Optimum Planting Time Research Articles

Studies on Effect of Genotypes and Planting Time on Growth and Corm Characters of Gladiolus

Gladiolus is an important cut flower crop, grown commercially in many parts of the globe. This flower has gained popularity owing to its incomparable beauty, attractive colours, various sizes and shapes of florets, variable spike length and long vase life. Gladiolus produces beautiful spikes from December to March in the plains and from June to September in the hills of India.Gladiolus is very rich in its varietal wealth therefore, varietal evaluation in a particular growing condition becomes necessity of time to find out suitable variety for a particular region. Improvement of any crop is a continuous process and long process as well and, in this crop, tremendous scope is available to improve the existing cultivars, besides, other economical plants, the growth and development of gladiolus is governed by its genetic makeup and environmental factors of the growing region and various management practices. Among the various agro-techniques, the optimum planting time is of outmost importance. The Present investigation efforts aim to standard time of planting and suitability of varieties for local climate and edaphic conditions of the Nalanda (Bihar). A field investigation was conducted during winter season of 2018-19 at Research Farm of Nalanda College of Horticulture, Noorsarai, Nalanda, Bihar. Corms of gladiolus cultivars viz., Red Beauty, Candyman, White Prosperity and Intrepid were planted at different planting dates. The soils of experimental site are newly formed alluvial soils with pH 7.40. The experiment consisted of 16 treatment combinations with four (04) varieties and four planting dates (D1- 25th Sept., D2- 10th October and D3- 25th Oct. and D4-10th Nov.) were laid out in split-plot-design with three replications. Minimum days to sprouting of corm (16.33 days), number of leaves per plant (11.27), length of leaves (86.87cm.) were with D2V2. However, maximum plant height (146.07 cm.) was in D2V1. Minimum days to initiation of spike (80.47 days), days taken to open first floret (95.07 days) and maximum length of spike (126.07cm.) were observed in D2V1. On the other hand, maximum numbers of florets per spike (21.20), fresh weight of flower spike (170.25 gm.), floret diameter (11.17cm.) and vase life (14.80 days) were in D2V3. Highest values for no. of corms per plant (1.40) and no. of cormels per plant (111.53) were noticed in D2V3. Besides, corm diameter (7.53 cm) and average weight of corm per plant (123.08 gm.) were found maximum in D2V1.

Assessing the influence of planting time and fertilization on growth, flowering, yield and soil properties of chrysanthemum

ObjectivesTo identify optimal planting time for maximizing growth and flowering, and assess the impacts of various fertilization techniques on plant growth and soil health in chrysanthemum. MethodsThe investigation was conducted at Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry in Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India from 2022 to 2023. The study aimed to investigate the impact of various planting times and fertilization schedules on the yield, quality, and soil health characteristics of chrysanthemum. Different planting times from 15 June to 30 August under organic and inorganic fertilization regimes were evaluated. Data related to vegetative growth, flowering, soil chemical and biological properties were recorded. ResultsPlantingon15 June along with inorganic fertilization resulted in improved vegetative characters like plant height (74.37 cm) and plant spread (30.56 cm), flowering characters like cut flower stem length (64.07 cm), stem strength (10.40°), flower diameter (11.80 cm) and duration of flowering (22.50 days) and soil chemical properties like available N, P, K (326.53, 40.36 and 359.48 kg/ha, respectively). However, planting on June 15 combined with organic fertilization led to enhancement in soil microbiological properties, including bacterial count (138.33 cfu/g soil), fungal count (31.75 cfu/g soil), actinomycetes count (62.46 cfu/g soil), microbial biomass (52.62 µg/g soil) as well as vase life (19.70 days). ConclusionIn the present study, it was found that planting time and fertilization significantly impacted chrysanthemum growth, yield and soil properties. The 15 June planting with inorganic fertilization boosted growth, yield and macronutrient content, while organic fertilization on the same date enhanced soil microflora. Flowering was influenced by planting time and organic fertilization showed promise as an alternative to chemical fertilization. Optimizing planting schedules and using organic fertilizers would lead to sustainability and offer economically viable alternatives to conventional crop management.

Optimal Planting Time for Summer Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Cropping in Korea: Growth, Yield, and Photosynthetic Efficiency in a Semi-Closed Greenhouse.

In Korea, greenhouses are traditionally used for crop cultivation in the winter. However, due to diverse consumer demands, climate change, and advancements in agricultural technology, more farms are aiming for year-round production. Nonetheless, summer cropping poses challenges such as high temperatures, humidity from the monsoon season, and low light conditions, which make it difficult to grow crops. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the best planting time for summer tomato cultivation in a Korean semi-closed greenhouse that can be both air-conditioned and heated. The experiment was conducted in the Advanced Digital Greenhouse, built by the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The tomato seedlings were planted in April, May, and June 2022. Growth parameters such as stem diameter, flowering position, stem growth rate, and leaf shape index were measured, and harvesting was carried out once or twice weekly per treatment from 65 days to 265 days after planting. The light use efficiency and yield per unit area at each planting time was measured. Tomatoes planted in April showed a maximum of 42.9% higher light use efficiency for fruit production and a maximum of 33.3% higher yield. Furthermore, the growth form of the crops was closest to the reproductive growth type. Therefore, among April, May, and June, April is considered the most suitable planting time for summer cultivation, which is expected to contribute to reducing labor costs due to decreased workload and increasing farm income through increased yields. Future research should explore optimizing greenhouse microclimates and developing crop varieties tailored for summer cultivation to further enhance productivity and sustainability in year-round agricultural practices.

Planting time and seeding rate impact insect feeding, ear rots, and forage nutritive value in silage corn

AbstractPlanting date and seeding rate affect the microclimate within a crop field. They can influence lepidopteran insect infestation and fungal infections and are an important part of crop management strategy. Altering planting date and seeding rate can also influence yield and quality of silage corn (Zea mays L.). Field research was conducted to identify optimum planting time and seeding rate to minimize insect feeding, ear rot infections, and mycotoxin accumulation in silage corn without compromising yield and quality. Replicated field trials were conducted across multiple site‐years in Michigan with three planting dates (early: April 25–May 10; mid: May 11–25; and late: May 26–June 10) and/or four seeding rates (ranging from 69,160 to 113,620 seeds ha−1, in increments of 14,800 seeds ha−1). Mid‐planting yielded 12%–15% less forage than early and late plantings, partly due to greater insect feeding injury and fungal infections observed in the former. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility, starch, and crude protein concentration were greatest for early planting. Greater predicted milk per hectare and milk per megagram for early planting also indicated superior silage quality. Increasing seeding rate increased insect feeding and ear rot injury only when severity was >5% and >15%, respectively. The impact of increasing seeding rate on dry forage yield was specific to each site‐year. Overall, results showed that early planting of silage corn helps to escape insect and disease pressure and provides better yield and quality, while seeding rate response is variable and dependent on the field environment.

Mapping the Potential Development of Soybenas Crops Based on Growing Degree Days

The main factors affecting plant growth and yield are soil, climate, and plants. The influence of clime is more than soil on plant growth under certain conditions. The evidence is that some cover vegetation growth conditions are much different even though they grow on the same land. In each distinct place, the harvest time of one type of plant is not the same. One crucial factor that affects this is the daily growth rate or the degree of Growing Degree Days (GDD). Know parameters such as soil type, slope, land use, rainfall, and GDD temperature by using geographic information systems in determining the suitability of agricultural commodity development areas. The study aims to determine the suitability of soybean cropland in West Sumatra based on GDD value. Conducting land suitability analysis using the GDD method through several stages, namely, the classification of soybean land suitability parameters, making a map of soybean plant land suitability in physical characteristics, classifying the GDD value of soybean plants for the West Sumatra region, and making a soybean cropland suitability map based on GDD value. The potential land for soybean cultivation in West Sumatra based on land suitability class, physical characteristics, and GDD value is 555,791.66 hectares in class S1 (very suitable) and an area of 2,313,796.44 hectares in class S2 (appropriate enough). The most optimal planting time for soybean cultivation is in August. Lima Puluh Kota Regency, Pasaman Regency, Sijunjung Regency, and Solok Regency have land suitable for soybean cultivation with more than 200 thousand hectares of areas and are in areas with growing degree days suitable for soybean growth.

Onset of Rainfall and Cumulative Analysis for Sorghum Cultivation in Baringo County

Sorghum is an essential food security crop in the majority of the ASALs regions, such as Baringo County. This study investigated the critical relationship between rainfall levels and the initiation of sorghum planting, with the aim of identifying the threshold at which rainfall is considered sufficient for germination and optimal growth. This study used historical meteorological data from 1990 to 2022, field experiments, statistical analysis, and sorghum growth patterns to discern the trigger points for planting, which are essential for ensuring successful cultivation. This study uncovered alterations in rainfall onset and seasonal rainfall accumulation. The planting window in Baringo County varied significantly, with some dates falling above and below the average onset values of April 4<sup>th</sup> for the long rainfall season and September 24<sup>th</sup> for the short rainfall season. A short rainy season is not ideal for sorghum planting, as it typically receives less than 300 mm of rainfall, which is insufficient for sorghum production. The optimal planting time for sorghum is usually late March and early April. The study found that 36.4% of the long rainy season years had high production, 42.4% had normal production, and only 21% had low or no productivity. The years 2000 and 2018 experienced minimum and maximum rainfall amounts of 198.45 mm and 941.9 mm, respectively.

Study on Major Disease-insect Incidence of Scented Gobindabhog Rice in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal

A comprehensive study on “Improvement of production and storage system for Gobindabhog rice in West Bengal,” comprising two field and one laboratory experiment, was done at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India, during the period of 2010–2012 to find out the optimum planting time, spacing, nutrients, disease, and pest management for scented Gobindabhog rice during the kharif season. Plant height, tiller production, and leaf area index increased consistently with the advancement of crop growth up to panicle exertion, panicle initiation (i.e., 56 DAT), and flowering (i.e., 84 DAT) stages, respectively. The planting date had a significant effect on the incidence of blast disease in Gobindabhog rice during both 2010 and 2011, except at 28 DAT. Delay in planting generally provided a favorable environment for the causal organism (Payricularia oryzae) during the vegetative and reproductive stages of Gobindabhog rice, thereby leading to a greater incidence of delayed crops (25 July, 10 August, and 25 August) than the earlier one (10 July). The susceptibility of the Gobindabhog rice crop to brown spot disease caused by Drechslera oryzae increased progressively with the advancement of crop age from 28 DAT (i.e., active tillering stage) to 84 DAT (i.e., flowering stage). The population of gundhi bug (Leptocorisa acuta) increased steadily from 84 DAT (i.e., 50% flowering) to 112 DAT (maturity stage), irrespective of main and sub-plot treatments as well as years of investigation.

Predicting the Planting Time of Bird's Eye Chili Based on Environmental Conditions Using Internet of Things (IoT) and Neural Network Method

In Indonesian cuisine, the red Tabasco pepper holds a significant place as a commonly used ingredient. However, the cultivation of this chili variety is not without its challenges, primarily due to the volatile nature of the chili prices. Farmers often struggle with the critical decision of when to plant Tabasco peppers to optimize their yields and income. Understanding the complexities of this decision-making process in the context of varying environmental conditions is crucial. Thanks to recent advances in Internet of Things (IoT) technology, innovative systems have emerged to address these challenges.This study focuses on the development of an IoT-based solution aimed at helping farmers in precisely determining the optimal planting time for Tabasco pepper. It uses five key criteria—average temperature (°C), average humidity (%), rainfall (mm), length of sunlight (hours) and groundwater usage data (m3) to make data-driven planting decisions. The urgent need for such a system becomes evident when considering the unpredictability of climate patterns and their direct impact on crop outcomes. Using historical data from 2019, obtained from the Jakarta Provincial Government Open Data DKI, and climate data from the Meteorological Agency, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG), the authors have successfully developed an IoT-based prototype. This prototype employs a neural network algorithm to analyze the aforementioned criteria. The result is a reliable prediction system that boasts an impressive accuracy rate of 91.26%. By offering this level of precision in determining the ideal planting time for Tabasco pepper, the system extends invaluable support to farmers, helping them optimize their cultivation practices and navigate the uncertainties of the chili market.

Compatibility and Possibility of New Ornamental Geophytes for Their Utilization in Landscape Architecture

Ornamental geophytes, renowned for their beauty, hold a special place among flower enthusiasts and producers, enhancing the aesthetic appeal of gardens and orchards. The main aim of this study was to ascertain the viability of cultivating decay-resistant genotypes and identify appropriate planting locations for each species within a one-to-three-year timeframe, contingent upon the specific species. The research took place at the Flower and Plant Production Center of the Gorgan Municipality’s Landscape and Urban Green Space Organization in Iran, with the primary focus on leveraging various geophyte flower species to optimize urban landscapes and elevate their visual allure. Utilizing a completely randomized block design with three replications, the study examined numerous species in the landscape. Various plant growth parameters were evaluated, including flowering time, optimal planting time, flower longevity on the plants, speed of underground bulb sprouting time, and visual quality of the samples. Results revealed that Narcissus jonquilla and Alstroemeria aurea cv. Balance exhibited the longest flower longevity, lasting for 43 days in the second year of growth. Conversely, Gladiolus hybrida (cv. Alexander) and Canna indica (cv. Flaccida and cv. Phasion) demonstrated a flower longevity of 13 days across both cultivation years. Alstroemeria and Crocosmia showed the shortest flowering time, significantly reduced compared to the first year due to the altered planting time. The assessment of visual quality highlighted Polianthes, Dahlia, and Gladiolus cultivars as displaying the highest visual appeal among the studied species. These findings yield valuable insights into the potential production and/or breeding of decay-resistant hybrid cultivars well suited for such regions.

Response of Yield and Agronomic Output of Bangabandhu dhan100 under Varying Sowing Window in Cold Prone Rangpur Region

Background: Selection of a suitable planting time is one of the key factors for obtaining a desirable rice grain yield. This study focuses on the effect of planting date on the key agronomic traits and provides useful information on optimal planting window to maximize grain yield of Bangabandhu dhan100 in the cold-prone Rangpur region, Bangladesh. Methods: The study was conducted at the Rangpur regional station farm of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute from October 2021 to June 2022. The selected cultivar was seeded on eight different dates at a 15-day interval, starting on October 16. Time series data on agronomic parameters including seedling biomass, leaf number of seedlings and tiller number per plant were collected at a 15-day interval. Result: A good relationship was found between accumulated GDD (growing degree days) and the associated leaf number per plant and the highest leaf number was observed with early seeding. Similarly, seedling biomass yield depended on accumulated GDD and it was found to be higher at early seeding than late seeding. The tillering pattern of Bangabandhu dhan100 was influenced by planting dates and reached its peak at 60 days after planting for all seeding dates. The highest tiller number (368/plants) was found when the cultivar was seeded on December 1. Total biomass showed an increasing trend after planting and reached its maximum of 13.9 t/ha with December 1 seeding. Planting time significantly influenced the grain yields and the highest yields were observed during seeding between 1 and 16 December; yields gradually decreased with the advancement of seeding dates. This finding provided a good idea for the selection of an optimal planting time for Bangabandhu dhan100 to maximize grain in the Rangpur region, Bangladesh.

Determination of optimum planting time of different Sesame (Sesamum indicium L.) varieties for Chewaka district, Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Sowing date is the major problem in the production and productivity of sesame in western Oromia Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted to identify optimum sowing dates for sesame varieties to produce better seed yields. A field experiment consisting of the combination of three sesame varieties and three sowing times employed Randomized Complete Block in factorial arrangements with three replications. Analysis of variance indicated that plant height; branches number per plant and number of capsules per plant were significantly increased with sowing sesame at the onset of rainfall. All sesame varieties sown on the onset of rainfall gave the maximum seed yield in both years whereas three varieties had low yield at 10 days after the first and 20 days after the first. Among the three varieties, the Walin variety produced a maximum seed yield of 670 and 747 kg ha-1 on a farm in the first and second year respectively. The maximum yield (670 and 971 kg ha-1) was obtained from Walin and Obsa sesame varieties in the first and second years of the farm respectively. Therefore, the result indicated that sowing sesame varieties at the onset of rainfall is recommended for Chewaka areas and similar agroecology.

Standardization of Sowing Time of Chinese Onion (Allium chinense) for Hill Zone of Assam

A miniature type of onion known as Chinese onion is widely grown in Karbi Anglong hill district of Assam which is used by the local tribes mainly for its medicinal value as well as in culinary purposes. A field experiment was conducted at AAU-Zonal Research Station, Diphu, Karbi Anglong, Assam with the objective to standardize the planting time of this crop. Planting was done at two-month interval during July 2020 to May 2021. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications and six treatments as planting time. Data regarding growth and yield was recorded and analysed statistically. The data on growth and yield characters like Plant height(cm), No. of leaf per plant, Leaf length (cm), leaf breadth (mm), No. of cloves per bulb, bulb length(cm), bulb breadth(cm) and yield/hectare were recorded. The result revealed that plant height, number of leaves per plant, bulb length and bulb yield was significantly influenced by the planting time. The highest plant height of 19.62 cm was recorded in T2(Sept) planting, while it was lowest in T4(Jan) planting (17.65 cm). The highest number of leaves per plant was recorded in T2(Sep) planting with 8.25 followed by T1(July) planting with 8 numbers. The highest leaf length (18.37 cm) was recorded in T2 (Sept) planting followed by 17.82 cm T5(March)and 17.62 cm T3(Nov) planting respectively.
 The bulb length was found to be highest in September planting (T2) with 1.6 cm and the lowest was recorded in T3 (Nov) with 1.4 cm. The highest bulb yield per hectare 30.16q was obtained from T3 (Nov) planting and the lowest 17q was found in T4 (Jan)planting. From the present investigation it can be concluded that for better vegetative growth and higher yield of Chinese onion, the optimum time of planting is the month of September.

The Optimum Planting Time and Cropping Pattern of Potatoes and Other Horticultural Commodities based on Water Balance in Solok, Indonesia

Many mountainous regions in Indonesia have been utilized for potato cultivation. But location for the cultivation is mainly a rainfed agriculture, which greatly depend on the weather condition. Lembah Gumanti in Solok, West Sumatra is a rainfed main potato-growing area, which faced a low productivity during dry season. Therefore, efforts to optimize potato production in rainfed area remains research challenge. This study aims toidentify the optimum cropping calendar for potato and other horticultural commodities in Lembah Gumanti for 2018-2021. We used the water balance approach to derive daily water availability at field level. The approach was used to identify the planting time and pattern of potato and other horticultural commodities for 2018-2023 at dekadal (10-day) interval. The results showed that the most suitable planting time and cropping patternvaried annually. In 2018-2019, the cropping calendar was potato (in October 1st 10-day) – shallots (in April 1st 10-day) – chilies (in July 3rd 10-day). For 2020-2021, the best cropping calendar was shallots (in November 3rd 10-day) – potato (in March 3rd 10-day) – shallots (in August 1st 10-day). The findings reveal that water availability determined the cropping calendar of each commodity.

Effect of irrigation procedures on yield and oil concentration of peanut

Peanut grasses are less demanding to moisture from formation to flowering and therefore one watering is sufficient during this period. Soil moisture LFMC from flowering to ripening should not be less than 70% and the rate of irrigation should be 700-1000 m3/ha. The seasonal irrigation norm is 4000-5000 m3/ha. The number of irrigations during the growing season is 4-5. During the growing season of peanuts, the crop is kept free from weeds, weeding, loosening of row spacing and formation of soil around the bush when gynophores are formed. The purpose of the study was to select fast-ripening, high-yielding foreign peanut varieties and samples suitable for the conditions of typical gray soils of Tashkent province in Uzbekistan, optimal planting times of local varieties, feeding standards with mineral fertilizers, irrigation regime and biostimulator application technology and scientifically substantiate its impact on the level of fatness. The increase in the number and rate of irrigation of peanuts has a positive effect on the acceleration of its physiological processes and the prolongation of the growing season. When the irrigation of the “Salomat” variety was carried out in the order of 70-75-65% compared to the LFMC, the ripening period was extended by 7-10 days and amounted to 165-167 days. Irrigation of “Salomat” variety was carried out in the order of 70-75-65% compared to LFMC, with the application of mineral fertilizers in the amount of N200P150K100 kg/ha, the yield of legumes was 29.6 q/ha, in “Mumtoz” variety - 34.0 q/ha.

REMOTE SENSING IN BIOMETEOROLOGY

Remote sensing is a powerful tool used in biometeorology to study the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms, particularly plants. Through satellite-based sensors, researchers can observe and analyze a range of biophysical parameters related to vegetation, such as leaf area index, biomass, vegetation cover, and land surface temperature. This data can be used to estimate plant growth, productivity, and water use efficiency, as well as monitor environmental conditions, such as drought, heat stress, and air pollution. Remote sensing is used in the development of crop models for agricultural management and to study the impact of climate change on plant communities and ecosystems. By tracking changes in vegetation cover and productivity, as well as changes in phenology, remote sensing helps researchers identify optimal planting times, irrigation schedules, and predict crop yields.

Strengthening the Agroclimatology Analysis against Local Wisdom Paddy Planting Time at Coastal Area in Indonesia

Coastal paddy fields are areas that have distinctive land characteristics that affected local wisdom in the paddy cropping calendar. The local wisdom of the coastal paddy planting schedule is a cultural heritage that is aimed to accelerate the planting time, to minimize the risk, to adapt with the optimum planting time or to implement the local paddy varieties. This paper discusses the agro-climatology analysis to provide scientific strengthening to the local wisdom of the coastal paddy cropping calendar in Banyuasin, Kapuas, Tanah Laut, and Kutai Kertanegara Regency. The results of the analysis illustrate that the local wisdom of paddy planting time in Banyuasin is carried out before the beginning of the rainy season to avoid damage when salty water runoff occurs through rob at the critical paddy growth phase. The paddy planting time in Kapuas is done at the peak of the rainy season to avoid acidity poisoning during paddy growth. The paddy planting time in Tanah Laut is carried out before the start of the rainy season to provide the planting season duration with uses the long-lived local varieties. The paddy planting time in Kutai Kertanegara is done at the peak of the rainy season to avoid high salinity levels that have the potential to interfere with paddy growth and production. The information of the rainy season prediction and agro-climatology analysis provides an important role in determining the planting schedule according to local wisdom and rainfall condition in the four districts.

DETERMINING THE PLANTING DATES OF POTATO VARIETIES IN THE EXTREME AGRO-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF KARAKALPAKSTAN

The article presents the results of research conducted in the extreme agro-climatic conditions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, considering the degree of soil salinity, to determine the timing of planting early, and middle ripening varieties of potatoes. Optimal planting times were determined for experiments with early planting-5, and for medium-early planting-5 varieties. KEYWORDS: Plant, variety, development, soil, salinity, tuber, stem root, stalk, yield, number of fruits, weight of fruits.

TERMSFOR CREATION OF FOREST CROPS OF BLACK SAXAUL (HALOXYLON APHYLLUM) IN WEST KAZAKHSTAN

The authors of the article, on the basis of studies conducted on the territory of the state forest fund of the KSU "Samsk State Institution for the Forests and Wildlife Protection" of the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management in Mangystau Region, prove that in the arid conditions of Western Kazakhstan, the terms of planting black saxaul affects growth and survival rate. The main indicator of the success of silvicultural work is the survival rate and growth, which more fully characterize the physiological state of plants in connection with transplantation. The survival rate of seedlings is closely related to the amount of soil moisture at the time of planting and in the first 10-15 days after it. The article presents the results of the optimal terms of the creation of black saxaul crops in spring. The most reliable way to create forest saxaul crops is spring planting with annual standard seedlings, which ensures a high percentage of survival rate and distribution of plants over the entire area compared to autumn sowing. Preliminarily, the first ten days of April should be considered the optimal planting time for the arid conditions of Western Kazakhstan. Delay in forest planting by one decade significantly reduces the survival rate of crops.

The effect of time and type of stress moderators on yield and yield components of cotton on conventional and double-cropping systems under saline conditions

BackgroundToday, stress moderators are employed to mitigate crop loss due to the adverse effects of environmental stress. The current research aimed to investigate the impacts of time and stress moderator types on agro-physiological responses of cotton on conventional and double-cropping systems during 2017 and 2018 under saline conditions. A split-plot factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Cultivation system [conventional (recommended planting date) and double-cropping systems (sowing after harvest of wheat)] were considered as the main plots, and stress moderator type at four levels [water control, 2 mmol·L–1 Salicylic acid (SA), 100 mmol·L–1 Glycine betaine (GB), and 100 μmol·L–1 sodium nitroprusside (SNP)] and application time (flowering and flowering + bolling stages) were regarded as subplots.ResultsPlant height, reproductive branch number, the number of bolls, 10-boll weight, 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, seed cotton yield, lint yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll, sodium, potassium, and proline content were less in double-cropping system comparing with conventional system. Spraying with the stress moderators alleviated soil salinity effects on yield, yield components, and biochemical traits of cotton. SNP spraying led to maximum plant height, branch number, the number of bolls per plant, 10-boll weight and seed cotton yield. SA spraying yielded the highest 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, lint percentage and lint yield. The highest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll content resulted from SNP spraying. Yield, yield components, and biochemical traits did not respond to the stress moderator types in double-cropping system. However, the highest chlorophyll a, carotenoids, proline content, the number of bolls per plant, and seed cotton yield resulted from SNP spraying in conventional system. No statistically significant differences were observed between spraying with SNP and SA in most studied traits.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the optimum cotton planting time and SNP spraying could be recommended for producing the most suitable yield under saline conditions.HighlightsExternal application of stress modulators increases salinity stress tolerance.Spraying with sodium nitroprusside has more moderating effect.Agro-physiological response of cotton to moderators is stronger in early sowing.Maximum seed cotton yield was achieved at early sowing and spraying sodium nitroprusside.Delayed cultivation reduces cotton yield.

Potential impacts of projected warming scenarios on winter wheat in the UK

AbstractThe goals of this study are to analyse the impacts of 1.5 and 2.0°C scenarios on UK winter wheat using a combination of Global Climate Models (GCMs), crop models, planting dates and cultivars; to evaluate the impact of increased air temperature on winter wheat phenology and potential yield; to quantify the underlying uncertainties due to the multiple sources of variability introduced by climate scenarios, crop models and agronomic management. The data used to calibrate and evaluate three crop models were obtained from a field experiment with two irrigation amounts and two wheat cultivars that have different phenology and growth habit. After calibration, the model was applied to fifty locations across the wheat-growing area of the UK to cover all the main growing regions, with most points located in the main growing areas. Four GCMs, with two cultivars and five planting dates, were simulated at the end of the century. Results of this study showed that the UK potential wheat yield will increase by 2–8% under projected climate. Farmers will need to close such a gap in the future because it will have implications in terms of food security. Future climatic conditions might increase such a gap. Adaptation measures (e.g. moving the optimal planting time), along with climate-ready varieties bred for future conditions and with precision agriculture techniques can help to reduce this gap and ensure that the future actual UK wheat production will be close to the potential.