mice, in which this response is not dependent on protein kinase C (PKC). These results suggest thatC. strictaextracts possess antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity which is related to the presence of ANA and eOL. Differently from the known analgesics, these substances seem to exert their action mainly interfering with the sympathetic component of pain, possibly with PKC.

EVALUATION OF THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS INSWISS ALBINO MICE

Objectives: This work aimed to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of the ethanolic extract of Abelmoschus esculentus, administered orally to Swiss albino mice. Methods: An dosage of 2000 mg/kg was administrated and toxicity studies were conducted following organization for economic cooperation and development guidelines of 425 and 407 respectively in Swiss albino mice. During the study, general signs of toxicity were monitored. The mice which are used in the toxicology study were sacrificed, and histological, hematological, and biochemical analyses were done. Results: No behavioral changes were observed in all mice subjected to the study. The extract did not bring about any deaths after 14 days for the acute toxicity study in all the doses and also 90 days at a very high dosage chronic toxicity study days. Although a significant variation was observed in hematocrit, granulocyte, lymphocyte, Alanine transaminase, total cholesterol levels, and blood glucose levels, the extract did not have any significant effect (p<0.05) on the other biochemical and hematological parameters evaluated during the study. Conclusion: The result indicates that the oral administration of ethanolic extract of A. esculentus did not produce any significant toxic effect in the mice. Hence, the extract can be utilized safely for therapeutic use in pharmaceutical formulations.

Assessment of Median Lethal Dose and Target Organ Toxicity of Oral Sub-chronic Administration of Newbouldia laevis in Mice and Rat Model of Toxicity

The acute and sub-chronic toxicities of the leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis, an ethnomedicinal herb use in the management of diabetes mellitus was investigated. For the acute toxicity study, 10 – 5000 mg/kg of the extract were administered orally to mice and obvious signs of toxic symptoms and mortality monitored for 24 h post extract administration. In the sub-chronic study, 302 and 604 mg/kg of the extract were orally administered daily for 90 days. Body weight changes as well as haematological and biochemical parameters were determined periodically. Qualitative phytochemistry was also conducted. Presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugar, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids and glycosides phytocompounds in the extract were detected. The oral LD50 was estimated to be above 5,000 mg/kg in mice. Ninety days oral administration of ethanol extract of N. laevis produced a significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weight at 604 mg/kg on the 31st day and at both 302 and 604 mg/kg on the 61st and 91st days compared to 5% Tween 20 vehicle control group. For liver function enzymes, the extract at both doses (302 and 604 mg/kg) produced significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum ALT enzyme activity at the 91st day with non-significant reduction in other liver function enzymes compared to vehicle control group. Non-significant changes were also recorded for haematological and kidney function markers. The results from this study provide evidence for safety profile of the ethanol leaves extract of N. laevis thus supportive of its validity in the use for treatment of chronic diseases like diabetes.

Acute Anti-Hyperglycaemic Activity of Five Traditional Medicinal Plants in High Fat Diet Induced Obese Rats.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a prevalent non-communicable disease, is a metabolic condition involving defective pancreatic β-cells and/or insulin resistance. Researchers are presently exploring traditional medicinal plants to identify alternatives for treating diabetes due to the various disadvantage of current anti-diabetic medicines. The present study evaluated the anti-hyperglycaemic effects of ethanol extracts of five medicinal plants (EEMPs) (Gynura nepalensis, Glochidion thomsonii, Clerodendrum splendens, Clerodendrum infortunatum and Xanthium strumarium) which are traditionally used as an ethnomedicine to treat diabetes and numerous other health problems. High-fat fed (HFF) obese rats were used to perform acute in vivo tests, including oral glucose tolerance, feeding test, metabolic studies, and gastrointestinal motility using BaSO4 milk solution. Priliminary phytochemical screening were performed to discover the presence or absence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, and reducing sugars in extracts. Oral administration of ethanol extracts (250 mg/kg, body weight), along with glucose (18 mmoL/kg body weight), ameliorated glucose tolerance (p < 0.05-0.01). In addition, the extracts improved gut motility (250 mg/kg; p < 0.05-0.001), as well as reduced food intake during the feeding test (250 mg/kg; p < 0.05-0.001). Phytochemical screening of these medicinal plants depicted the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids and reducing sugars. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins and saponins may be responsible for the glucose-lowering properties for these plants. Additional research is warranted to fully identify the bioactive phytomolecules and mechanistic pathways that might lead to the development of a viable, cost-effective type 2 diabetes therapy.

Administration of Oral Gemitir Flower Extract (Tagetes erecta L) Increased The Number of Neovascularization, Fibroblasts Cell and Epithelization of Wound in Male Wistar Strains Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Background: Herbal ingredients that can be used to reduce wound healing on the skin are the administration of bioactive compounds from gemitir flowers (Tagetes erecta L) used as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This study prove that oral gemitir extract increases the number of neovascularization, fibroblast cell and epithelialization of wound healing in male Wistar strains rats. Method: This research is anexperimental research with a randomized posttest-only control group design method. The research subjects used 28 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), which were divided into 2 control groups and 2 treatment groups. The analytical method used the Shapiro-Wilk Test and Levene’s Test and then compared using the one-way ANOVA post hoc with least significant difference (LSD). Results: Neovascularization P0-4 and P0-14 have the same value 1.86±0.90,while in group P1-48.86±1.35and P1-14 decreased to 5.00±1.15. Number of P0-4 fibroblast cells: 8.29±3.25and P014:9.00±3.51cells/field of view, while PI-4:18.57 ± 4.89 and P1-14: 32.00 ± 7.39. Epithelialization results as described by epithelial thickness at P0-4: 28.08 ± 10.07 µm and P0-14:298.86±273.88µm, while at P1-4: 1096.71±133.93µm and P1-14: 1674.00± 331.55µm. The results of the one way ANOVA p&lt;0.001. LSD group P0 (4) vs P0 (14) were not significantly different while P0 (4) vs P1 (4), P0 (4) vs P1 (14), P1 (4) vs P1 (14) all differed significantly with p&lt;0.05. Conclusion: Oral administration of ethanol extract of gemitir flowers increased neovascularization in wound healing male Wistar rats on day 4 and increased the number of fibroblasts and thickness of epithelialization on days 4 and 14.

The Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Justicia Secunda (Bloodroot) on the Liver Function Indices of Albino Wistar Rat

Purpose: Few articles have linked the consumption of some medicinal plants to certain liver diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of oral administration of ethanolic extract of Justicia secunda on the liver of Wistar rats.&#x0D; Methodology: 30 adult female Wistar rats were grouped into 6, with each group consisting of 5 rats.The 1st group was on a normal diet and distilled water while the other groups received 250mg/bodywt, 300mg/bodywt, 350mg/bodywt, 400mg/body wt, 450mg/ body wt of ethanolic extract Justicia secunda for 42 days respectively . Their blood samples were analyzed for total and conjugated bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, Lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase.&#x0D; Findings: The liver tissues were also processed for histological examination. There was a statistically significant increase in ALT, AST, and ALP in group 4, and a statistically significant decrease in conjugated bilirubin seen in groups 5 and 6. The Histology revealed that the extract produced moderate but insignificant degeneration of hepatocytes.&#x0D; Unique contribution to policy, theory, and practice: Long-term administration is likely to contain toxic effects; caution should be taken in consuming this plant.

Antidiabetic activity of Solanum torvum fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Solanum torvum Swartz, a medicinal plant belonging to the family Solanaceae, is an important medicinal plant widely distributed throughout the world and used as medicine to treat diabetes, hypertension, tooth decay, and reproductive problems in traditional systems of medicine around the world including Malaysia. The objective of this study was to investigate hypoglycemic, antilipidemic, and hepatoprotective activities, histopathology of the pancreas, and specific glucose regulating gene expression of the ethanolic extract of S. torvum fruit in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. Acute toxicity study was done according to OECD-423 guidelines. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Experimental diabetic rats were divided into six different groups; normal, diabetic control, and glibenclamide at 6 mg/kg body weight, and the other three groups of animals were treated with oral administration of ethanolic extract of S. torvum fruit at 120, 160, and 200 mg/kg for 28 days. The effect of ethanolic extract of S. torvum fruit on body weight, blood glucose, lipid profile, liver enzymes, histopathology of pancreas, and gene expression of glucose transporter 2 (slc2a2), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) was determined by RT-PCR. Acute toxicity studies showed LD50 of ethanolic extract of S. torvum fruit to be at the dose of 1600 mg/kg body weight. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins, serum alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly reduced, whereas high-density lipoproteins were significantly increased in S. torvum fruit (200 mg/kg)-treated rats. Histopathological study of the pancreas showed an increase in number, size, and regeneration of β-cell of islets of Langerhans. Gene expression studies revealed the lower expression of slc2a2 and PCK1 in treated animals when compared to diabetic control. Ethanolic extract of S. torvum fruits showed hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective activity in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Histopathological studies revealed regeneration of β cells of islets of Langerhans. Gene expression studies indicated lower expression of slc2a2 and PCK1 in treated animals when compared to diabetic control, indicating that the treated animals prefer the gluconeogenesis pathway.

Oral Administration of Ethanolic Extract of Shrimp Shells-Loaded Liposome Protects against Aβ-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats.

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by a progressive loss of memory and cognition. Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain is a well-known pathological hallmark of the disease. In this study, the ethanolic extract of white shrimp (Litopenaous vannamei) shells and the ethanolic extract-loaded liposome were tested for the neuroprotective effects on Aβ1–42-induced memory impairment in rats. The commercial astaxanthin was used as a control. Treatment with the ethanolic extract of shrimp shells (EESS) at the dose of 100 mg/kg BW showed no protective effect in Aβ-treated rats. However, treatment with an EESS-loaded liposome at the dose of 100 mg/kg BW significantly improved memory ability in Morris water maze and object recognition tests. The beneficial effect of the EESS-loaded liposome was ensured by the increase of the memory-related proteins including BDNF/TrkB and pre- and post-synaptic protein markers GAP-43 and PSD-95 as well as pErk1/2/Erk1/2 in the cortex and hippocampus. These findings indicated the neuroprotective effects of the EESS-loaded liposome on Aβ-induced memory impairment in rats. It produced beneficial effects on learning behavior probably through the function of BDNF/TrkB/pErk1/2/Erk1/2 signaling pathway and subsequently the upregulation of synaptic proteins. The present study provided evidence that the neuroprotective property of the ESSE-loaded liposome could be a promising strategy for AD protection.

Anti-Diabetic Effects of Ethanol Extract from Sanghuangporous vaninii in High-Fat/Sucrose Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may lead to abnormally elevated blood glucose, lipid metabolism disorder, and low-grade inflammation. Besides, the development of T2DM is always accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic dysfunction. In this study, the T2DM mice model was established by feeding a high-fat/sucrose diet combined with injecting a low dose of streptozotocin. Additionally, the effects of oral administration of ethanol extract from Sanghuangporous vaninii (SVE) on T2DM and its complications (including hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis) were investigated. The results showed SVE could improve body weight, glycolipid metabolism, and inflammation-related parameters. Besides, SVE intervention effectively ameliorated the diabetes-induced pancreas and jejunum injury. Furthermore, SVE intervention significantly increased the relative abundances of Akkermansia, Dubosiella, Bacteroides, and Parabacteroides, and decreased the levels of Lactobacillus, Flavonifractor, Odoribacter, and Desulfovibrio compared to the model group (LDA > 3.0, p < 0.05). Metabolic function prediction of the intestinal microbiota by PICRUSt revealed that glycerolipid metabolism, insulin signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and fatty acid degradation were enriched in the diabetic mice treated with SVE. Moreover, the integrative analysis indicated that the key intestinal microbial phylotypes in response to SVE intervention were strongly correlated with glucose and lipid metabolism-associated biochemical parameters. These findings demonstrated that SVE has the potential to alleviate T2DM and its complications by modulating the gut microbiota imbalance.

Effect of Raphanus sativus on Glucose, Cholesterol and Triglycerides Levels in Glucose Loaded Rats

Background: In fact, diabetes is now a serious health concern, and the import of medications from other countries consumes a significant amount of foreign cash each year. The effects of Raphanus satives (Radish) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus were evaluated scientifically in this study. Thyroid hormone increases metabolic actions in almost every tissue, and the current study was an attempt to evaluate scientifically the effects of Raphanus satives (Radish) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.Objectives: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of Raphanus sativus (Radish) on induced hyperglycemic rats.Methods: An oral administration of ethanolic extract of Radish in glucose loaded rats at dose of 250mg/k body weight, standard group was administered with 10mg/kg of hypoglycemic drug glibenclamide for 2 consecutive weeks. The control group was given distilled water only. After the two weeks' time, the groups were subjected to a glucose tolerance test and measurement of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Results: significant reduction of blood glucose was observed (P &lt;0.001), when compared with the control group at 2 hours after glucose loud. Radish ethanolic extract did not present any significant difference in cholesterol level after 2 weeks compared with start point. No significant difference was seen in triglyceride level after 2 weeks of administration of Radish extract compared with start point. Radish extract(250 mg/kg) did not affect kidney function creatinin and urea, also liver function were not affected Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT), Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT), albumin, total protein and bilirubin, this means administration of increased doses to hyperglycemic subjects can be considered safe. CONCLUSION: In this investigation, doses of radish extract (250 mg/kg) had no effect on renal function, creatinin, and urea, as well as liver function. Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT), Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT), albumin, total protein, and bilirubin .Keywords: Raphanus sativus, extract, hypoglycemic, glucose, rats

Amentoflavone-Enriched Selaginella rossii Warb. Suppresses Body Weight and Hyperglycemia by Inhibiting Intestinal Lipid Absorption in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.

Many Selaginellaceae species are used as traditional medicines in Asia. This study is the first to investigate the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of Selaginella rossii (SR) in high-fat diet (HFD)–fed C57BL/6J mice. Seven-day oral administration of ethanol extract (100 mg/kg/day) or ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract (50 mg/kg/day) from SR improved oral fat tolerance by inhibiting intestinal lipid absorption; 10-week long-term administration of the EtOAc extract markedly reduced HFD-induced body weight gain and hyperglycemia by reducing adipocyte hypertrophy, glucose levels, HbA1c, and plasma insulin levels. Treatment with SR extracts reduced the expression of intestinal lipid absorption-related genes, including Cd36, fatty acid-binding protein 6, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 8, NPC1 like intracellular cholesterol transporter 1, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1. In addition, the EtOAc extract increased the expression of protein absorption–related solute carrier family genes, including Slc15a1, Slc8a2, and Slc6a9. SR extracts reduced HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by suppressing fatty acid transport to hepatocytes and hepatic lipid accumulation. Furthermore, amentoflavone (AMF), the primary compound in SR extracts, reduced intestinal lipid absorption by inhibiting fatty acid transport in HFD-fed mice. AMF-enriched SR extracts effectively protected against HFD-induced body weight gain and hyperglycemia by inhibiting intestinal lipid absorption.

An UPLC - Q - Orbitrap method for pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of four triterpenoids in rats after oral administration of Poria cocos ethanol extracts

Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, is a fungus that is widely used as medicine and dietary supplement in China. But its action mechanism is still not very clear. In this paper, a rapid, specific and sensitive high performace liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole - orbitrap mass sepctrometry (UPLC - Q - Orbitrap MS) method has been developed and validated to simultaneously determine of four triterpenoids including Dehydrotumulosic acid (DTA), Dehydropachymic acid (DPA), Pachymic acid (PA), Dehydrotrametenolic acid (DMA) from Poria cocos in rat plasma and tissues. The analyte was extracted from rat plasma and tissue homogenates by protein precipitation with acetonitrile using glibenclamide as the internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was carried out on ACQUITY UPLC BEH - C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile - water (containing 1.0 mmol/L ammonium acetate) using gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Electrospray ionization (ESI −) under negative ion mode was used, and its quantization was performed with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method was fully validated and successfully applied to pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study in rats after oral administration of ethanol extracts of Poria cocos. Compared with that of plasma exporsure, triterpenoids could be detected in various tissues with a relatively high degree of tissue distribution. After oral administration, the concentration orders in seven different tissues were ranked as DTA > PA > DPA > DMA in intestine and stomach, wheras DTA > DMA > PA > DPA in heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney tissues, which is speculated that DPA, PA may be converted into DMA in vivo. In conclusion, this results may provide a material basis for study of the pharmacological actions of triterpenoids in Poria cocos.

Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Smilax zeylanica Linn. in Wistar Rats

Background: Smilax zeylanica Linn (Smilaceae) is a woody climbing shrub native to Asia's tropical and subtropical highlands. Traditionally, this plant has been widely used to cure a variety of ailments. Smilax zeylanica stem bark was extracted with ethanol to test its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties.&#x0D; Objective: To study the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic stem bark extract of Smilax zeylanica Linn. in Wistar rats.&#x0D; Methods: The antinociceptive activity has been assessed in mice by formalin-induced paw licking, Eddy’s hot-plate, and acetic-acid induced abdominal stretching models. Carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats has been conducted to explore the anti-inflammatory activity. Tween 80 (10ml/kg, p.o) was given to the control group, test drug group received ethanol extract of Smilax zeylanica (EESZ) orally at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, and standard drugs morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c), diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, i.p) were injected to the standard drug group.&#x0D; Results: Oral administration of ethanolic extract of Smilax zeylanica (EESZ) at test doses (200 and 400 mg/kg), produced a significant decrease of the paw licking time for 2 phases (neurogenic and inflammatory) in the formalin test, upsurge of the reaction time in Eddy’s hot plate test, and significantly decreased the abdominal stretching in the acetic acid-induced writhes test. Ethanol extract of Smilax zeylanica significantly decreased the carrageenan-induced paw oedema.&#x0D; Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Smilax zeylanica possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory activity, probably involving central and peripheral pathways

Safety assessment of oral administration of ethanol extract of Justicia carnea leaf in healthy wistar rats: hematology, antioxidative and histology studies

BackgroundConsumption of medicinal plants has diverse therapeutic benefits and could also have toxic effect. Justicia carnea is a medicinal plant that is used conventionally as blood tonic from time immemorial in Nigeria. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf assessing the hematology indices, organ antioxidant system and histology in healthy male wistar rats.MethodsPowdered sample was extracted using absolute ethanol and concentrated to obtain a slurry paste of J. carnea ethanol extracts. Acute toxicity was determined in two phases using Lorke method. In subacute study, rats were randomized into six groups of five rats per group: Group 1 (control) received distilled water, group 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 received 50, 100, 500, 800 and 1200 mg/kg body weight of J. carnea ethanol extract once daily using oral gavage. At the end of 14th day of administration, rats were allowed to fast overnight, sacrificed to collect samples for biochemical analysis and histopathological examination.ResultsThe LD50 of extract was greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. Higher doses (> 500 mg/kg) of extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased RBC, hemoglobin and platelet compared to the control. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly (p < 0.05) increased at 1200 mg/kg while other tested doses caused no detrimental effect on glutathione, catalase, SOD and malondialdehyde level in liver and kidney. Histopathological examination of liver and kidney showed mild to severe pathological lesion in a dose dependent manner.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggests that ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf is relatively safe, could be beneficial in alleviating hematology related abnormalities without causing adverse effects on endogenous antioxidant system. However, caution should be taken as higher dose at 1200 mg/kg could cause noticeable tissue injury.

Antioxidant potential, biochemical activity and hypoglycemic effects of R. obtusifolius L. seed extracts used in Armenian traditional medicine

The diversity of plants in Armenia is due to the singularity of natural environment. However, biochemical activity of these plants has not been studied well. The goal was to investigate biological activities as well as antihyperglycemic properties of Rumex obtusifolius L. in rabbits with hyperglycemia. According to obtained data, R. obtusifolius extracts possessed high antioxidant activity in chemical-based tests. GS/MS analysis of its methanol extracts allowed identification of several compounds, which could have high contribution on biological activities. The sub-cytotoxic concentration of investigated extract was 10 mgmL-1on Murine microglial BV-2 WT cell lines. Oral administration of ethanol extract showed significant effect on hyperglycemia, reducing fasting glucose levels (57.3%, p&lt;0.05) and improving glucose tolerance. These findings suggest that R. obtusifolius extracts could be source of new biologically active compounds and recommended for treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Repeated oral administration of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. flowers against the animal models of depression

Background: The incidence of depressive disease has increased in every year; it differs from county to county and risk issue is also differed among the United States and lifestyle change, cultures. Depression is a critical fitness trouble global such as in India. Due to the existing use of antidepressant drugs, there is an expansion of provoking symptoms. Among the most current decade, the disclosure of more comfortable stimulant natural treatment plans is on the rise. Woodfordia fruticosa flowers have been utilized in historic human beings prescription different illnesses incorporating valuable worried device disorders in Ayurveda. Aims and Objectives: The study is undertaken to investigate the antidepressant activity of W. fruticosa flowers using behavioral screening models. Materials and Methods: Freshly prepared ethanolic extract of W. fruticosa (EWF) is treated twice daily for 14 consecutive days. After 60 min of last dose, administration of EWF in animals was subjected to behavioral screening models (forced swim test and tail suspension test) to evaluate antidepressant activity. Results: Our result indicates that oral administration of EWF flowers shown significant (P < 0.0001 [at 1% level]) antidepressant activity by reducing the immobility time in both the models. Conclusion: W. fruticosa flowers exhibit significant antidepressant activity. Further mechanistic studies are required to confirm the cellular action and therapeutic efficacy of EWF against depression.

Simultaneous Determination of Lignans in Different Tissues in an Alzheimer’s Disease Rat Model by HPLC-MS/MS

The dried fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Schisandraceae, is a popularly used traditional Chinese medicine in the clinic. Dibenzocyclooctadiene-type lignans play the major active role in the neuroprotective effect of this herbal drug. This study aims to investigate the tissue distribution of schisandrol A, schisandrin A, schisandrin B, and schisandrin C after oral administration of ethanol extracts prepared with S. chinensis fruits in an Alzheimer’s disease rat model. The concentrations of these lignans in tissues were determined by a simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography combined with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method. The model group received oral administration of 0.5 g/kg of the extract. Schisandrol A exhibited better absorption than other lignans. All component concentrations were higher in the liver than in other tissues after oral administration of the tested extract. This study is the basis for the use of S. chinensis fruits to treat Alzheimer’s disease and provides a reference for further study of the mechanism.

Comparative Hematological and Biochemical Studies on the Effect of Some Hepatoprotective Agents in Rats

This work was conducted to investigate the hepato-protective effect of chamomile extract, grape seed extract and Silymarin against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. A total of 80 normal male albino rats, were divided into 8 groups, the first group (group I): rats served as the control group and received commercial balanced diet all over the experimental period (3 weeks), group II: chamomile orally treated group (200mg/kg,) for the whole experimental period, group III: grape seed orally treated group (100mg/kg), for the whole experimental period, group IV: silymarin orally treated group (100mg/kg) for the whole experimental period, group V: served as hepatotoxicated group, treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 2mg /kg b. w. of carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) dissolved into corn oil 1:1 at 11 and 12 days of an experiment to induce hepato-toxicity and groupVI: chamomile orally pretreated group (200mg/kg) for the whole experimental period with i/p injection of CCl4 in days 11 and 12 of the experiment, group VII: grape seed orally pretreated group (100mg/kg) for the whole experimental period, with i/p injection of CCl4 in days 11 and 12 of the experiment and group VIII: silymarin orally pretreated group (100mg/kg) for the whole experimental period, with i/p injection of CCl4 in days 11 and 12 of the experiment. Objective: The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of oral administration of ethanol extract of chamomile capitula extract, grape seed and silymarin for 3 weeks on hepatotoxicity induced to rats by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). These effects were explored by measuring erythrogram and serum levels of liver enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP); albumin, globulin, total protein, cholesterol, bilirubin, albumin. Results: The results showed that the oral administration of chamomile extract, a grape seed extract, and silymarin to hepato-injured rats for 21 days improved anemia and significantly decreased the elevated serum levels of liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), total bilirubin and increased serum total protein, albumin, when compared to the corresponding control, positive groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that the chamomile extract, grape seed extract, and silymarin induce potent hepato-protective effects in CCl4 induced hepato-injury in rats. This study recommends that intake of chamomile and grape seed extracts as an herbal may be beneficial for patients who suffer from liver diseases.

Assessment of the Gastroprotective Effect of the Chaga Medicinal Mushroom, Inonotusobliquus (Agaricomycetes), Against the Gastric Mucosal Ulceration Induced by Ethanol in Experimental Rats.

The chaga medicinal mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) was traditionally used to treat various ailments. To establish the pharmacological properties of I. obliquus, studies were performed to show the antiulcer activity of the ethanolic extract. The ethanolic extract of I. obliquus was prepared. The antiulcer activity of I. obliquus was determined using gastric ulcerated rats (ulceration induced by ethanol). The ethanolic extract of I. obliquus (200 mg/kg) did not cause any sign of toxicity or sensitivity to rats when the extracts were administered by oral feed. Oral administration of ethanolic extract of I. obliquus exhibited antiulcer activity in all models used. The ethanolic extract of I. obliquus showed an effective antiulcer activity, which could be due to the presence of various biologically active compounds. This confirmed the traditional uses of I. obliquus in the treatment of ailments.