Optimization Of Reaction Parameters Research Articles

Water-Insoluble, Thermostable, Crosslinked Gelatin Matrix for Soft Tissue Implant Development.

In this present study, the material science background of crosslinked gelatin (GEL) was investigated. The aim was to assess the optimal reaction parameters for the production of a water-insoluble crosslinked gelatin matrix suitable for heat sterilization. Matrices were subjected to enzymatic degradation assessments, and their ability to withstand heat sterilization was evaluated. The impact of different crosslinkers on matrix properties was analyzed. It was found that matrices crosslinked with butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) were resistant to enzymatic degradation and heat sterilization. Additionally, at 1 v/v % crosslinker concentration, the crosslinked weight was lower than the starting weight, suggesting simultaneous degradation and crosslinking. The crosslinked weight and swelling ratio were optimal in the case of the matrices that were crosslinked with 3% and 5% v/v BDDE and PEGDE. FTIR analysis confirmed crosslinking, and the reduction of free primary amino groups indicated effective crosslinking even at a 1% v/v crosslinker concentration. Moreover, stress-strain and compression characteristics of the 5% v/v BDDE crosslinked matrix were comparable to native gelatin. Based on material science measurements, the crosslinked matrices may be promising candidates for scaffold development, including properties such as resistance to enzymatic degradation and heat sterilization.

Structural study of mixed metal oxide catalysts comprising Mg, Ca, and Al used for upgrading biodiesel byproduct glycerol to glycerol carbonate

Glycerol is a by-product in biodiesel production. It is possible to convert glycerol to glycerol carbonate by carbonylation with CO2. In this work, novel mixed metal oxides of Mg-Ca, Mg-Al, and Ca-Al were prepared by co-precipitation method, and used as catalysts for this reaction for the first time. Catalysts were characterized through XRD, BET surface area analyzer, XPS, ICP-OES, SEM, and CO2-TPD analyses. Mg0.75Ca0.25O catalyst showed the highest glycerol conversion of 18.2±0.7%, and glycerol carbonate yield of 12% at initial conditions. Reaction parameters including pressure, temperature, and catalyst loading were optimized, when Mg0.75Ca0.25O catalyst was used, to achieve the highest glycerol carbonate yield. The optimal reaction parameters were pressure of 7 MPa, temperature of 180 ⁰C, and catalyst loading of 8.5%. Glycerol conversion was 25.7% and the glycerol carbonate yield was 16% at optimized condition. Morphology and chemical structure of Mg-Ca catalyst were also investigated.

CARBOXYLATION OF HYDROXYARENES WITH POTASSIUM SALTS OF ALKYLCARBONIC ACID

In this article it was demonstrated that potassium ethyl carbonate can be successfully utilized within the phenol and its derivatives carboxylation. The optimal reaction conditions for m-cresol were determined: substrate to potassium ethyl carbonate ratio 2:1, temperature 180°C, pressure 10 atmospheres and reaction time 6 hours. Importantly, the carboxylation of m-cresol is selective and resulted in the obtaining of 4-methyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid in 90% yield.To study the impact of the nature and location of substituents in the phenyl ring on the yield of the desired products, carboxylation reactions of various phenol derivatives were carried out with the use of potassium ethyl carbonate. As a result of the investigation, the optimal carboxylation reaction parameters for each of the phenol derivatives were determined.This study may have practical applications in the development of laboratory and manufacturing approaches for the synthesizing of valuable hydroxybenzoic acids and their derivatives. It was discovered that carboxylation of phenol derivatives by potassium ethyl carbonate occurs via electrophilic substitution of the aromatic ring. The most active in this reaction are p-cresol (84%), mcresol (90%), o-cresol (80%) and resorcinol (73%). It was observed that p-chlorophenol (18%), pbromophenol (48%) and p-fluorophenol (58%) showed less pronounced activity.

Red mud-based CoFe2O4 activated by ball milling as effective peroxymonosulfate activator for the degradation of lomefloxacin hydrochloride: Preparation & activation, application and degradation mechanism

In this study, red mud-based CoFe2O4 (CoFe2O4/RM) was firstly prepared via a sol–gel method, and then activated through ball milling to obtain the catalyst of Ball-milled CoFe2O4/RM (BM-CoFe2O4/RM). The BM-CoFe2O4/RM catalyst was applied as a high-efficiency activator of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of lomefloxacin hydrochloride (LOM-HCl). The LOM-HCl (100 mg/L) could be removed 86.36 % after 12 min treatment under the optimal reaction parameters (BM-CoFe2O4/RM dosage of 1.33 g/L, PMS concentration of 5 mmol/L and nature pH 6.59 ± 0.1). The comparative experiments revealed that the apparent rate constant of LOM-HCl degradation of BM-CoFe2O4/RM (0.1091 min−1) was approximately 1.6 times that of CoFe2O4/RM (0.0701 min−1). A series of characterizations demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of CoFe2O4/RM, including defective structures, crystallinity of high active components, exposures of Co (II) and Fe (II) and electrical conductivity, could be improved via ball milling, causing the increase of the catalytic activity of CoFe2O4/RM. Combined with the results of Electron spin resonance (ESR), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and quenching experiments, the possible catalytic mechanism of PMS activated by BM-CoFe2O4/RM for LOM-HCl degradation was proposed. Combined with the density functional theory (DFT) calculation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS), the possible vulnerable sites and possible degradation pathways of LOM-HCl were obtained. The recycling experiments and XPS demonstrated that BM-CoFe2O4/RM had good stability, and the catalytic activity of the BM-CoFe2O4/RM after use could be regenerated by thermal treatment. The biological toxic experiment suggested that the toxicity of LOM-HCl solution treated by the BM-CoFe2O4/RM + PMS system was effectively reduced. The work not only provides a simple and high-efficiency method for improving the catalytic activity of CoFe2O4/RM, but also opens novel insights into the Ball-milled CoFe2O4/RM as an effective PMS activator for antibiotic wastewater treatment.

Utilization of Dairy Waste Scum Oil for Microwave-Assisted Biodiesel Production over KOH-Waste Eggshell based Calcium Oxide Catalyst

The sustainability can be maintained by utilizing the available waste as feedstock and catalysts such as dairy and eggshell waste respectively for biodiesel production. In this study, the calcium oxide (CaO) synthesized from calcined eggshell was doped with potassium hydroxide (KOH-ECaO) via wet impregnation method and analyzed the catalyst performance on biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave-assisted transesterification. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) contents were deduced by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The KOH-ECaO catalyst shows good potential based on the characterization analysis such as high pore size (25.5 nm) which is supported by SEM pattern analysis. The highest biodiesel production (75%) was obtained at optimum reaction parameters conditions. The optimized conditions were discovered to be 3 wt.% of catalyst, 16:1 of methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature of 65°C and 15 minutes of reaction time as microwave provided faster reaction for the transesterification. These innovative results showed that KOH-ECaO could enhance the biodiesel production from DWSO which encourage the usage of waste for wealth product.

Maximizing the potential of commercial zinc stearate for one-pot esterification and transesterification for high-acidity biodiesel production

Meeting the growing demand for energy while combating the adverse effects of global warming remains challenging today, and biodiesel offers a potential solution to help mitigate the impact of global warming. In this scenario, our primary goal was to optimize biodiesel production from highly acidic soybean oil using a one-pot esterification and transesterification process, addressing the challenges associated with high-acidity substrates. To start, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) guaranteed us just one phase for each commercial catalyst, and we conducted catalytic experiments to select the most suitable Zn-based material for the process, choosing zinc stearate (ZnSt2) as the best candidate. Our study demonstrated that a nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO) catalyst, which was anticipated to be the most suitable choice, did not exhibit optimal performance. Subsequently, a Full Factorial Design of Experiments (DOE) was employed to optimize reaction parameters, specifically, the reaction temperature and the oil-to-methanol (O:M) molar ratio. The results consistently showed that increased O:M ratio and temperature promoted enhanced fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production and reduced acidity. Then, experiments were conducted to maximize FAME production and minimize free fatty acid (FFA) content. The results showed that increasing the catalyst concentration from 5 wt% to 10 wt% did not significantly impact FAME production or acidity reduction. Also, while increased methanol should theoretically enhance FAME production and reduce acidity, the results were inconsistent across all experiments. Excess methanol interfered with glycerol separation, leading to decreased FAME yield. Thus, this study underscores the complexity of biodiesel production and highlights the importance of selecting suitable catalysts and optimizing process parameters.

Recent advances of ring opening of epoxidation of palm oil derived from oleic acid via in situ hydrolysis under moderate temperature

AbstractEpoxidized oleic acid was considered a more sustainable alternative to traditional plasticizers such as phthalates, which have been linked to potential health and environmental hazards. This study aims to synthesize and characterize the formation of dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) from the ring opening of epoxidized oleic acid. The optimal reaction parameters to produce DHSA were found using sulfuric acid as catalyst in which the maximum relative conversion was reached up to 86%. The detection of hydroxyl group was using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Then, a mathematical model was developed using MATLAB software, and as a result the kinetic model provided a good description of the reaction process, and it could be used to predict the behavior of the reaction under different conditions. Overall, the optimal reaction conditions and the maximum relative conversion of palm oleic acid to oxirane, are important contributions to the field of green chemistry.

Synthesis of nanocrystalline W[sbnd]Cu powders via freeze-drying and hydrogen reduction

The preparation of nanocrystalline WCu powders plays a significant role in the production of high-performance WCu composites. The chemical reduction method is a promising approach for industrial nano-powder synthesis. However, the influence of various reduction parameters on the morphology and grain size of the reduced powders, as well as their underlying mechanisms, have remained unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of reduction steps, temperature, duration, hydrogen inflow rate, and copper content on the grain size of the composite powders and disclosed the related mechanisms. Through optimization of reaction parameters, WCu powders with grain sizes below 50 nm were obtained. Moreover, the utilization of the synthesized nanocrystalline WCu powders as raw materials yielded a bulk W20Cu composite with an ultrahigh hardness of 600 HV30.

A robust methodology for PEC performance analysis of photoanodes using machine learning and analytical data.

Machine learning (ML) is increasingly applied across various fields, including chemistry, for molecular design and optimizing reaction parameters. Yet, applying ML to experimental data is challenging due to the limited number of synthesized samples, which restricts its broader application in device development. In energy harvesting, photoanodes are crucial for solar-driven water splitting, generating hydrogen and oxygen. We explored electrodes like hematite and bismuth vanadate for photocatalytic uses, noting varied photoelectrochemical performances despite similar preparations. To understand this variability, we applied a data-driven ML approach, predicting photocurrent values and identifying key performance influencers even with limited experimental data in the research development of inorganic devices. We have utilized multiple machine learning algorithms to predict the target value in the calculation process, where the contributions of the dominant descriptors were unknown. We introduced a novel methodology, incorporating clustering to manage multicollinearity from correlated analytical data and Shapley analysis for clear interpretation of contributions to performance prediction. This method was validated on hematite and bismuth vanadate, showing superior predictability and factor identification, and then extended to tungsten oxide and bismuth vanadate heterojunction photoanodes. Despite their complexity, our approach achieved determination coefficients (R2) with a prediction accuracy over 0.85, successfully pinpointing performance-determining factors, demonstrating the robustness of the new scheme in advancing photodevice research.

Heterogeneous catalysis of methane hydroxylation with nearly total selectivity under mild conditions.

The efficient utilization of methane, a vital component of natural gas, shale gas and methane hydrate, holds significant importance for global energy security and environmental sustainability. However, converting methane into value-added oxygenates presents a formidable challenge due to its inert nature. Direct selective oxidation of methane (DSOM) under mild conditions is essential for reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions compared with traditional indirect routes. Achieving total selectivity in methane hydroxylation remains elusive due to the competitive CO2 formation. This feature article highlights recent advancements in methane hydroxylation using thermo-, photo-, and electro-catalytic systems. Through strategically designing the structure of catalysts to control the reactive oxygen species and optimizing reaction parameters, significant progress has been made in enhancing oxygenate selectivity and minimizing overoxidation. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying methane hydroxylation with total selectivity offers insights for improving catalyst design and reaction parameter optimization, promoting sustainable methane utilization.

Selective hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid with higher yield in an aqueous medium with a nano-nickel-metal catalyst: reaction parameter optimization by response surface methodology (RSM)

A nano-nickel catalyst (∼21 nm) was synthesized for CO2 conversion to formic acid (FA). FA selectivity was ∼100% with a formation rate of 2245 μmol g−1 h−1. Na2CO3 acted as a promoter which enhanced CO2 adsorption and FA yield.

Bromine-mediated strategy endows efficient electrochemical oxidation of amine to nitrile.

Conventional methods for nitrile synthesis bring inherent environmental risks due to their reliance on oxidants and harsh reaction conditions. Meanwhile, direct electrooxidation of amines to nitriles suffers from low current density. In this study, we propose an innovative indirect electrooxidation strategy for nitrile formation, mediated by Br-/Br2, utilizing a highly efficient CoS2/CoS@Graphite Felt (GF) electrode. Notably, the anodic nitrile generation can be synergistically coupled with the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Through meticulous optimization of reaction parameters, we achieve an impressive 98% selectivity for octanenitrile at a current density of 60 mA cm-2 with a remarkable faradaic efficiency (FE) of 87%. Furthermore, our approach demonstrates excellent versatility, as we successfully evaluate both aliphatic and aromatic primary amines, highlighting its promising potential for practical applications in the field.

Optimization of reaction parameters for the synthesis of natural aroma esters by factorial design

In this study, the synthesis of aroma esters by the direct esterfication of carboxylic acids with aromatic alcohols mediated by lipase B from Candida antarctica encapsulated in a sol–gel matrix in a solvent-free system is presented.

A robotic system for automated chemical synthesis of therapeutic agents.

The development of novel compounds for tissue-specific targeting and imaging is often impeded by a lack of lead compounds and the availability of reliable chemistry. Automated chemical synthesis systems provide a potential solution by enabling reliable, repeated access to large compound libraries for screening. Here we report an integrated solid-phase combinatorial chemistry system created using commercial and customized robots. Our goal is to optimize reaction parameters, such as varying temperature, shaking, microwave irradiation, aspirating and dispensing large-sized solid beads, and handling different washing solvents for separation and purification. This automated system accommodates diverse chemical reactions such as peptide synthesis and conventional coupling reactions. To confirm its functionality and reproducibility, 20 nerve-specific contrast agents for biomedical imaging were systematically and repeatedly synthesized and compared to other nerve-targeted agents using molecular fingerprinting and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection, which lays the foundation for creating reliable and reproductive chemical libraries in bioimaging and nanomedicine.

Synthesis and characterizations of super adsorbent hydrogel based on biopolymer, Guar Gum-grafted-Poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (Gg-g-Poly (HEMA)) for the removal of Bismarck brown Y dye from aqueous solution

Chemical modification of guar gum was done by graft copolymerization of monomer hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. Optimal reaction parameters were settled by varying one reaction condition and keeping the other constant. The optimum reaction conditions worked out were solvent system: binary, [H2O] = 15.00 mL, [acetone] = 5.00 mL, [HEMA] = 82.217× 10−2 mol/L, [AIBN] = 3.333 × 10−2 mol/L, reaction time = 3 h, reaction temperature = 60 °C on to 1.00 g guar gum with Pg = 1694.6 and %GE = 68,704.152. Pure guar gum polymer and grafts were analyzed by several physicochemical investigation techniques like FTIR, SEM, XRD, EDX, and swelling studies. Percent swelling of the guar gum polymer and grafts was investigated at pH 2.2, 7.0, 7.4 and 9.4 concerning time. The finest yield of Ps was recorded at pH 9.4 with time 24 h for graft copolymer. Guar gum and grafted samples were explored for the sorption of toxic dye Bismarck brown Y from the aqueous solution with respect to variable contact time, pH, temperature and dye concentration so as to investigate the stimuli responsive sorption behaviour. Graft copolymers showed better results than guar gum with percent dye uptake (Du) of 97.588 % in 24 h contact time, 35 °C temperature, 9.4 pH at 150.00 ppm dye feed concentration as compared to Guar gum which only showed 85.260 % dye uptake at alike dye fed concentration. The kinetic behaviour of the polymeric samples was evaluated by applying many adsorption isotherms and kinetic models. The value of 1/n was between 0 → 1 showing that there was physisorption of the BB dye that took place on the surface of the polymers. Thermodynamics of BB Y adsorption onto hydrogels was investigated concerning the Van't Hoff equation. -∆G° values obtained from the curve proved the spontanity of the process. Within the context of adsorption efficiency, an investigation was conducted to examine the process of sorption of Bismarck brown Y dye from aqueous solutions. The graft copolymers demonstrated remarkable adsorption abilities, achieving a dye uptake (Du) of 97.588 % over a 24-h period at a temperature of 35 °C, pH level of 9.4, and a dye concentration of 150.00 ppm. The raised adsorption capacity was additionally corroborated by the application of several adsorption isotherms and kinetic models, which indicated that physisorption is the prevailing process/mechanism. Additionally, the thermodynamic research, utilising the Van't Hoff equation, validated the spontaneity of the adsorption phenomenon, as evidenced by the presence of a negative ∆G° values. The thermodynamic analysis revealed herein establishes a strong scientific foundation for the effectiveness of adsorbent composed of graft copolymers based on guar gum. The research conclude the efficiency of the guar gum based grafted copolymers for the water remediation as efficient adsorbents. The captured dye can be re-utilised and the hydrogels can be used for the same purpose in number of cycles.

Research on the Synthesis Process of the Key Intermediate T18 in Nirmatrelvir

The development of antiviral drugs against COVID-19 has attracted significant interest in recent years. Paxlovid, developed by Pfizer, is an orally administered small molecule drug for the treatment of COVID-19. It has attracted widespread attention due to its outstanding clinical performance. Nirmatrelvir, as the active ingredient of Paxlovid, has a huge market demand. Therefore, the development of a mild, efficient, and industrially feasible synthesis method for Nirmatrelvir is meaningful.
 This study investigates the synthesis process of the key amide intermediate T18 in Nirmatrelvir. Various amide synthesis methods were attempted, and it was determined that the best result can be achieved by using HOPO as a catalyst and using EDCI as condensing agent. Based on this, detailed optimization of reaction parameters was carried out to further reduce the amount of HOPO and eliminate the use of ethyl acetate, methyl tert-butyl ether, brine and magnesium sulfate. Additionally, the post-treatment process was simplified, and a crystallization process more suitable for industrial production requirements was developed. These findings provide important technical support for the industrial production of Nirmatrelvir.

Sustainable catalysts for esterification: Sulfonated carbon spheres from biomass waste using hydrothermal carbonization

Sulfonated catalysts derived from carbon spheres obtained from açai seeds (Euterpe oleracea) were synthesized using a hydrothermal carbonization method, followed by subsequent direct sulfonation. These solid acid catalysts, in the form of carbon spheres, were characterized through various techniques, including thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for elemental mapping (SEM-EDS), and Boehm titration. Two types of catalysts were produced through low-temperature hydrothermal carbonization. One catalyst underwent hydrothermal carbonization with the assistance of a catalyst, while the other was carbonized solely using water. The catalytic activity was assessed for up to the fifth reuse in the esterification reaction between oleic acid and methanol, employing 5% of the catalyst by mass, a 1-h reaction time at 100 °C, and a molar ratio of oleic acid to methanol at 1:12. The catalyst produced through hydrothermal carbonization in water demonstrated the best performance, with a conversion rate ranging from 91% to 88% over the five cycles, while the catalyst produced with the aid of a catalyst yielded conversion rates of 89%–82% over the same five cycles. Total acidity and sulfonic group acidity were calculated for each recycling of the aforementioned catalysts. As expected, catalytic activity was primarily influenced by the concentration of strong acid sites from the sulfonic groups, which decreased with each use of the catalyst. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the removal of lignin from biomass residues increased the conversion of holocellulose into carbon spheres, and the functionalization with sulfuric acid did not disrupt the spherical structures of the catalysts. Thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analyses showed that both hydrochars and catalysts possessed satisfactory thermal stability for use in sulfonation and esterification reactions, respectively. The TG-MS analysis allowed for the observation of the decomposition temperature of sulfur-containing gaseous emissions. FTIR and XPS confirmed the expected functional groups for hydrochars and biomass-derived catalysts. Moreover, XPS confirmed that the majority of sulfur present in the catalysts existed in the form of sulfonic groups. The optimization of reaction parameters, such as temperature, time, catalyst loading, and the molar ratio of oleic acid to methanol, was carried out using the catalyst with the best performance over the recycling cycles (91%–88%). By slightly increasing the values of these parameters in the esterification model reaction (5% catalyst by mass, 1-h reaction time at 100 °C, and a molar ratio of oleic acid to methanol of 1:12), oleic acid conversion between 89% and 93% was achieved. The utilization of açai seed-derived materials in this study showcases potential environmental benefits by reducing waste associated with açai seed commercialization. Additionally, these catalysts are considered green, as they are quick, cost-effective, and simple to produce, while exhibiting excellent catalytic activity and recyclability.

Structure and Catalytic Performance of Carbon-Based Solid Acids from Biomass Activated by ZnCl2

In the current investigation, carbon-based solid acid catalysts were synthesized from peanut shells (PSs) and rice straw (RS) using ZnCl2 activation and concentrated sulfuric acid sulfonation. These catalysts were then employed for the hydration of pinene to produce terpineol. The research findings suggest that the natural porous structure of RS is more amenable to ZnCl2 activation compared to PSs. Furthermore, the catalysts prepared from fully activated RS by ZnCl2 (RSA-C-S) had a higher SBET and higher density of oxygen-containing groups (–COOH) in comparison with unactivated RS-based solid acids (RSC-S). The characterization outcomes revealed that RSA-C-S possesses a specific surface area of 527.0 m2/g, significantly outperforming RSC-S, which has a surface area of 420.9 m2/g. Additionally, RSA-C-S registered a higher –COOH density of 1.37 mmol/g, as opposed to RSC-S’s, with 1.07 mmol/g, attributable to the partial oxidation of internal –OH groups during activation. Experimental data from hydration tests confirmed that the catalyst’s superior performance is largely attributed to its elevated specific surface area and a high density of –COOH functional groups. Under optimal reaction parameters, RSA-C-S demonstrated unparalleled catalytic efficiency in the synthesis of α-terpineol via hydration of α-pinene, achieving conversion and selectivity rates of 87.15% and 54.19%, respectively.

Process Optimization of Biodiesel Production Using Waste Snail Shell as a Highly Active Nanocatalyst

In this work, we reported the transesterification of soybean oil (SO) to biodiesel using a basic CaO nanocatalyst produced by sequential calcination, hydration, and dehydration of waste snail shells. Response-surface methodology (RSM) and a central composite design (CCD) were used to predict several optimization parameters. 1H-NMR confirmed that 98.5% of the SO was transformed into methyl ester biodiesel. Under the optimal reaction parameters of catalyst loading of 6 wt. %, methanol to oil molar ratio of 8 : 1, reaction duration of 3 h, and temperature of 70°C, an excellent biodiesel yield of 96.1% was obtained. The transesterification of SO to biodiesel displayed a significantly low activation energy (30.45 kJ mol-1), whereas, the turnover frequency of the transesterification reaction was found to be 0.0063 mol g-1 h-1. The catalyst showed excellent stability and was consecutively used for six cycles without a significant decline in catalytic activity. Based on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA), the estimated cost for producing 1 kg of biodiesel in this study comes out to be just $0.935, signifying its strong potential for widespread commercial use.

Catalytic co-pyrolysis of plastic pyrolyzed and biooil over Ni-modified ZSM-5 hierarchical structures

Hierarchical designing of (10 wt% - 70 wt%) nickel over HZSM-5 zeolite was done using wet-impregnation method. The material formation was established by XRD, BET, TPD and TEM studies. Optimization of reaction parameters for mixture of LDPE derived oil and waste cooking oil was found to be 450 °C, 4.6 h−1, 1:1, and 2nd h. The oxygenated and aliphatic molecules from catalytic co-pyrolysis were effectively transformed, resulting in an elevated selectivity to BTX (as high as 29.7%) and an increased relative selectivity of aromatics to the highest of 97.3%. Despite the comparatively short carbon chains of LBF components, activating the co-pyrolysis products with Ni/HZSM-5 (50 wt %) was found to be helpful in improving subsequent aromatization reactions with biomass pyrolysis intermediates. This work offers a new technique for the co-utilization of abundant biooil and most unused PPL with additional value, which helps to produce renewable chemicals while lowering environmental pollution.