Optimum Mixing Ratio Research Articles

Research on carbon emission reduction of manufactured sand concrete based on compressive strength

In recent years, it has become an inevitable trend to replace natural sand with manufactured sand. Manufactured sand is accompanied by carbon emissions from production to use. This study regarded this process as the process of manufactured sand from “cradle” to “adult”. Based on the case, the energy consumption and carbon emissions of the process were tracked, the carbon emission factors of the manufactured sand and the manufactured gravel were determined, and the carbon emissions of the manufactured sand concrete (MSC) were calculated. On the other hand, the Gaussian distribution function is used to fit the compressive strength change rate and carbon reduction rate of manufactured sand concrete under different stone powder replacement rate and fly ash replacement rate. The fitting accuracy can reach more than 93%. The fitting results show that the fly ash replacement rate is 24.45%, and the stone powder replacement rate is 8.33%. The mix ratio is the optimal mix ratio, and the carbon reduction rate can reach 23.01% and 28.52%, respectively.

Bioelectricity Generation Using a Crosslinked Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Chitosan (CS) Ion Exchange Membrane in Microbial Fuel Cell

<p>Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a bioelectrochemical system where electrochemically active bacteria convert organic waste into electricity. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan (CS) are polymers that have been studied as potential alternative ion exchange membranes to Nafion for many electrochemical systems. This study examined the optimal mixing ratio of PVA and chitosan CS in a PVA:CS composite membrane for MFC applications. PVA:CS composite membranes with 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 ratios were synthesized and tested. The water uptake and ion exchange capacity, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and scanning electron microscopy images were analyzed to determine the physicochemical properties of PVA:CS membranes. The prepared membranes were applied to the ion exchange membrane of the MFC system, and their effects on the electrochemical performance were evaluated. These results showed that the composite membrane with a 3:1 (PVA:CS) ratio showed comparable performance to the commercialized Nafion membrane and produced more electricity than the other synthesized membranes. The PVA:CS membrane implemented MFCs produced a maximum power density of 0.026 mW cm<sup>−2</sup> from organic waste with stable performance. Therefore, it can be applied to a cost-effective MFC system.</p>

Research on the Performance of Calcium Carbide Slag–Fly Ash Stabilized Soil

To address the scarcity of lime resources, this study explores the potential of using industrial solid waste, including fly ash (FA) and carbide slag, as replacements for lime or cement in soil stabilization for roadbed construction. The optimal mixing ratio of FA and calcium carbide slag (CCS) was determined using compaction and unconfined compressive tests. The study also examines the relationship between the optimum moisture content and the maximum dry density of the FA and CCS binder, as well as the strength variation trend. The study investigated the optimal mixing ratio of FA–CCS-stabilized soil, and the strength variation trend of FA and carbide slag-stabilized soil under different age and mixing ratios, using tests such as the unconfined compressive energy test, splitting strength test, compressive modulus of resilience test, and California bearing ratio test. Results indicate that the optimal mixing ratio of FA and CCS binder is 1 : 4, the advocated mixing ratio of CCS-stabilized soil is 8 : 92, and the excellent mixing ratio of CCS–FA-stabilized soil is 8 : 32 : 60.

Demonstrating the application of batch anaerobic digestion recirculating slurry inoculation of food waste engineering from a microbiological perspective

In this study, the food waste recycled slurry was mixed inoculated with the discharge of the biogas station, and the effect of inoculation ratio and circulating batch on the performance of the system was studied for 2 t/d food waste anaerobic digestion to demonstrate engineering applications. The results showed that a proper proportion of the digestion slurry cycle can promote dehydrogenase activity in the system, and the activity of methanogens and the content of coenzyme F420 gradually increase with the increase of the cycle batch. Under the optimal mixing ratio (50% slurry volume ratio, R50), the time for anaerobic digestion of food waste to reach 90% of the total cumulative methane output can be shortened to 13 days, and the cumulative biogas output is as high as 16.96 L. The value of the kinetic constant k increases with the number of refluxes, and finally reaches 0.114 d−1. The microbial community gradually succeeds in an appropriate direction. The VFA and alkalinity content in the system together affects the composition of Firmicutes, Bacteroides, and Chloroflexus in the system. These results will help increase the utilization rate of biogas slurry, reduce its external discharge, and improve the performance of batch anaerobic digestion engineering applications.

The mechanics and durability of rubber fiber hydraulic concrete on laboratory

AbstractThis study delves into the mechanical and durability properties of rubber fiber hydraulic concrete (RFHC) using an orthogonal testing method. The optimal mix proportion for RFHC is determined through orthogonal range and variance analysis results. The influence of polypropylene fiber content, rubber particle content, and rubber particle size on the compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, brittleness, and crack resistance of rubber fiber concrete is thoroughly examined. Durability tests are conducted based on the optimal mix ratio, and a comparative analysis of the durability between RFHC and conventional concrete is carried out. The findings indicate that the mechanical properties of the concrete exhibit a significant decline with increasing rubber content and decreasing rubber particle size. The variation in rubber content notably affects the mechanical properties of hydraulic concrete. The frost resistance and impermeability of RFHC are considerably higher than those of conventional concrete, while the erosion resistance of RFHC surpasses that of the conventional benchmark concrete. This research offers valuable benchmarks for the theoretical design and practical engineering application of RFHC, contributing to the advancement of sustainable construction materials.

Anaerobic Co-digestion of sewage sludge and organic fraction of municipal solid waste: Focus on mix ratio optimization and synergistic effects

The utilization of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) as a source of renewable energy is crucial in achieving sustainable and integrated MSW management. SS and organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) can be anaerobically digested to produce methane for energy. However, anaerobic digestion of specific substrates is challenging with respect to substrate characteristics. The problem of mono-digestion can be mitigated by co-digestion of these two major organic wastes because of their complementary characteristics. Moreover, there is a lack of studies on optimization of different mix ratios of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and sewage sludge (SS) based on total solids (TS). The study aims to optimize the mix ratio for anaerobic co-digestion of OFMSW and SS. The study further elucidates synergistic effects associated with the co-digestion process. Different mix ratios of SS and OFMSW (0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20, 100:0) at 5, 7.5 and 10% TS were assessed for biomethane potential assessment. The results showed that with an increase in SS in the mix ratio feed the methane yield increased by 91% and 50% as compared to mono digestion of sewage sludge and OFMSW respectively at TS 7.5%. Based on the kinetic analysis, it was observed that the lag phase reduced for 60:40 mix ratio leading to higher rate of biodegradation. Positive synergistic effects were observed for 40:60, 60:40 and 80:20 mix ratio of SS:OFMSW based on co-digestion impact factor value. Response surface modelling was used to get the optimized mix ratio and TS %. The optimum mix ratio with the highest methane yield (388 ml/gVS added) was 70:30 (SS: OFMSW) at TS 7.5% with a desirability value of 0.98. These findings demonstrate that co-digesting SS and OFMSW is a preferable alternative for harnessing renewable energy and managing organic waste in a sustainable manner.

Analysis of the Performance of Recycled Insulation Concrete and Optimal Mix Ratio Design Based on Orthogonal Testing.

Construction and agricultural waste recycling have gained more and more attention recently as renewable resources. Straw and construction waste, both of which are widespread in northern Fujian, were investigated in this research. The orthogonal test was used to investigate the effects of recycled aggregate, straw, and glazed hollow beads on the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled insulation concrete. The influence of different factors on the macroscopic characteristics of recycled insulation concrete was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal mix proportion for recycled insulation concrete that satisfies mechanical performance standards and provides superior insulation performance was then determined using the total efficacy coefficient method. According to the research findings, the heat conductivity of recycled insulation concrete decreases as its dried density decreases. A 100% recycled coarse aggregate replacement rate, 1% straw content, and 10% glazed hollow beads replacement rate are the optimal mix ratios for recycled insulation concrete. With a compressive strength of 20.98 MPa, a splitting tensile strength of 2.01 MPa, a thermal conductivity of 0.3776 W/(m·K), and a dry density of 1778.66 kg/m3, recycled insulation concrete has the optimal mix ratio. Recycled insulation concrete is a novel form of eco-friendly, energy-saving concrete that aims to achieve low-carbon energy savings and sustainable development by combining resource recycling with building energy savings to realize the recycling of solid waste resources, which has significant environmental, social, and economic benefits and broad market application potential.

High contents of steel slag in the road concrete: Hydration mechanism, mechanical property and durability performance

In this paper, steel slag (SS) was used as the cementitious material with ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and desulfurized gypsum (DG) and recycled as coarse aggregate in concrete. The optimal mix ratio of cementitious material was 20% SS, 62% GGBS and 18% DG. The hydration products were AFt and C-S-H gel. When SS was instead of gravel for 50%, the compressive strength was increased by 22.71%. The volume shrinkage at 90 days and 28 d-carbonization depth decreased by 54.2% and 20.33% respectively. The chloride ion penetration resistance reached Q-V and the abrasion resistance was improved by nearly 19.58%.

Analysis of the Insulation Characteristics of Hexafluorobutene (C4H2F6) Gas and Mixture with CO2/N2 as an Alternative to SF6 for Medium-Voltage Applications

This paper investigates C4H2F6, a promising environmentally friendly insulating gas that possesses high dielectric strength and a low global warming potential. The study focuses on examining the insulation properties of C4H2F6 when combined with CO2/N2, aiming to assess its suitability as a substitute for SF6 in gas-insulated applications. Finite element analyses are performed to evaluate the field utilization factor and electric field distribution in the proposed mixture. The properties of liquefaction temperature were examined in this study to determine the optimal mixing ratio for applications that require a minimum working temperature. Extensive experimental investigations were carried out to assess the dielectric strength characteristics of the gas mixture in both uniform and quasi-uniform electric fields. It was found that pure HFO-1336mzz (E) exhibits a dielectric strength approximately 1.2–1.6 times higher than SF6. Experimental results have revealed that the insulation performance of a 30% HFO-1336mzz (E)/CO2 mixture closely resembles that of SF6, with a matching efficiency of up to 90% in a weakly uniform electric field. This remarkable performance can be attributed to a positive synergistic effect between HFO-1336mzz (E) and CO2, combined with the gas mixture’s excellent self-recoverability property. These experimental findings are further supported by finite element analysis, which confirms the observed results. The 30% HFO-1336mzz (E)/CO2 gas mixture at 0.15–0.20 MPa pressure and constant 0.6 mm air gap reveal superior insulation tolerance and less sensitivity to the electric field, confirming its promising medium-voltage engineering applications. The associated results of this research provide a critical reference for the engineering application of the alternating (AC) and direct current (DC) insulation characteristics of the HFO-1336mzz (E)/CO2 gas mixture.

Stability properties of slurry based on coal-to-liquid gasification ash slag

ABSTRACT The coal-to-liquid gasification ash and slag (GAS) is a solid waste with high yield, difficult degradation and environmental hazards. In this study, a novel extinguishing grouting material was made in the light of GAS, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was introduced as a dispersant for GAS slurry for easy blockage and bursting of pipes during the transportation of grouting material. Zeta-potential measurement, X-ray fluorescence and water separation experiment were utilized to discuss the mechanism and suspension stability of GAS slurry with different water-cement ratios and amount of CMC addition. The fire extinguishing material and the optimal mixing ratios were also obtained. The content of SiO2, Fe2O3, CaO and Al2O3 in GAS accounted for more than 80% of the total composition, and the main substances were gypsum, quartz and calcite. CMC had a prominent improvement effect on the suspension stability of slurry, and the more the added dosage, the stronger the suspension stability. The slurry suspension stability was maintained by steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion; when the water-cement ratios were 1: 0.8, 1: 1.0 and 1:1.4, the optimal addition amounts of CMC were 1.5%, 1.25% and 0.75%, respectively.

Image processing based tactile tactical sensor development and sensitivity determination to extract the 3D surface topography of objects

Inspired by the tactile sensing abilities of humans, tactile tactical sensors are used in many areas from robotics to heavy industry, such as surface roughness determination, softness determination, and quality control, etc. in industry. In the first stage of this study, for the production of a tactile tactical sensor from the silicon family, the most suitable tactile tactical sensor mixing ratios were determined according to the purpose of use by making softness, drying time, strength, flexibility, and light transmittance depending on the mixing ratios. In the second stage, the surface roughness images of the samples with known dimensions were taken by using the tactical tactile sensor produced with the determined mixing ratio for the determination of sub-millimeter surface roughness, in the microscopic imaging setup. In the third stage, image processing software was made with the original algorithm created using the MATLAB program, and depth detection calibration from the image was performed. As a result of the experiments, it has been determined that tactical tactile sensors and image processing software provide realistic depth information with 2-micron sensitivity and can be used for surface roughness. Inspired by the tactile sensing abilities of humans, the tactile tactical sensors are used in many areas from robotics to heavy industry, such as surface roughness, softness determination, quality control, etc. in industry. It is needed for purposes. In this article, it is aimed to develop a tactile tactical sensor and imaging system for artificial intelligence-based detection of submillimeter surface roughness. The developed system consists of three stages; In the first stage, the production of silicone rubber, which forms the tactile tactical sensor, is emphasized. Silicone rubber is obtained by reacting three different chemical components, namely A, B and C. The varying ratios of these chemical components give us different characteristics such as softness, drying time, strength, flexibility and light transmittance. In order to achieve the best tactile feature for the sensor, the optimum mixing ratio of the silicone rubber components that make up the tactile tactical sensor was determined by the Taguchi method. In the second stage of the system, the tactical tactile sensor, produced with the ideal mixing ratio determined for the determination of sub-millimeter surface roughness, was used in the microscopic imaging mechanism, and surface roughness images of the samples with known dimensions were taken. In the third stage of the system, image processing software was made with the original algorithm created using the MATLAB program, and depth detection calibration from the image was performed. As a result of the experiments, it has been determined that tactical tactile sensors and image processing software provide realistic depth information with 2-micron sensitivity and can be used with high reliability in surface roughness. This study allowed the surface depths of images taken with the sensor to be calculated on a pixel basis. With this tactile sensor, which does not take up space and has high mobility, depth analysis of hard-to-reach surfaces can be done easily and precisely. In addition, the tactile sensor can be considered a very useful apparatus in robotics technology for providing the robot with a sense of touch.

Scheffe's Polynomial Optimisation of Laterite Concrete Incorporating Periwinkle Shells and Coir

Recent emphases on minimising the carbon footprint of concrete have focused on the use of non-conventional materials for the production of low-cost concrete. Such materials include laterite, periwinkle shells and coir which have been reported as suitable for use as fine and coarse aggregate replacements in specified proportions. However, the use of two or more unconventional materials in a concrete mix would require significant experimental effort that is time- and resource-consuming and usually performed by trial and error to determine the optimum mix design. A popular optimisation technique used for concrete mix design is Scheffe's second-degree polynomial modelling. However, the application of a more accurate Scheffe's third-degree polynomial optimisation technique in designing cementitious composites incorporating unconventional aggregates is rare. This study, therefore, presents the use of Scheffe's third-degree model to determine the optimum proportions of coir, laterite and periwinkle shell aggregates in a concrete mix in order to obtain the best mechanical properties of the hardened concrete. The constituents of the concrete were optimised for seven components of water, cement, fine-aggregate, laterite soil, coarse aggregate, periwinkle shell and coir on an N(7, 3) Sheffe's factor space. The optimal mix ratio for compressive and flexural strengths of 11.33 and 1.20 MPa, respectively, was 0.5149, 1.044, 3.009, 0.126, 3.934, 0.054, and 0.0046 for pseudo-components Xi: {∀i = 1, 2 3, 4, 4, 6, 7}. The coefficients of determination (R2) were 98.74% and 98.53% for the compressive and flexural response models, respectively, while the p-values obtained for the response coefficient fit parameters βi, βij, βijk for (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) were 96.77% and 91.49% for the compressive and flexural strength models, respectively. The optimised Low-Performance Concrete (LPC) is about 4% cheaper than LPC made from conventional aggregates and is adequate for patio slabs, pedestrian footpaths, kerbs, and floorings in residential buildings. The use of Sheffe's third-degree model eliminates the significant experimental efforts needed in the design of concrete mixes incorporating unconventional aggregates.

Improved Viability of Probiotics via Microencapsulation in Whey-Protein-Isolate-Octenyl-Succinic-Anhydride-Starch-Complex Coacervates.

The aim of this study was to microencapsulate probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus 11073) using whey-protein-isolate (WPI)-octenyl-succinic-anhydride-starch (OSA-starch)-complex coacervates and to investigate the effects on probiotic bacterial viability during spray drying, simulated gastrointestinal digestion, thermal treatment and long-term storage. The optimum mixing ratio and pH for the preparation of WPI-OSA-starch-complex coacervates were determined to be 2:1 and 4.0, respectively. The combination of WPI and OSA starch under these conditions produced microcapsules with smoother surfaces and more compact structures than WPI-OSA starch alone, due to the electrostatic attraction between WPI and OSA starch. As a result, WPI-OSA-starch microcapsules showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher viability (95.94 ± 1.64%) after spray drying and significantly (p < 0.05) better protection during simulated gastrointestinal digestion, heating (65 °C/30 min and 75 °C/10 min) and storage (4/25 °C for 12 weeks) than WPI-OSA-starch microcapsules. These results demonstrated that WPI-OSA-starch-complex coacervates have excellent potential as a novel wall material for probiotic microencapsulation.

Experimental Investigation on Chemical Looping Co‐Gasification of Water Hyacinth and Solid Wastes

Chemical looping gasification (CLG) is a promising method to realize the resource utilization of solid waste. Chemical looping co‐gasification (CLCG) attracts much attention as it can fully utilize the synergistic effects between different types of fuels to improve the quality of gasification products. The CLCG characteristics of water hyacinth and different solid wastes, including straw, polypropylene, and sludge, are studied using lean iron ore as oxygen carriers (OCs). It is shown in the results that these solid wastes have synergistic effects on the CLG of water hyacinth to some extent. The addition of straw has a positive impact on gas production and H2/CO ratio, while the introduction of polypropylene and sludge focuses on improving gas production and H2/CO ratio, respectively. In addition, the optimal mixing ratios between water hyacinth and different solid waste are water hyacinth: straw = 50:50; water hyacinth: polypropylene 25:75; and water hyacinth: sludge = 75:25, respectively. The mixing of water hyacinth with polypropylene exhibits better gasification performance, in terms of the total gas yield of 1.27 Nm3 kg−1 and the H2/CO ratio of 1.76 at the mixing ratio of 25:75. This implies that the CLCG of biomass and polypropylene has better application prospect.

Preparation of polymeric composite for antiskid flooring purpose

Three polymeric blends were prepared using epoxy, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), and polyurethanes (PU) to develop antiskid surfaces with the required mechanical properties. The optimum mixing ratio was decided according to the results of the coefficient of friction and impact tests. Mechanical properties, including wear, bending, compression, impact, hardness, and water uptake, were measured. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the microscopic features. The results showed variations in the values of coefficient of friction for the three blends, where the epoxy/NBR specimens showed the highest value of 0.81, followed by specimens of epoxy blended with the two types of commercial polyurethanes, Sikaflex™ and Sikaswell™ of 0.73 and 0.69, respectively. The highest wear rate was noticed for the epoxy/NBR specimen, while the epoxy+Sikaflex specimen showed the lowest wear rate compared to other specimens. The epoxy/Sikaflex also showed the highest values for hardness, compared with epoxy/Sikaswell and epoxy/NBR, respectively. The resultant blends showed improved mechanical properties with high slipping resistance, which makes the prepared blends potential alternatives compared to traditional flooring materials.

A novel multi-criteria comprehensive evaluation model of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete

Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (FA-GPC), which has better early mechanical properties, durability and environmental impact, is recognized as a low-carbon concrete that has a high potential to replace ordinary Portland cement concrete. Although scholars have analyzed the mechanical properties, durability performance and environmental impact of FA-GPC independently, few studies have considered the above properties comprehensively to guide the material selection. In this study, choosing compressive strength, sulfate erosion resistance and environmental impact, including global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), primary energy depletion (PED), as evaluation indicators to be tested and analyzed with 9 different mixtures by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. Based on the gray clustering analysis (GCA) method, we established a comprehensive evaluation model, then applied the commonly used Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, namely TOPSIS and VIKOR, to observe the conclusions of the different evaluation methods. The results indicated that: (1) Experiments on compressive strength and sulfate erosion resistance and analysis of environmental impact show that FA-GPC has good sulfate erosion resistance, the alkaline activated solution is not only the most significant factor affecting the compressive strength, but also the biggest contributor to the environmental impact. (2) The evaluation models developed successfully selected the optimal mix ratio for a given function. Although the ordering of the three methods is not the same, because they have different optimization and ranking mechanisms of GCA, TOPSIS, and VIKOR, they come to the same conclusion indicating alternative A3 is optimal. The ranking of alternatives is influenced by the preferences of decision-makers, especially those at the intermediate level.

Optimization the Mixing Ratio of Leaf and Seed Extracts of Brassica juncea L. Czern. as a Cosmetic Material

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the physiological activity of mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) leaf and seed extracts as a cosmetic material, and optimization the mixing ratio using response surface methodology (RSM).Methods: Optimal conditions for RSM were determined the ratio of mustard leaf (X1) and seed (X2) extracts as the independent variable, and total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity and elastase inhibitory activity was determined as the dependent variable.Results: Optimal mixing ratio with maximum antioxidant, whitening, and anti-wrinkle effects was determined as 3.28 (4.10 mg/mL) for leaves and 4.21 (5.26 mg/mL) for seeds. The DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging activities, tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activities was predicted to be 80.01%, 58.50%, 22.11%, 53.88%, respectively. In addition, when the mixture was treated in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, NO production was inhibited by about 41% compared to the control group, and no cytotoxicity was observed.Conclusion: In this study, the physiological activity of optimal mixture of mustard leaf and seed extracts with antioxidant, whitening, anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory effects has been confirmed, this finding suggest that can use as a cosmetic material.

Utilization of coal-based synthetic natural gas slag as road base construction material through geopolymerization

The development of the Coal-based synthetic natural gas industry inevitably produced lots of slags. The application of coal-based synthetic natural gas slag (CSNGS) to road base not only effectively alleviated the accumulation and pollution of CSNGS, but also reduced the consumption of resources, which had significant economic and social benefits. However, CSNGS has a higher crushing value and water absorption, thus its mix design, mechanical properties and pavement performance must be further investigated when applied as the raw material of novel cementing material and aggregate. The purpose of this study is to investigate and comparatively analyze the optimal mixing ratio and mechanism of the strength of CSNGS applied in road base. For this, this study prepared the precursor of geopolymer by milling CSNGS into powder and mixing it with 20% cement. Then sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used as alkali activators to activate CSNGS, and the 7d unconfined compressive strength was used as the evaluation index to develop the optimal mix ratio of coal-based synthetic natural gas slag geopolymer (CSG). CSNGS with particle sizes ranging from 0 to 4.75 mm and 0 to 9.5 mm were used as aggregates to replace natural stones, then the cement and CSG were selected respectively to stabilize the slags-aggregates, and the relevant tests were carried out to investigate the mechanical and road properties. The results showed that the performance of CSG stabilized aggregates was lower than cement stabilized aggregates in the tests of unconfined compressive strength, splitting strength, unconfined compressive modulus of resilience, dry-wet cycles, and freeze–thaw cycles. The performance of the mixture deteriorated with the incorporation of CSNGS when the cementitious material was cement. The temperature shrinkage test found that the shrinkage of CSG stabilized specimens was less than cement stabilized specimens, which indicated that CSG had excellent anti-cracking potential. In addition, the temperature shrinkage coefficients of mixtures with different CSNGS dosages varied with temperature when the cementitious material was cement. Finally, to further verify the macroscopic test results, this study combined with scanning electron microscope (SEM) test to deeply analyze the strength formation mechanism of several mixtures.

Optimization of Nutrient-Rich Ice Plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) Paste Fresh Noodle Pasta Using Response Surface Methodology.

The ice plant is a species that is grown mainly in the dry regions of the American West and contains various minerals and ingredients beneficial for human health, such as inositol and beta-carotene. With the growing trend towards healthy foods, pasta consumption has also increased. Pasta is a convenient and low-glycemic-index food that is composed mainly of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, dietary fiber, and trace amounts of minerals. The optimal mixing ratio was evaluated to produce pasta of the highest quality in terms of blood sugar elevation and antioxidant efficacy. The components and minerals of the ice plant, including D-pinitol and inositol, were analyzed, and 20 essential amino acids were identified. In this study, we also investigated the quality and characteristics of ice plant paste and eggs, as well as the quality, antioxidant activity, and formulation of raw materials mixed with ice plant at different ratios. Optimal conditions were found to be 46.73 g of ice plant paste in 100 g of durum wheat flour, 20.23 g of egg, and 2 g of salt, providing a way to develop fresh pasta that enhances the health benefits of ice plant paste without excessive moisture and other ingredients.

A study of co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and rice husk for syngas production based on a cyclic catalytic integrated process system

To address the challenges of low yield and low heating value of syngas, high yield of tar via pyrolysis, and to promote the resource utilization of syngas, this study prepared high-quality syngas through the secondary cracking of tar in cyclic catalytic pyrolysis steam based on a novel cyclic catalytic integrated pyrolysis system. In this study, the cyclic catalytic integrated pyrolysis system process parameters were synergistically optimized based on the pyrolysis syngas yield and lower heating value as indicators. The results showed that the optimal mixing ratio of sewage sludge and rice husk was 25:75 w/w. The optimal cycle speed and catalyst dosage was 1050r/min and 2.5g respectively. Compared to the normal pyrolysis system based on sewage sludge pyrolysis, the liquid phase product yield reduced 6 wt%, and the gas product yield increased 27 wt%. Regarding energy recovery, the syngas lower heating value increased 41.55%. The sewage sludge and rice husk have a synergistic effect and the long residence time promotes secondary cracking of the tar via pyrolysis, thus improving the yield and quality of the syngas. This study provides a new idea for the co-pyrolysis of different biomass to produce high quality syngas, and is very important for the preparation of renewable energy from biomass for application in power generation systems.