Optimal Ratio Of Components Research Articles

Selection of the optimal formulation of the biopolymer system for the stimulation of productive formations

The object of study in this paper is the biopolymer system «X» – a complex composition that includes a biopolymer, salts and a thermal stabiliser intended for use in drilling fluids at high temperatures. The components of the formulation include complex reagent «X» for regulating structural, mechanical, rheological and filtration properties, as well as inhibitors (sodium and potassium chloride) and filler. Components of the biopolymer system (sodium chloride, organo-mineral colmatant thermal stabiliser) increase its thermal stability. One of the most problematic areas is the mechanism of sodium chloride's thermal stabilising effect. It is associated with an increase in the overall mineralisation of the drilling mud, which leads to a certain conformation of biopolymer molecules, accelerates gelation processes and counteracts the temperature dilution of the system. The results obtained can be explained as follows: – an increase in the concentration of sodium chloride leads to an increase in the ionic strength of the solution, which contributes to a change in the conformation of biopolymer molecules, enhancing intermolecular interactions and, as a result, increasing the viscosity and stability of the system; – the organo-mineral colmatant heat stabiliser promotes the formation of a filtration crust on the well walls, which prevents fluid loss and reduces rock permeability; – all components of the system interact with each other, affecting the properties of the solution. The optimum ratio of components allows achieving the required rheological characteristics and ensuring the stability of the system at high temperatures. As a result of processing the information on technologies for tapping productive horizons, the disadvantages and advantages of each of them were noted. The existing drilling fluid systems used to tap productive horizons at high temperatures were considered. However, more attention was paid to the selection of a new optimal formulation of the biopolymer system, in accordance with the specified rheological and structural and mechanical properties for further implementation in practice. This ensures the possibility of obtaining predictive parameters of the drilling mud. The proposed system has a number of advantages over similar ones, namely: – the system retains its properties at high temperatures; – the system provides the required values of viscosity, filtration and static shear stress; – due to the use of an optimal formulation, high efficiency is achieved at a relatively low cost.

Study on an Interpenetrating Artificial SEI for Lithium Metal Anode Modification and Fast Charging Characterization.

Artificial SEI is one of the effective strategies to improve lithium dendrites and suppress side reactions. However, the role of SEI components and distribution on the modification of the lithium metal anode remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, the oxygen-sulfur (O-S) component and its distribution in SEI were modulated by designing experiments, and then the mechanism of its action was deeply investigated. The study is based on an in-depth analysis of the properties of lithium sulfide (Li2S) and lithium oxide (Li2O) as SEI layer materials and effectively combines them in an ether electrolyte environment to form an innovative SEI structure. The experimental results show that the optimal SEI modulation condition is O120-S10. O120-S10 significantly improves the kinetic performance of electrochemical reactions, reduces the film resistance, and achieves cycling stability of up to 2100 h during high-capacity lithium deposition/stripping at 5 mAh cm-2. When used in conjunction with a ternary cathode material (NCM811), the O120-S10 demonstrates excellent performance under high rate charge/discharge conditions at 10C. After 1500 cycle tests, the battery's specific capacity was maintained at 90 mAh g-1 and the Coulombic efficiency reached 98.52%. Through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the vertical structure and ratio distribution of components in SEI were revealed in detail, and the optimal component ratios of Li2S 46.48%, Li2O 46.02%, and Li2CO3 7.50% were determined. The mechanism of action is to achieve a 1 + 1 > 2 superlinear synergistic effect and fast charging performance by combining the ability of Li2O's low lithium ion diffusion barrier with Li2S's ability to inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites.

Preparation and Effectiveness of a Nano-Modified Composite Gel Foam in Preventing the Spontaneous Combustion of Coal

ABSTRACT In China, coal is considered the cornerstone in the energy mix for ensuring the security of national energy production. With the increasing intensity and depth of coal seam mining in China, spontaneous coal combustion in goaf areas has become a major issue affecting mine safety. The development of a nano-modified composite gel foam to prevent the spontaneous combustion of residual coal was therefore investigated in the current study. Chemical modification through intercalation and grafting was found to significantly enhance the water retention performance of the antioxidant component. In addition, the optimal component ratios were determined using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The modified gel foam, consisting of 2.995 wt% gelling agent, 0.25 wt% foaming agent, 0.296 wt% crosslinker, 0.491 wt% foam stabilizer, 3.772 wt% nanoparticles, and 2.964 wt% modified antioxidant, demonstrated environmental friendliness. Thermogravimetric experiments showed that the critical temperature for achieving a significant increase in the dehydration rate rose from 80 to 120°C after modification. Compared with typical inhibitors, the nano-modified gel foam exhibited a superior performance in terms of preventing coal oxidation and spontaneous combustion, particularly at low temperatures. Oxidation during the oxygen absorption and weight gain stages was also effectively inhibited, and the high temperature combustion processes were suppressed.

FEATURES FOR OPTIMISING THE PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON ACRYLIC MONOMERS

Further development of research in the field of acrylic composites is aimed at creating modifiers with specified properties that will improve the characteristics of composites in specific application conditions; developing optimal ratios of composite components to ensure the required properties; developing universal mathematical models that will predict the properties of composites depending on the composition and curing conditions; searching for new applications for acrylic composites, such as industrial and civil engineering. Among all organic compounds, acrylic compounds demonstrate the highest rate of strength gain over a wide temperature range. This is due to the low activation energy of the polymerisation process of acrylic monomers, which is triggered by special initiators. Due to this feature, acrylic composites can cure even at low temperatures and gain high strength in a short time. However, despite the obvious advantages, there are a number of questions that require further research: how does the rate of strength gain and other properties of acrylic composites change at different temperatures? How does changing the ratio of composite components (pliable, filler, initiator) affect its properties? How does the curing process of acrylic composites work at the molecular level? Determining the answers to these questions will make it possible to select the optimal ratio of components to obtain a material with the required properties, control the rate of strength gain of the composite by changing the temperature and composition, and use acrylic composites in a wider range of temperature conditions. Thus, a deep understanding of the processes that occur during the curing of acrylic composites is a prerequisite for their effective use in various industries and construction. The aim of the study is to comprehensively study the properties of composite materials based on methyl methacrylate (MMA) for the purpose of their effective use. Research objectives: determination of the optimal temperature regime to achieve maximum composite strength in the shortest possible time (1.5-2 hours). Study the effect of various fillers and other components on the strength, durability and other properties of the material. Identification of effective ways to modify MMA to increase the strength of the composite. Development of methods for controlling the rate of strength gain to ensure optimal operation. Assessment of the durability of the adhesive bond under various operating conditions. Comparison of the properties of the developed composites with existing materials. The results of the study will make it possible to develop new, more efficient composite materials for repair work that will be widely used in construction, industry and other sectors. Keywords: acrylic composites, modification, methyl methacrylate, strength, temperature, curing, repair.

Nonswellable Hydrogel Patch with Tissue-Mimetic Mechanical Characteristics Remodeling In Vivo Microenvironment for Effective Adhesion Prevention.

Postoperative adhesion is a common complication after abdominal surgery, but current clinical products have unsatisfactory therapeutic effects. Here, we present a hydrogel patch formed in a single step through dialysis. The exchange of DMSO into water facilitates hydrophobic aggregate in situ formation and the formation of hydrogen bonds within the hydrogel. Thanks to the optimized component ratio and precise structural design. The hydrogel patch has soft-tissue-like mechanical characteristics, including high strength, high toughness, low modulus similar to the abdominal wall, good fatigue resistance, and fast self-recovery properties. The nonswellable hydrogel patch retains over 80% of its original mechanical properties after 7 days of immersion in physiological saline, with a maximum swelling ratio of 5.6%. Moreover, the hydrophobic biomultifunctionality of benzyl isothiocyanate can self-assemble onto the hydrogel patch during the sol-gel transition process, enabling it to remodel the inflammatory microenvironment through synergistic antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The hydrogel patch prevents postsurgical adhesion in a rat sidewall defect-cecum abrasion model and outperforms the leading commercial Interceed. It holds promising potential for clinical translation, considering that FDA-approved raw materials (PVA and gelatin) form the backbone of this effective hydrogel patch.

Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles loaded spent cathodic Lithium-Ion battery components for enhanced bifunctional photocatalysis: Investigating the influence of magnetic properties

Due to resource depletion and environmental concerns regarding battery disposal, it is becoming more essential to recycle valuable metals from wasted lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). A novel approach is proposed in this study for the efficient bifunctional photocatalysis of LIBs components by integrating AgNPs in an environmentally sustainable manner via a sustainable hydrothermal process. The HRTEM and image mapping reveal a carbon matrix (C/Li3Fe5O8/Ag) with a dispersed arrangement of AgNPs (5–10 wt%). By acting as a reducing agent, graphite plays a crucial role in the transformation of Ag+ ions into AgNPs. The homogenous distribution of Ag NPs observed in the high-resolution TEM images further supports the role of graphite in the modification and decoration of Ag NPs onto the surface of the extracted spent cathode sample. The detection of a spot matching the (200) plane of Ag in the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) measurements confirms the successful formation of AgNPs. Additionally, the presence of a ring corresponding to the (110) plane of graphite in the SAED measurements suggests the coexistence of graphite with AgNPs in the composite heterostructures. The nitrogen adsorption isotherm analysis was conducted to explore the physical properties of the AgNPs@LIBs nanocomposite, providing valuable insights into its pore size distribution and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area. The nanocomposites exhibited paramagnetic behavior, as revealed by vibrational sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements, with saturation magnetization values ranging from 76.3 × 10−3 to 36.13 × 10−3 emu/g. The study involved the photodegradation of oxytetracycline (OTC), a representative pharmaceutical pollutant, along with an investigation into the potential of Cr(VI) reduction. Under optimal component ratios, a significant improvement in pollutant removal was achieved under UV radiation, reaching up to 75 % for OTC and 80 % for Cr(VI), highlighting the efficiency of the process.

Design of glycol chitosan-decorated liposomes for the intranasal delivery of hydrophilic substances: physicochemical and in vitro/in vivo biological assessment

The surface of phosphatidylcholine-based liposomes was decorated with mucoadhesive polymer glycol chitosan (GC) to enhance the penetration of hydrophilic substance encapsulated therein from the nose to the brain. The composition of coated liposomes (chitosomes) was optimized by evaluating physicochemical characteristics, including hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, and polydispersity index. Particle stability over time was assessed, and both in vitro and in vivo biological tests were conducted using the leading system. Deposition of the polymer onto the liposome surface increased both the particle size (from 100 nm to 150 nm) and the zeta potential (from −75 mV to +42 mV) at the optimal GC/lipid wt. ratio of 1/10. Chitosome stability depends on storage temperature, and is maintained for up to 3 months at optimal component ratio. Hemagglutination and hemolytic activity were only observed at high concentrations of components beyond optimal compositions. The encapsulation efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB) in optimized chitosomes was approximately 80 %, which was 20–25 % higher than that observed in liposomes. The chitosomes showed enhanced cellular internalization compared to conventional liposomes. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed that nearly complete release of RhB occurred from liposomes within 7 h, while only 70 % of RhB was released from chitosomes during the same period. Fluorescence microscopy tests demonstrated that intranasal administration of chitosomes led to their effective penetration into the rat brain in vivo.

Thermophysical and adhesive properties of functional polymer materials based on epoxy resin and silicon-containing component

The work was aimed at developing an adhesive formulation with increased adhesive strength for metals. It contains an epoxy resin of the bisphenol type СHS-TROXY 520 (an analogue of ED-20), an amine hardener triethanolamine (TEA) and a silicon-containing component (3-isocyanatopropyl)triethoxysilane, designated as NCO-Si, with an optimal ratio of components. The content of NCO-Si in the formulations was 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 wt. %, respectively. The gradual transformation of the epoxy system into a three-dimensional network with the formation of ester and urethane groups was shown by IR spectroscopy method. Tensile and shear strength were determined using the tearing machine R-50 in accordance with current standards. It was found that the maximum values of physical and mechanical parameters were obtained when the amount of NCO-Si was 3 wt. %. The maximum values of adhesion strength to steel substrates δst. = 58.5 MPa significantly exceed those for neat epoxy formulations. The shear strength values for steel plates τst. = 21 MPa increase by 60 %, for aluminium plates they are δAl =14.5 MPa and increase by 48 %. The morphology of the samples has been studied by means of optical microscopy. It is shown that the modified NCO-Si samples are characterised by a phase-separated structure. At a minimum amount of NCO-Si (0.5 wt. %), structurally disordered spherical domains with a size of ~1÷3 μm are observed, an increase in the content of the organosilicon component leads to the formation of interconnected regular structures, which are less pronounced at 1.0 wt. % of NCO-Si and clear at 3.0 and 5.0 wt. % of NCO-Si. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed as well. It is shown that the modification of epoxy resin by a silicon-containing component with NCO-Si groups leads to an improvement in thermophysical parameters, a decrease in internal stresses and the formation of a material with a structure close to equilibrium.

DISCRETE OPTIMIZATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION STAGES OF PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT FOR A SPRAY TREATMENT FOR ORAL DISEASES

Introduction. All over the world more than 3.5 billion people suffer from oral diseases, which can lead to endogenous infectious diseases and create conditions for external infections. The growing antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains is a global health threat. Oligoalkyleneguanidine polymers may be promising compounds to solve this problem. The spray form for the application of these substances is the most optimal. The aim of the study is to apply discrete optimization to implement the stages of pharmaceutical development of a spray based on branched oli-gohexamethyleneguanidine for the treatment of oral diseases. Material and methods. Experiments are carried out using various equipment and samples with different compositions have been developed. The implementation of the pharmaceutical development stages was carried out using a discrete optimization algorithm. Results. When implementing discrete optimization in pharmaceutical development, it is necessary to prioritize criteria and limitations using the target quality profile of the drug being developed. As a result of the optimization cycles carried out, the optimal composition was selected, which corresponds to the target quality profile, including such parameters as pH, dynamic viscosity, sterilizing filtration, adhesion of the formulations to the oral mucosa and the spray torch. A discrete optimization was carried out, taking into account the wetting edge angle and particle size distribution. The optimal com-position was sample No. 8, which has pseudoplastic properties, provides unhindered spraying and prevents the composition from draining from the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Conclusion. During the study, the optimal ratio of components was determined and the development of a spray based on oligohexamethyleneguani-dine with the implementation of stages of pharmaceutical development for discrete optimization was proposed.

Unveiling the Dynamic Electrocatalytic Activity of Online Synthesized Bimetallic Nanocatalysts via Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy.

Effective bimetallic nanoelectrocatalysis demands precise control of composition, structure, and understanding catalytic mechanisms. To address these challenges, we employ a two-in-one approach, integrating online synthesis with real-time imaging of bimetallic Au@Metal core-shell nanoparticles (Au@M NPs) via electrochemiluminescence microscopy (ECLM). Within 120 s, online electrodeposition and in situ catalytic activity screening alternate. ECLM captures transient faradaic processes during potential switches, visualizes electrochemical processes in real-time, and tracks catalytic activity dynamics at the single-particle level. Analysis using ECL photon flux density eliminates size effects and yields quantitative electrocatalytic activity results. Notably, a nonlinear activity trend corresponding to the shell metal to Au surface atomic ratio is discerned, quantifying the optimal surface component ratio of Au@M NPs. This approach offers a comprehensive understanding of catalytic behavior during the deposition process with high spatiotemporal resolution, which is crucial for tailoring efficient bimetallic nanocatalysts for diverse applications.

Application of a mixed type of optimization in the implementation of pharmaceutical development of a dosage form of eye drops based on oligohexamethyleneguanidine hydrosuccinate

This study focused on the implementation of the stages of pharmaceutical development of a dosage form of eye drops based on the branched oligohexamethylene guanidine hydrosuccinate according to discrete and continuous optimization, followed by risk assessment and process validation. Experimental samples were developed, critical process and quality parameters were identified, technological characteristics were measured, parameters were normalized, a forecast was made, confirmatory experiments were conducted, the optimal composition was identified, risks in the production of eye drops were assessed, and partial validation was performed. During the implementation of the stages of pharmaceutical development of eye drops based on branched oligohexamethylene guanidine hydrosuccinate, three optimization cycles (discrete and continuous) were carried out, and the optimal ratio of active and auxiliary components was justified based on the results (branched oligohexamethylene guanidine hydrosuccinate 0.05%, polyvinyl alcohol 1%, phosphate-buffered saline 20%, sodium chloride 0.45%, and purified water up to 100%). After reviewing the technological process considering risk analysis, critical points were identified, and partial validation was performed, and the positive results verified and confirmed the optimal choice at this stage of pharmaceutical development. In general, a mixed type of optimization (discrete and continuous) can be used to implement pharmaceutical developments of eye drops based on branched oligohexamethylene guanidine hydrosuccinate, which is confirmed by a series of experiments and risk assessment, and the partial validation verified the data obtained. Thus, pharmaceutical development is a complex and time-consuming process, and limited functionality does not always allow quick identification of the optimal composition of a drug. As an effective solution for implementing the stages of pharmaceutical development, mathematical modeling methods and various types of optimization can be applied.

Development of a dispersive micro solid phase extraction-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of antiepileptic drugs in various matrices

Due to the widespread utilization of antiepileptic drugs for seizure control and patient well-being, it is crucial to determine their presence in biological and water samples. This is essential for optimizing therapy, comprehending drug behavior, identifying drug interactions, monitoring environmental contamination, and safeguarding public health and ecology. Hence, a novel method that combines dispersive micro solid phase extraction with HPLC-DAD was developed to simultaneously determine the presence of Lacosamide, Levetiracetam, and Phenytoin. To achieve this, a new sorbent was synthesized using the hydrothermal and sol–gel methods, which consisted of bimetallic MIL-100 (Fe, Ni) on MIL-100 (Mn), SiO2, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. We compared the extraction capabilities of several sorbents in order to select the most effective one. The optimal ratio of components for the chosen sorbent was determined through the simplex lattice design to enhance its efficiency. The optimized values for SiO2, Fe3O4, and MIL-100 (Fe, Ni) on MIL-100 (Mn) were found to be 0.1, 0.34, and 0.56, respectively. The parameters that affected the dispersive micro solid phase extraction method were optimized using both experimental design and one factor at a time. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range for the detection of Lacosamide, Levetiracetam, and Phenytoin was determined to be 0.1–363.0, 0.3–372.0, and 0.4–435.0 ng mL−1, respectively, with low LODs below 0.13 ng mL−1. Additionally, a preconcentration factor of 492.6, 487.1, and 469.5 was achieved for measuring Lacosamide, Levetiracetam, and Phenytoin, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 3.8 % to 4.6 % and 4.2 % to 5.2 %, respectively. The recoveries and RSDs for analyzing real water, human urine, and serum samples were found to be between 89.6–97.0 % and 4.53–6.44 %, respectively.

Photo-electrocatalytic synthesis of 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid and hydrogen co-production from straw-based microcrystalline cellulose by a CdS/TiO2-graphene composite catalyst

The low photocatalytic efficiency and complex composition of corn stover biomass have always been the bottlenecks restricting the development of photocatalytic biomass conversion in 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid technology. Most photocatalysts have low conversion efficiency and low selectivity in the oxidation of straw, and their conversion rate to the desired products cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, efficient composite photocatalysts of CdS/TiO2 and corn stover-based graphene were prepared using corn stover-derived graphene structures. The materials were applied in the catalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from corn stover-derived microcrystalline cellulose and the one-step photocatalytic conversion to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), while synergistically producing hydrogen. The experimental results of the photocatalytic reaction revealed possible reaction pathways, and theoretical calculations further confirmed that hydroxyl oxidation is a rate-determining step in the process. With the optimal component ratio, the conversion rate of HMF reached 100% with an FDCA yield of 99.4%. The Faraday efficiency of hydrogen production was 96%, indicating good synergistic photocatalytic performance. This study provides new ideas for the conversion of biomass waste into FDCA.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ДЕСЕРТНИХ СТРАВ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ

The article describes the production technology, recipe composition of low-lactose ice cream. The expediency of using biologically active raw materials in the developed technology is substantiated. A set of data characterizing the quality of the developed dessert dish was obtained, and its high nutritional value was proven. On the basis of studies of the organoleptic indicators of the developed samples, a rational concentration of dietary supplements in the ice cream recipe was determined, which gives the developed food products improved taste properties and consistency compared to the control due to the use of biologically active raw materials. The developed technology of low-lactose ice cream has an increased content of dietary fibers, vitamins and minerals compared to traditional technology. The optimal ratio of components in the recipe of the developed dessert dish was experimentally confirmed. According to the organoleptic indicators, the obtained ice cream meets the established norms in terms of quality. The proposed method of dessert production makes it possible to obtain products of higher nutritional value compared to traditional technology. The quality of finished dessert products is characterized by organoleptic, physico-chemical, biochemical and microbiological indicators, and a comprehensive quality indicator was used to unambiguously assess the quality. The social effect of the introduction of the developed low-lactose dessert is to expand the range of meals for adults and children with an increased content of essential nutrients, improved consumer properties of the products, which will contribute to the preservation of the health of the population and the protection of the body from the negative effects of the environment. The developed culinary products can be recommended for the nutrition of people with partial or complete intolerance to lactose, in the daily diets of workers in heavy industry, living in ecologically polluted areas and all strata of the population.

Possibility of reclamation of ash dumps

Relevance. The need to dispose ash and slag waste from CHPP-1 and CHPP-2 in Ulan-Ude, which have a negative impact on the environment. A promising way to eliminate environmental damage is the biological reclamation of ash dumps. Its result is manifested in greening dumps and reducing ash deflation. Aim. To study ash and slag wastes from thermal power plants in Ulan-Ude and establish the possibility of reclamation of ash dumps to reduce the negative impact on the environment. Objects. Ash and slag wastes from the ash dumps of CHPP-1 (ASW-1) and CHPP-2 (ASW-2) in Ulan-Ude. Methods. Chemical, X-ray phase, granulometric, microscopic methods of analysis. Results. The authors have determined chemical, mineralogical and grain compositions of ash and slag wastes from thermal power plants. It was established that they have a high content of silicon, aluminum and a low content of calcium and magnesium. Ash and slag contain vitreous, crystalline and organic components. In the waste, to a greater extent, there is a crystalline phase containing silica, mullite, hematite, magnetite and, to a lesser extent, a glass phase, represented mainly by minerals of the orthoclase group. In terms of granulometric composition, the waste from CHPP-1 is dominated by a finer fraction compared to CHPP-2. Laboratory studies of soil mixtures based on ash and slag waste and local ameliorants (sewage sludge, lignin and chicken manure) were carried out. The optimal ratio of soil components was determined, equal to 4:1:1:1. A beneficial effect of sewage sludge was revealed, as well as a negative effect of high doses of bird droppings on growth and development of plants. Pure ash and slag from CHPP-1 and CHPP-2 without introduction of ameliorants can act as an independent substrate for perennial grasses.

Soil Substrate Characteristics for Planting Hole Greening Technology for High, Steep, Rocky Slope Vegetation in Semi-Arid Areas

Soil substrate plays a central role in the vegetation restoration of high and steep slopes, especially in semi-arid regions. This study aims to develop an optimal soil substrate that can provide a favorable environment for the vegetation growth of the high and steep rocky slopes in semi-arid areas. Within the framework of planting hole greening technology, we developed a synthetic substrate comprising base soil, peat, water-retaining and agglomerating agents, biochar, and controlled-release compound fertilizer. We conducted pot experiments to assess the impact of compound additions on soil properties and Parthenocissus himalayana growth. Field tests on exposed, high, and steep rocky slopes in a semi-arid region validated the optimal ratio of substrate components. The results showed that the base soil-to-peat ratio significantly influenced soil density, moisture, pH, organic matter, nitrogen content, and vegetation growth (Ps < 0.05). The controlled-release compound fertilizer significantly affected soil electrical conductivity and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (Ps < 0.05). Meanwhile, the water-retaining agent, biochar, and agglomerating agent had inconsequential effects on soil characteristics and plant growth. The optimal substrate composition included a 7:3 ratio of base soil to peat, 1.5 g/L of water retainer, 10 mg/L of agglomerating agent, 5 g/L of biochar, and 5 g/L of controlled-release compound fertilizer. The field verification showed that the developed optimal substrate possessed desirable pore structure, moisture, and nutrients, resulting in excellent growth of Parthenocissus himalayana. This optimal soil substrate could be suitable for establishing vegetation on high, steep, rocky slopes in semi-arid areas using planting hole greening technology.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ В ОСВІТНЬОМУ ПРОЦЕСІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙДИСТАНЦІЙНОГО НАВЧАННЯ

The integration of Ukraine into the European educational space involves strengthening the requirements for the quality of professional training of future specialists. The main task is to create all the conditions for learning, personal and professional development of students, to ensure the effective formation of their professional competence, regardless of the modern challenges and dangers faced by society in the 21st century. Currently, higher education institutions have a dilemma: are they able to move away from the traditional academic style of teaching to innovations, to focus not on knowledge and skills, but to ensure the process of forming the competence of the future specialist. Considering the circumstances, digital technologies are becoming more and more widespread, and in scientific publications there is a debate about the effectiveness of their use in the educational process of higher education. The integration of digital technologies in higher education creates new opportunities for both students and teachers, making learning more interesting, dynamic, visual, etc. The advantages and features of the use of remote technologies to improve the quality of professional training of future specialists in the conditions of a mixed form of organization of the educational process in institutions of higher education, which creates new conditions of learning and cooperation for all participants of the educational process, are considered. The most promising technologies of distance learning are characterized, which have important advantages, taking into account the peculiarities of the professional training of future specialists in the conditions of mixed learning in institutions of higher education. Such technologies include: gamification of the process of professional training of future specialists, quest technologies, cloud-based learning technologies, intelligent information systems in education, mobile learning technologies, immersive technologies. Currently, in the conditions of modern existence and development of society, innovative technologies are offered to higher education seekers, which gradually replace traditional methods of learning and ensure flexibility and quality of the educational process. We see the prospects for further research in the improvement of the educational process by determining the optimal ratio of classroom and remote components in the conditions of a mixed form of education in the process of developing the professional competence of future specialists and developing appropriate educational and methodological support.

Materials Science of the North and the Artic for the industry of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

An overview of the research in the field of Northern and Arctic Materials sciences is provided, including the design and safe operation of materials for complex technical systems in extreme environments. The discussion covers the fundamental principles of material design, including structure at different levels of organization and scales, and the development of theoretical and numerical models. Additionally, the optimal ratios of components and technological stages are discussed to obtain specific properties such as corrosion resistance, wear, cold and frost resistance, strength, and plasticity. These efforts aim to ensure the reliable operation and resource efficiency of machines and structures in harsh arctic and subarctic conditions.

Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) Herbs with Composition of Smix (Tween 80 and Glycerin) and Pine Oil

Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) herb is a typical South Kalimantan plant containing bioactive substances that can serve as antioxidants. It can be formulated into nanoemulsions to increase bioavailability in the skin. This study aimed to determine the ratio of pine oil and Smix (tween 80 and glycerin) as the optimal base for nanoemulsion based on the highest percent transmittance and to determine the physical characteristics of the S. palustris herb extract nanoemulsion with variations in the amount of extract. Bases of nanoemulsion formula were optimized using a ternary phase diagram and D-Optimal Mixture Design. Nanoemulsion contained three extract concentrations: 0.1; 0.25; and 0.5%, respectively, and nanoemulsion was tested for physical characteristics. The results of this study were a light yellow to light brown, clear, and transparent, with a characteristic weak-strong odor, forming an O/W nanoemulsion. Increasing the concentration of the extract significantly increased the viscosity and decreased the pH and percent transmittance. This study concluded that variations in extract concentration affected the percent transmittance, organoleptic, pH, viscosity, and the optimal ratio of nanoemulsion components was 1% pine oil, 9% Smix, and 90% water.

Modelling and Prediction of Fe/MWCNT Nanocomposites for Hexavalent Chromium Reduction

Chromium (Cr) is a heavy metal pollutant prevalent in freshwater resources. Current investigations into Cr(VI) removal materials primarily involve multi-component materials. Among them, iron nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have exhibited great promise of removal capabilities. However, determining the optimal component ratio(s) experimentally still requires a substantial amount of effort. This paper presents a novel, model-based approach which can lessen the burden by predicting the performance of new materials. The model is based on reaction kinetics equations and derives its input parameters from the size and surface area characterisations of the components, individual components removal performance, and their mixture performance at one specific component ratio. The model is validated against experimental results for Fe/MWCNT mixtures at six ratios. The root mean square error of our model is 3.95 mg/g, which is less than 3% of the total adsorption capacity, indicating that the model is reliable. The model can be used to identify the optimal component ratios of the Fe-MWCNT composite and to reveal the relationship between performance and time. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first semi-empirical model that can predict the adsorption capacity of a composite material for heavy metals. The model is founded on the generic reduction theory of adsorption, and model parameters are not tied specifically to Fe/MWCNT. Thus, it can be used for predicting the adsorption reduction properties of other multiphase materials to speed up the new material design process.