Oral Administration Of Aqueous Extract Research Articles

Biochemical and histological changes in female wistar rats following oral administration of aqueous extract of <i>Mangifera indica</i> L. leaves

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of aqueous extract of Mangifera indica leaves on some biochemical parameters and histology of liver, kidney and small intestine of rats. Twenty female rats (142.30 ± 7.56 g) were randomly assigned into four groups A, B, C and D. The rats were administered orally 1 mL of distilled water, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract once daily for 10 days. The biochemical parameters were determined using standard methods. All the doses of the extract significantly increased the activities of liver aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and chloride ion (Cl-) content whereas the liver ALT, serum urea, uric acid, potassium ion (K+) and small intestine body weight ratio decreased significantly in a dose dependent manner. The serum concentrations of sodium ion (Na+) and creatinine increased only at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract while the levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, conjugated and total bilirubin significantly decreased in the serum. The liver and kidney body weight ratio significantly increased at 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract while the extract at all the doses did not significantly alter the activity of serum AST. Furthermore, the extract significantly decreased the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the small intestine of the animals with corresponding increase in the serum. The extract at varying doses produced mild and moderate hepatocellular and submucosa layer degeneration in the liver and small intestine respectively while there was glomeruli shrinkage in the kidney. The extract caused structural and functional toxicity hence, should be consumed with caution.Keywords: Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae, Structural toxicity, Functional toxicity, Histoarchitectural changes

Hypoglycemic effects of Trichosanthes kirilowii and its protein constituent in diabetic mice: the involvement of insulin receptor pathway

BackgroundDiabetes is a serious chronic metabolic disorder. Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. (TK) is traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, the clinical application of TK on diabetic patients and the hypoglycemic efficacies of TK are still unclear.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the usage of Chinese herbs in patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. Glucose tolerance test was performed to analyze the hypoglycemic effect of TK. Proteomic approach was performed to identify the protein constituents of TK. Insulin receptor (IR) kinase activity assay and glucose tolerance tests in diabetic mice were further used to elucidate the hypoglycemic mechanisms and efficacies of TK.ResultsBy a retrospective cohort study, we found that TK was the most frequently used Chinese medicinal herb in type 2 diabetic patients in Taiwan. Oral administration of aqueous extract of TK displayed hypoglycemic effects in a dose-dependent manner in mice. An abundant novel TK protein (TKP) was further identified by proteomic approach. TKP interacted with IR by docking analysis and activated the kinase activity of IR. In addition, TKP enhanced the clearance of glucose in diabetic mice in a dose-dependent manner.ConclusionsIn conclusion, this study applied a bed-to-bench approach to elucidate the hypoglycemic efficacies and mechanisms of TK on clinical usage. In addition, we newly identified a hypoglycemic protein TKP from TK. Our findings might provide a reasonable explanation of TK on the treatment of diabetes in TCM.

Hepatotoxicity in Rats Induced by Aqueous Extract of Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Root of Polygonum multiflorum Related to the Activity Inhibition of CYP1A2 or CYP2E1.

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the hepatotoxicity induced by Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR, root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., He Shou Wu) and the activity of CYP1A2 or CYP2E1 in the rat liver. Levels of rat serum transaminases ALT and AST were not altered but the activity of CYP1A2 or CYP2E1 in the rat liver was significantly inhibited after oral administration of aqueous extract of PMR under the experimental dosage. However, levels of ALT and AST were significantly increased and the activity of CYP1A2 or CYP2E1 was significantly decreased after injection of specific inhibitor for CYP1A2 or CYP2E1 combined with oral administration of aqueous extract of PMR, especially under the repeated treatment over interval times. Liver histopathological observation showed that a moderate liver injury occurred in rats receiving PMR treatment with the activity of CYP1A2 or CYP2E1 inhibited, but there was no significant liver damage in rats receiving PMR treatment or CYP inhibitor alone. These suggested that low level activity of CYP1A2 or CYP2E1 from genetic polymorphism among people might be one of the important reasons for the hepatotoxicity induced by PMR in clinical practice.

Physiological study to investigate the activity of an aqueous extract ofCinnamomum cassiabark on the blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (stz)

The present study was investigated the activity of aqueous extract from Cinnamomum cassia bark on the blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic rats induced by Streptozotcin (STZ). In healthy rats the blood glucose levels were slightly decreased after six hoursof single oral administration with dose (25 mg/kg) of body wight, as well as four weeks after twice daily repeated oral administration of aqueous extract of Cinnamomum cassia bark. In streptozotocin induced diabetic rats we absorved high significant decreased (p

Diuretic and antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract of leaves of Vepris heterophylla (Engl.) R. Let (Rutaceae) in rats.

Background Vepris heterophylla (Rutaceae) is a medicinal plant used empirically in African traditional medicine for many clinical conditions including edematous disorders and hypertension. V. heterophylla aqueous extract has been used in northern part of Cameroon by traditional healers for the treatment of arterial hypertension. The study aim was to assess the putative diuretic and antioxidant properties of V. heterophylla leaves aqueous extract.MethodsAdult rats were administered with V. heterophylla leaves aqueous extract acutely (24 h) at doses 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg (per os). The two positive control groups received the diuretic drugs furosemide (5 mg/kg) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, 10 mg/kg), while negative control group received only an equivalent volume of distilled water. Urinary elimination of electrolytes in response to treatments was evaluated, together with changes in concentrations of creatinine, urea, aldosterone, glucose and albumin in urine and plasma. Various urinary indicators of kidney function and plasmatic markers of oxidative stress were also assessed.ResultsThe findings indicated that the aqueous extract of V. heterophylla at doses ranging from 150 to 250 mg/kg caused a significant and dose-dependent increase of urinary water and electrolytes excretion in normal rats. The aqueous extract of the leaves of V. heterophylla accelerated the elimination of overloaded fluid. At the maximum of diuretic response, urinary osmolarity decreased significantly when compared with controls. Oral administration of aqueous extract at different doses produced a significant diuresis and slight increase in electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl−) excretion. The results obtained were compared with standard drug-furosemide (5 mg/kg) and hydrochlorothiazide (10 mg/kg). These effects were observed predominantly at 250 mg/kg dose.ConclusionsOur findings strongly suggest that V. heterophylla aqueous extract has diuretic and antioxidant activities, and deserves further studies considering the potential for the treatment of hypertension.

Incretin effect of Urena lobata leaves extract on structure and function of rats islet β-cells

This study aims to determine the incretin effects of Urena lobata leaves extract on the structure and function of rats islet β-cells. This study utilizes male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 2 control group and 3 test group (n = 5). Diabetic rats were induced with High Fructose Diet (HFD) and single dose intraperitoneal streptozotocin 25 mg/kg bw. Aqueous leaves extract of U. lobata was prepared by decoction methods and administrated orally with doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg bw for 4 weeks then incretin effect was evaluated by measuring serum GLP-1, insulin, and blood glucose levels. Histology of islet β-cells was evaluated using photomicroscopy by analyzing size, shape, and number. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test followed by LSD test and p ≤ 0.05 is considered significant. Oral administration of aqueous extract U. lobata leaves at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight were able to prolong GLP-1 bioavailability by 3-fold, 5-fold, and 7-fold respectively when compared to the diabetic group whereas blood glucose level were decreased about 30%, 35%, and 40% respectively (p < 0.05). Extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw also increased insulin level by 4-fold and 8-fold respectively compared to the diabetic group and the islet β-cells were repaired. The active compound in U. lobata leaves extract are suggested to prevent degradation of GLP-1 by inhibition of DPP-4 activity. Aqueous extract of U. lobata also improved the structure and function of islet β-cells by increasing of GLP-1 bioavailability.

Medicinal use of Cynodon dactylon

Medicinal activity of Cynodon dactylon (Family: Poaceae) is very useful and play an important role in our life activities. The study was undertaken to investigate the Hypoglycemic and Ant diabetic effect of single and repeat Oral administration of aqueous extract of grass resulted, significant reduction of 59% in the blood sugar level.

Determination of the inorganic composition and short term effect of aqueous extracts of root, pod, and stem of Telfairia occidentalis on some hematological parameters in rats

Aims and Objectives: This study is to investigate the inorganic composition and the effect of fourteen (14) -day oral administration of aqueous extracts of root, pod and stem of Telfairia occidentalis in rats.Materials and Methods: Plant samples were analyzed for K, P, Mg, Ca, S, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Wister rats of both sexes were assigned to sixteen (16) groups of 4 animals per group. Different animal groups received distilled water and root, stem, and pod extracts at the doses of 250, 750, 1500, 2250, and 3000mg/kg of body weight. All animals were treated for 14 days and sacrificed on the 15th day.Results: The inorganic composition result showed that potassium (K) was the highest in abundance in all the samples (root, pod, and stem), compared to the other mineral elements. The root contained high levels of potassium and manganese; the stem had magnesium, manganese and iron while the pod contained high amount of potassium, manganese and iron. Hematological assay results showed reduction in the values of white blood cell (WBC) count for higher doses of root extract and all doses (except for 1500mg/kg bw) of pod extract. Platelet count (PLT) was significantly high for root extract at 750mg/kg bw. The stem extract showed a consistent decrease in the red blood cell (RBC) count for all dose administered.Conclusion: Telfairia occidentalis root, pod, and stem may be a good source of inorganic elements. The extracts have varying effects on hematological parameters which may be dosage- and duration- dependent.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 75-80

Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity of aqueous extract of Crassocephalum rubens leaves in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCrassocephalum rubens is found throughout tropical Africa including the Indian Ocean islands. The leaves are commonly eaten in form of soups and sauces in South-Western Nigeria, also in other humid zones of Africa. Traditionally, it is used as an antidote against any form of poisoning; used to treat stomach and liver complaints; and externally to treat burns, sore eyes, earache, leprosy and breast cancer. In this study, acute and subacute toxicity of aqueous extract of C. rubens leaves was evaluated in rats in order to assess its safety profile. Materials and methodsIn acute toxicity study, rats were given a single oral administration of aqueous extract of C. rubens leaves at graded doses (250–5000mg/kg). The animals were monitored for behavioural changes and possible mortality over a period of 24h and thereafter, for 14 days. In the subacute toxicity study, rats of both sexes were administered C. rubens orally at doses of 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 750mg/kg and 1000mg/kg body weight daily, for 28 days. Rats were observed weekly for any changes in general behaviour and body weights. In addition, other relevant parameters were assayed at the end of the main and reversibility study periods. ResultsThere was no observed adverse effect; including mortality in the animals. The extract caused no significant difference in the body weights as well as organs weights of treated groups when compared with the control groups. Haematological and biochemical parameters also revealed no toxic effects of the extract on rats. Histological assessments were normal in liver and kidney. ConclusionsIt can therefore be suggested based on the results from this study that aqueous extract of C. rubens leaves, at dosage levels up to 1000mg/kg, is non-toxic and could also offer protection on some body tissues. Aqueous extract of C. rubens could therefore, be considered safe. This study supports the application of Crassocephalum rubens in traditional medicine.

The Tissue Distribution and Urinary Excretion Study of Gallic Acid and Protocatechuic Acid after Oral Administration of Polygonum Capitatum Extract in Rats.

In the present study, we investigated the tissue distribution and urinary excretion of gallic acid (GA) and protocatechuic acid (PCA) after rat oral administration of aqueous extract of Polygonum capitatum (P. capitatum, named Herba Polygoni Capitati in China). An UHPLC-MS/MS analytical method was developed and adopted for quantification of GA and PCA in different tissue homogenate and urine samples. Interestingly, we found that GA and PCA showed a relatively targeted distribution in kidney tissue after dosing 60 mg/kg P. capitatum extract (equivalent to 12 mg/kg of GA and 0.9 mg/kg of PCA). The concentrations of GA and PCA in the kidney tissue reached 1218.62 ng/g and 43.98 ng/g, respectively, at one hour after oral administration. The results helped explain the empirical use of P. capitatum for kidney diseases in folk medicine. Further studies on urinary excretion of P. capitatum extract indicated that GA and PCA followed a concentrated elimination over a 4-h period. The predominant metabolites were putatively identified to be 4-methylgallic acid (4-OMeGA) and 4-methylprotocatechuic acid (4-OMePCA) by analyzing their precursor ions and characteristic fragment ions using tandem mass spectrometry. However, the amount of unchanged GA and PCA that survived the metabolism were about 14.60% and 15.72% of the total intake, respectively, which is reported for the first time in this study.

Evaluation of Diuretic and Antihypertensive Activity of Leaf Extracts of &lt;em&gt;Thymus Schimperi&lt;/em&gt; in Rats

The present study was performed to evaluate diuretic activity of aqueous and essential oil extract and antihypertensive activity of the aqueous extract of Thymus Schimperi leaves against salt-sucrose induced hypertension in rats. Aqueous extract of T. Schimperi leaves at the doses of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg and the essential oil at 1.0 and 1.5 mL/kg were administered orally with normal saline to male wistar rats (n = 6). Normal saline and hydrochlorothiazide were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Urine volume and its electrolyte contents (Na+, K+ and Cl-) were measured to study diuretic activity of T. Schimperi leaves. On the other hand, for antihypertensive study, rats were randomly divided into control and treatment groups (n = 6). Treatment groups were given daily aqueous extracts (250 and 500 mg/kg) orally with 2% NaCl and 10% sucrose solution. Whereas, positive, negative and normal control received captopril (20 mg/kg/day with 2% NaCl and 10% sucrose solution), only 2% NaCl and 10% sucrose solution ad libitum and water ad libitum for 6 weeks, respectively. The blood pressure was measured every week using tail cuff blood pressure analyzer and after 6 weeks the blood was sampled to evaluate effect on serum lipid profile (TC, TG and BG) and liver function indicator enzymes (ALT & ALP) using clinical chemistry analyzer. The oral administration of aqueous extract of T. Schimperi leaves (500 mg/Kg/day) for six weeks produced significant (p<0.05) prevention in systolic blood pressure increment. The oral administration of aqueous extract of T. Schimperi (250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg) showed positive diuretic activity at 5 h. The aqueous extract of T. Schimperi (750 and 10000 mg/kg, orally) significantly increased Na+, K+ and Cl- excretion in 5 h and additionally essential oil of T. Schimperi (1 and1.5 mL/kg) showed significant kaliuretic effect. The results of the present study revealed the antihypertensive and diuretic activity of aqueous extract of T. Schimperi leaves. These effects might be attributed to the presence of the potassium or phenolic components of the thymus leaves.

Physiological study to investigate the activity of an aqueous extract ofCinnamomum cassiabark on the blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (stz)

The present study was investigated the activity of aqueous extract from Cinnamomum cassia bark on the blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic rats induced by Streptozotcin (STZ). In healthy rats the blood glucose levels were slightly decreased after six hoursof single oral administration with dose (25 mg/kg) of body wight, as well as four weeks after twice daily repeated oral administration of aqueous extract of Cinnamomum cassia bark. In streptozotocin induced diabetic rats we absorved high significant decreased (p

Oral administration of Sauce llorón extract to growing lambs to control gastrointestinal nematodes and Moniezia spp.

To explore anthelmintic effects of oral administration of aqueous extract of Sauce llorón (Salix babylonica; SB) against gastrointestinal nematodes and Moniezia spp. Sixteen Pelibuey male lambs of 3-4 months of age and (23.7±3.3) kg body weight were used in a completely randomized design to be fed a total mixed ration (Control; SB0), or Control plus SB extract using 20 (SB20), 40 (SB40) and 60 (SB60) mL/lamb(/)day for 45 days. Lambs had a natural gastrointestinal nematodes and Moniezia spp. infection and had never been treated with chemical anthelmintic drugs. Individual faecal samples were collected for ova counting using McMaster procedure after 0, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 45 days post extract administration. No extract dose×day interactions for both gastrointestinal nematodes and Moniezia spp. egg count were found. Administration of SB extract had a higher effect (quadratic effect, P=0.006 4) at dose of 20mL SB/lamb/day for gastrointestinal nematode eggs during the first 21 days; however, the dose of SB40 tended (linear effect, P=0.089 7) to be more effective than the others for Moniezia spp. egg during the first 7 days. Sampling day had a linear (P=0.043 6) effect on Moniezia spp. egg count. The aqueous extract of SB could be more effective against nematodes at 20 and at 40mL/lamb/day for Moniezia spp. The use of the SB extract could represent a promising alternative to synthetic anthelmintics for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes and Moniezia spp. in small ruminants from organic and conventional production systems.

Role of Matricaria recutita L. and Asparagus officinalis L. against the neurotoxicity of diazinon in rats

Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphorus insecticide widely used in agriculture. It has a variety of harmful effects on humans. Asparagus and chamomile have antioxidant properties and are used as antidotes of DZN in this study. Thirty-five adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into: control group; DZN group: subdivided into two subgroups which received ¼ LD50 and ½ LD50 dose of DZN for 30days; DZN and asparagus extract group: subdivided into two subgroups which received ¼ LD50 and ½ LD50 dose of DZN respectively and treated with asparagus extract (300mg/kg b. wt.) after 15min of DZN administration; DZN and chamomile extract group: subdivided into two subgroups receiving DZN respectively and treated with chamomile extract (300mg/kg b. wt.). The results herein showed that the antioxidant enzyme changes associated with the exposure to DZN are dose dependant in cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord tissues. The tumorigenicity of DZN was represented by the significant increase of arginase and the alpha-l-fucosidase in sera of all DZN groups. In addition, the molecular changes were investigated by the changes in Cu/Zn-dependent superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes that were altered after administration of DZN to rats. Present findings suggest that oral administration of aqueous extracts of asparagus or chamomile is able to restore the total antioxidant capacity, as demonstrated by the increase of superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione content and their relative enzymes in the investigated tissues. Due to their antioxidant activities, asparagus and chamomile are potential candidates as anti-neurotoxic agents.

In Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidant Related Effects of Rosemary (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Rosmarinus Officinalis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L.) Extracts in Humans

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) belongs to the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae) is a well-known aromatic plant used all around the world for different medicinal purposes. Aims: The present work aimed to investigate antioxidant related effects of rosemary in humans by in vitro and in vivo studies. Study design: Chemical antioxidant assays and venous blood from healthy volunteers were used to conduct in vitro experiments. For in vivo study, nine healthy volunteers, each received orally 250 ml of aqueous extract of rosemary daily for 5 days. Venous bloods were taken before and one hour after the first dose of aqueous extract (sample I and II respectively) and then one day after the last dose of day five (i.e. day 6, sample III). The first blood taken before the first dose (i.e. sample I), served as control for the next samples of II and III. Methodology: The following assays were performed: total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reducing power, scavenging activity of DPPH, scavenging activity of OH, iron chelating ability, erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), percentage hemolysis, serum total antioxidant status (TAS) and serum selected biochemical tests. Results: Rosemary extract showed efficient total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, scavenging activity of DPPH, scavenging activity of OH and a reasonable iron chelating ability. Pre-incubation of erythrocytes in vitro with methanolic extract of rosemary then exposed to H₂O₂ decreased significantly MDA production (i.e. anti-lipid-peroxidant), PC production (i.e. anti-protein-oxidant) and oxidant hemolysis (i.e. anti-hemolytic) in a concentration dependent manner. Oral administration of aqueous extracts of rosemary to healthy volunteers, for 5 days, increased significantly serum TAS (18% increase), erythrocyte GSH (72% increase), erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) (21% increase) and decreased significantly erythrocyte MDA (17% decrease), with no effect on serum biochemical tests for kidney, liver, cardiac and pancreatic, compared to 0 time administration. Conclusion: Rosemary extracts have efficient in vitro and in vivo antioxidant related effects. As the present findings are obtained in healthy humans with no oxidative stress, this indicates that rosemary can improve the base line of the defense mechanisms against possible oxidative stress, with no adverse effects, thus decreasing susceptibility or preventing the progress of pathological conditions related to oxidative stress.

Effects of aqueous extract of Waltheria indica leaves on blood profile of male albino rats

This study was to investigate the effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of Waltheria indica leaf on the blood profile of male albino rats. The extract showed significantly (p < 0.01) different increase of red blood and white blood cell counts values at 400 and 800 mg/kg doses. However, the extract showed insignificant difference in packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and haemoglobin concentrations between the control and the treated groups. Result also showed significant increase (p < 0.01) in the values of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine at 800 and 2000 mg/kg doses. W. indica leaf extract also induced periportal cellular infiltration and diffuse hydropic degeneration of the hepatocytes in the liver. The study emphasized the cautious use of W. indica leaf as it may be hepatotoxic at high doses. Key words: Waltheria indica leaf, blood profile, liver, rats.

Effect of Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon) Leaves on Haemoglobin Concentration in Male Albino Rats

This research work was carried out to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Momordica charantia on haemoglobin concentration in albino rats. The aqueous extract of Momordica charantia was prepared from the leaves of the Momordica charantia plant and given orally to the experimental animals. Haemoglobin concentration was determined after two weeks of administration. The aqueous extract was prepared and given orally at doses of 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg/kg body weight daily to the experimental animals. This study was carried out at the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ilorin between July and August 2010. The results of the work showed that there was significant decrease in mean haemoglobin concentration in test animals in comparison with the control (p<0.05). Oral administration of aqueous extract of Momordica charantia causes a decrease in haemoglobin concentration which can lead to anaemia.

The effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of Newbouldia laevis leaves on fertility hormones of male albino rats.

The continuous use of plants in folklore for reproductive health has prompted the need to search for plants with fertility enhancement or anti-fertility potentials. Hence, the effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of Newbouldia laevis leaves for twenty one (21) days on reproductive hormones of albino male rats was investigated. Twelve male albino rats were grouped into three (A, B and C) of four (4) each. Group C (the control) received orally distilled water on daily basis for 21days. Groups A and B were treated like the control except that they received 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively. After administration of the extract for twenty one days, the results of serum concentrations of testosterone, follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones showed no significant (p<0.05) differences in groups A and B when compared to the control. The result reveals that Newbouldia laevis extract could act as an adjunct that can inhibit or promote hormonal imbalances in males at certain dosages as exemplified in the experimental animal models. Keywords: Newbouldia laevis, testosterone, prolactin, estradiol, follicle stimulating, luteinizing hormones

A comparative histopathological remedial study of polyherbal formulation Diabcure and Glibenclamide on Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important health problems worldwide, showing high indices of prevalence and mortality. It is also rapidly emerging as a major health-care problem in India, especially in urban areas where the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes has been reported as 12% of the adult population. A histopathological study was carried out on wistar rat in which comparative remedial effectiveness was studied of 2 different medicines Diabcure and Glibenclamide. The rats were divided into 4 groups with 6 rats in each group and were treated accordingly Group 1: Control rats given physiological saline solution 10mL/Kg body wt, Group 2: Rats injected Streptozotocin (45mg/kg ip body wt.) intraperitonially, Group 3: Rats injected Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg ip body wt.) intraperitonially + Polyherbal Formulation Diabcure (PHFD) (125 mg/kg body wt.) administered orally using an intragastric tube. Group 4: Rats injected (45 mg/kg ip body wt.) intraperitonially + Glibenclamide (125mg/kg body wt.) administered orally using an intragastric tube. After 30 days of the treatment the rats were sacrificed and blood glucose level was determined along with the histopathological study of the liver, pancreas and kidney was carried out. Histopathological changes were observed in Streptozotocin treated rats showed fatty changes, necrosis, vacuolization, space formation and loss of cell boundaries in liver, proximal tubular necrosis, tubular degeneration and glomerular swelling in kidney and reduced islet cells and necrosis of pancreas. Oral administration of aqueous extract of Polyherbal Formulation Diabcure (PHFD) (125 mg/kg body weight) and Glibenclamide to Streptozotocin treated rats brought back the above-mentioned changes to near normal. But the histopathological study revealed that Diabcure was more effective then Glibenclamide.

Acute effects of aqueous leaf extract of Aspilia africana C.D. Adams on some haematological parameters in rats.

Several medicinal plants have been documented for their haematological effects either at low or high concentration but very little is known about Aspilia africana. The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effects of aqueous leaf extract of Aspilia africana at different concentrations on some haematological parameters in rats. Following 14 days of oral administration of aqueous extract of A. africana, Haematocrit (HCT), Haemoglobin concentration (HB), Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Red Blood Cell Count (RBC Count), Total White Blood Cell Count (Total WBC Count), Absolute Neutrophils count (NEUT#), Absolute Lymphocytes count (LYM#), Absolute Eosinophils Count (EOSIN#) and Absolute Monocytes (MONO#) were evaluated in twenty (20) male Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 174 ± 20 g, and were randomly assigned into 4 groups viz: Group 1, Control; Group 2, 250 mg/Kg/d aqueous extract; Group 3, 500 mg/Kg/d aqueous extract; and Group 4, 750 mg/Kg/d aqueous extract. HCT, HB, MCHC, RBC Count, Total WBC Count, NEUT#, LYM#, EOSIN# and MONO# were significantly increased (P<0.001) in 500 mg/Kg/d of A. africana extract (61.13 ± 1.65%, 13.5 ± 1.29 g/dl, 23.33 ± 0.0.02 g/dl, 3.68 ± 0.02 X 10(12)Cells/l, 2.33 ± 0.02 X 10(9)Cells/l, 1.32 ± 0.04 X 10(9)Cells/l, 1.43 ± 0.05 X 10(9)Cells/l, 0.47 ± 0.02 X 10(9)Cells/l and 0.47 ± 0.04 X 10(9)Cells/l, respectively) when compared to the Control (51.13 ± 0.85%, 9.56 ± 0.43 g/dl, 19.22 ± 0.19 g/dl, 2.69 ± 0.01 X 10(12)Cells/l, 1.79 ± 0.01 X 10(9)Cells/l, 0.80 ± 0.00 X 10(9)Cells/l, 0.83 ± 0.00 X 10(9)Cells/l, 0.18 ± 0.00 X 10(9)Cells/l and 0.24 ± 0.00 X 10(9)Cells/l, respectively) which received no extract at all. The 500 mg/Kg of A. africana extract proved to be the most effective, while the 750 mg/Kg proved to be the least effective in comparison with the control. The results of this study further strengthened the earlier works on the medicinal benefits of Aspilia africana and its virtue as a good pharmacological source of haematopoiesis.