Optimal Growth Research Articles

MERANG MUSHROOM CULTIVATION GAMPONG LAMSITEH COT KUTA MALAKA SUB-DISTRICT ACEH BESAR DISTRICT

This community service program was conducted in Lam U Village, Ingin Jaya District, Aceh Besar Regency, to empower local farmers through the cultivation of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). The program focused on introducing oyster mushroom cultivation as an alternative agricultural activity to support the local economy. Training on the proper techniques for cultivation, including the preparation of substrates, inoculation, and maintenance of optimal growth conditions, was provided to the participants. The program also emphasized the benefits of oyster mushroom cultivation as a sustainable and profitable agricultural practice. The training sessions were interactive, with hands-on demonstrations to ensure effective knowledge transfer. As a result, participants gained valuable skills that can be applied in their farming practices, contributing to enhanced local economic development.

Enhancing energy autonomy of greenhouses with semi-transparent photovoltaic systems through a comparative study of battery storage systems

Effective energy management is crucial in greenhouse farming to ensure efficient operations and optimal crop growth. This study investigates the energy autonomy—defined as the ratio of on-site energy generation to the total energy demand—of greenhouses equipped with semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) systems under two scenarios: with and without a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). STPV systems are beneficial because they generate energy while still allowing enough light to pass through for healthy plant development. Seasonal variations in energy autonomy during summer and winter were analyzed. Results show that incorporating BESS significantly reduces reliance on grid electricity, with energy autonomy improving from 43.43% to 24.17% in summer and 81.36% to 69.45% in winter. The system’s performance was highly sensitive to the transmittance rate of STPV panels and the minimum Daily Light Integral (DLI) required for crops. These findings highlight the potential of BESS to enhance energy independence and promote sustainable agricultural practices. The study provides insights into optimizing renewable energy systems in greenhouses, emphasizing practical implications for scalability and economic feasibility.

Isolation and Characterization of Indigenous Acetobacter Strains from Cashew Apple and Their Potential Use in Vinegar Production

Côte d’Ivoire has the largest cashew tree cultivation area in the world, but the cashew apple produced is still underutilized despite its potential for industrial use. The present study aimed to isolate and identify acetic acid bacterial strains and assess their potential use for cashew apple-based vinegar production. Vinegar mother from fermented juice was used to isolate acetic acid bacteria on a standard glucose-based medium. Physiological and biochemical tests followed by 16S rRNA gene analysis and phylogeny were used for isolate characterization. Moreover, their acetic acid production capacity was assessed. As results, five strains of the Acetobacter genus were isolated. Phenotypic and phylogenetic analysis revealed that four of them, namely OYA2, OYA6, OYA9, and OYA10, belong to the A. tropicalis/A. senegalensis species complex with 99.7% or 100% similarity. The fifth strain, OYA7, being similar (99.7%) to A. syzygii. All the isolates were resistant to alcohol 15% (v/v) and grew well between pH 5.0 and 6.5. Their optimal growth temperatures varied between 27 °C and 37 °C, and only isolate OYA6 grew at a temperature of up to 40 °C. They produced vinegar with a yield (Yp/s, g/g) varying from 0.82 to 0.92, and acetic acid contents (g/L) of 80.67, 70.26, 70.11, 68.70 and 67.22 were obtained with OYA6, OYA7, OYA2, OYA10, and OYA9, respectively. Thus, the isolate OYA6 appeared as the best candidate for vinegar production, owing to its superior yield and thermotolerance abilities that need to be further explored for industry use.

Optimal volume bound and volume growth for Ricci-nonnegative manifolds with positive bi-Ricci curvature

Abstract In this paper, we prove the optimal volume growth for complete Riemannian manifolds ( M n , g ) (M^{n},g) with nonnegative Ricci curvature everywhere and bi-Ricci curvature bounded from below by n − 2 n-2 outside a compact set when the dimension is less than eight. This answers a question proposed by Antonelli–Xu in dimensions six and seven. As a by-product, we also prove an analogy of Gromov’s volume bound conjecture under the condition of positive bi-Ricci curvature.

Gallibacterium faecale sp. nov., Isolated from Dairy Cow Feces.

A facultative anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain AGMB14963T was isolated from the feces of a dairy cow. A 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain AGMB14963T belongs to the genus Gallibacterium, with Gallibacterium salpingitidis F150T being the closest species (95.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed that strain AGMB14963T had a 37.0% G + C genomic DNA content and a genome size of 2.58Mb. In addition, the strain contained 53 tRNA and 2 rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strains AGMB14963T and G. salpingitidis F150T were 82.3 and 24.9%, respectively. Further, strain AGMB14963T was positive for oxidase and catalase, but negative for urease. Optimal growth of strain AGMB14963T occurred at 37 ℃, pH 8, and in 0.5% NaCl-containing medium. The predominant cellular fatty acids (> 10%) in strain AGMB14963T were C14:0, C16:0, and summed feature 3. Strain AGMB14963T produced lactic acid and isobutyric acid as the major end products of glucose fermentation. Polar lipids consisted of one phospholipid and one phosphoaminolipid. According to the genomic, physiologic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain AGMB14963T represents a novel species of the genus Gallibacterium, for which the name Gallibacterium faecale sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AGMB14963T (= KCTC 25487T = NBRC 116419T).

Surfing the Growth Parameters in the Quest for Low-Power, Forming-Free, and Highly Stable TiOx Memristors for Nanoscale Electronics.

Understanding the resistive switching (RS) behavior of oxide-based memory devices at nanoscale is crucial for advancement of high-integration density in-memory computing platforms. This study explores a comprehensive growth parameter space to address the RS behavior of pulsed-laser-deposited substoichiometric TiO2 (TiOx) thin films in search of tailored nanoscale memristors with low-power consumption and high stability. Conductive-atomic-force-microscopy-based measurements facilitate deciphering the switching behavior at nanoscale, providing a direct avenue to understand the microstructure-property relationships. The present investigation reveals that rutile TiOx in an optimal stoichiometric configuration exhibits superior RS attributes, enabling forming-free, low-power, and highly stable memory functionalities at nanoscale. By contrast, the expected formation of the Magnéli phase within a highly defective as-grown TiOx film hinders the occurrence of switching. Detailed analyses yield a comprehensive parametric phase diagram, providing valuable insights to predict the optimal growth parameters for fabricating on-demand TiOx-based switching devices. As bulk RS attributes do not always translate seamlessly to the nanoscale, present study leads the pathway to develop tailored memristors for nanoscale electronics promoting their integration into ultrahigh-density, low-energy-consuming advanced memory technologies across diverse disciplines including robotics, data storage, and sensing.

Identification and functional characterization of a fructose-inducible phosphotransferase system in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 utilizes fructose efficiently via a fructose phosphotransferase system (Fru-PTS). Its genome encodes two putative Fru-PTS, each consisting of FruB (EIIA), FruK (Pfk), and FruA (EIIBC) proteins. We compared the proteomes of A. brasilense Sp7 grown with malate or fructose as sole carbon source, and noticed upregulation of the constituent proteins of Fru-PTS1 only on fructose. Inactivation of fruA gene of both the Fru-PTS showed that Fru-PTS1 is the main PTS involved in fructose utilization. Overexpression of fruA1 in A. brasilense Sp7 enhanced its growth on fructose showing improved consumption of fructose. This suggested that fructose utilization in A. brasilense Sp7 is limited due to the limitation of EIIBC component. A FruR-type regulator, encoded divergently to the Fru-PTS1 operon, was required for chemotaxis toward fructose. Although not an absolute necessity for the growth of fructose, FruR was required for the optimal growth of fructose. The fruB1 promoter was activated by fructose and repressed by malate, but FruR does not seem to regulate its expression. A 27-nucleotide stem-loop structure located between the -125 and -99 promoter proximal region of fruB1 was involved in fructose inducibility and malate repression. Fructose also upregulated several proteins involved in the biogenesis of a Type 6 secretion system. Here, we have shown that A. brasilense Sp7 was able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the presence of fructose, and that an intact T6SS was required for contact-dependent growth inhibition of the two Gram-negative bacteria.IMPORTANCEAzospirillum brasilense, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, has limited ability to utilize carbohydrates and sugars. Although it is known to utilize fructose via a fructose phosphotransferase system (fructose-PTS), the genes involved in fructose utilization and the role of fructose in its biology were not well characterized. This study has shown that out of the two units of fructose-PTS encoded in its genome, fructose-PTS1 plays the major role in fructose utilization. Overexpression of the membrane component (EIIBC) improved the growth of A. brasilense on fructose. The ability of fructose to induce proteins of the Type 6 Secretion System (T6SS) enables A. brasilense to cause contact-dependent inhibition of the growth of Escherichia coli as well as A. tumefaciens. This is the first report on the fructose inducibility of T6SS in A. brasilense, which may provide a handle to control the growth of undesirable bacteria using T6SS of A. brasilense in a mixed culture.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of PkNRT Gene Family in Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis)

The utilization of nitrogen (N) is crucial for the optimal growth and development of plants. As the dominant form of nitrogen in temperate soil, nitrate (NO3−) is absorbed from the soil and redistributed to other organs through NO3− transporters (NRTs). Therefore, exploration of the role of NRTs in response to various NO3− conditions is crucial for improving N utilization efficiency (NUE). Here, we present a comprehensive genome-wide analysis and characterization of the NRT gene family in Korean pine, an invaluable tree species cultivated extensively in northeastern China. A total of 76 PkNRTs were identified in Korean pine and further divided into three subfamilies (NRT1/NPF, NRT2, and NRT3) based on phylogenetic analysis. All PkNRTs were distributed on 11 chromosomes, with multiple tandem duplications observed. The tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that most PkNRTs showed differential expression in six vegetative tissues. Furthermore, a significantly greater number of lateral roots was observed in seedlings under nitrogen-deficient conditions, accompanied by an increase in both total root biomass and root length. The temporal expression profiles of 16 PkNRTs in seedling roots revealed that four PkNRTs, PkNPF5.6, PkNPF5.13, PkNPF6.1, and PkNPF6.2, exhibited significantly upregulated expression under the NO3− deficiency condition, whereas robust induction was observed for PkNPF1.1, PkNRT2.6, and PkNRT3.3 upon the NO3− sufficiency condition. The expression patterns of the PkNRTs suggest their potential diverse roles as key participants in root NO3− uptake under varying NO3− conditions during root development. These findings would provide a theoretical foundation for further investigations into the functions of PkNRTs in Korean pine.

A Study on the Standardization of Smart Farm Communication

Background: Smart farming uses information and communication technology (ICT) to optimize crop and livestock environments. It is applied in greenhouses, vinyl houses, and livestock barns. By collecting data on crop growth and environmental conditions, smart farms create optimal growth environments. This leads to higher productivity and better quality with less labor, energy, and nutrient input than traditional farming methods. In Korea, crop production has declined due to fewer farmers, and over 80% of agricultural products are imported. The low birth rate and aging population are worsening the shortage of agricultural workers. It is predicted that Korea could face a food shortage in three years due to low self-sufficiency. Smart farms are seen as a solution. They can be implemented in urban areas and are considered a profitable model due to their high production potential. Methods: Nutrient machines are a vital part of smart farming. They dilute and supply essential nutrients for crop growth. However, different machines require varying nutrient ratios, which complicates crop management. To address this, a recipe program has been developed. It automatically adjusts nutrient ratios according to the user’s standard settings. This ensures uniform nutrient delivery, regardless of the type of machine used. Result: The recipe program is expected to improve crop production. It ensures consistent nutrient supply, optimizing growth conditions. It also enhances user convenience by standardizing nutrient management across different machines, reducing complexity in crop cultivation.

Optimizing Growth Conditions and Biochemical Properties of Chondracanthus acicularis (Rhodophyta) in Laboratory Settings

This study aimed to evaluate the laboratory cultivation of Chondracanthus acicularis, focusing on key environmental parameters such as nutrient levels and light exposure. The results provide insights into the optimal growth conditions and biochemical composition of C. acicularis, which are crucial for its sustainable exploitation in industrial applications. Significant differences in the relative growth rate (RGR) and productivity (Y) were found between the different treatments. Seaweed grown on Provasoli (PES) Medium with white LED light and red LED light showed the best growth rates. Negative growth was observed in treatments with Nutribloom plus®, and blue LED light. The proximate composition analysis revealed a high moisture content across all treatments, with significant differences in ash and organic matter content between the treatments. The use of LED light played a crucial role in optimizing growth by influencing photosynthetic efficiency and pigment production. The proximate composition varied significantly between treatments, especially ash and organic matter. Light and nutrient conditions also influenced pigmentation and colour characteristics, with significant changes in phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and chlorophyll concentration. PES treatments consistently showed the highest colour variation. These findings highlight the influence of environmental conditions on seaweed growth, productivity, pigmentation, and proximate composition, and provide valuable insights for optimized cultivation strategies.

Hybrid Plant Growth: Integrating Stochastic, Empirical, and Optimization Models with Machine Learning for Controlled Environment Agriculture

Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) offers a viable solution for sustainable crop production, yet the optimization of the latter requires precise modeling and resource management. This study introduces a novel hybrid plant growth model integrating stochastic, empirical, and optimization approaches, using Internet of Things sensors for real-time data collection. Unlike traditional methods, the hybrid model systematically captures environmental variability, simulates plant growth dynamics, and optimizes resource inputs. The prototype growth chamber, equipped with IoT sensors for monitoring environmental parameters such as light intensity, temperature, CO2, humidity, and water intake, was primarily used to provide accurate input data for the model and specifically light intensity, water intake and nutrient intake. While experimental tests on lettuce were conducted to validate initial environmental conditions, this study was focused on simulation-based analysis. Specific tests simulated plant responses to varying levels of light, water, and nutrients, enabling the validation of the proposed hybrid model. We varied light durations between 6 and 14 h/day, watering levels between 5 and 10 L/day, and nutrient concentrations between 3 and 11 g/day. Additional simulations modeled different sowing intervals to capture internal plant variability. The results demonstrated that the optimal growth conditions were 14 h/day of light, 9 L/day of water, and 5 g/day of nutrients; maximized plant biomass (200 g), leaf area (800 cm2), and height (90 cm). Key novel metrics developed in this study, the Growth Efficiency Ratio (GER) and Plant Growth Index (PGI), provided solid tools for evaluating plant performance and resource efficiency. Simulations showed that GER peaked at 0.6 for approximately 200 units of combined inputs, beyond which diminishing returns were observed. PGI increased to 0.8 to day 20 and saturated to 1 by day 30. The role of IoT sensors was critical in enhancing model accuracy and replicability by supplying real-time data on environmental variability. The hybrid model’s adaptability in the future may offer scalability to diverse crop types and environmental settings, establishing a foundation for its integration into decision-support systems for large-scale indoor farming.

Infrared photoresponse of GeSiSn p-i-n photodiodes based on quantum dots, quantum wells, pseudomorphic and relaxed layers.

Structural and photoelectric properties of p-i-n photodiodes based on GeSiSn/Si multiple quantum dots both on Si and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates were investigated. Elastic strained state of grown films was demonstrated by x-ray diffractometry. Annealing of p-i-n structures before the mesa fabrication can improve the ideality factor of current-voltage characteristics. The lowest dark current density of p-i-n photodiodes based on quantum dots at the reverse bias of 1 V reaches the value of 0.8 mA/cm2. The cutoff wavelength shifts to the long-wavelength region with the Sn content increase. Maximum cutoff wavelength value is found to be 2.6 μm. Moreover, multilayer periodic structures with GeSiSn/Ge quantum wells and GeSiSn relaxed layers on Ge substrates were obtained. Reciprocal space maps were used to study the strained state of GeSiSn layers. The optimal growth parameters were determined to obtain slightly relaxed GeSiSn layers. Designed p-i-n photodiodes based on these structures demonstrated the minimal dark current density of 0.7 mA/cm2 and the cutoff wavelength of about 2μm.

Infrared photoresponse of GeSiSn p-i-n photodiodes based on quantum dots, quantum wells, pseudomorphic and relaxed layers.

Structural and photoelectric properties of p-i-n photodiodes based on GeSiSn/Si multiple quantum dots both on Si and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates were investigated. Elastic strained state of grown films was demonstrated by x-ray diffractometry. Annealing of p-i-n structures before the mesa fabrication can improve the ideality factor of current-voltage characteristics. The lowest dark current density of p-i-n photodiodes based on quantum dots at the reverse bias of 1 V reaches the value of 0.8 mA/cm2. The cutoff wavelength shifts to the long-wavelength region with the Sn content increase. Maximum cutoff wavelength value is found to be 2.6 μm. Moreover, multilayer periodic structures with GeSiSn/Ge quantum wells and GeSiSn relaxed layers on Ge substrates were obtained. Reciprocal space maps were used to study the strained state of GeSiSn layers. The optimal growth parameters were determined to obtain slightly relaxed GeSiSn layers. Designed p-i-n photodiodes based on these structures demonstrated the minimal dark current density of 0.7 mA/cm2 and the cutoff wavelength of about 2μm.

Dressed Up to the Nines: The Interplay of Phytohormones Signaling and Redox Metabolism During Plant Response to Drought

Plants must effectively respond to various environmental stimuli to achieve optimal growth. This is especially relevant in the context of climate change, where drought emerges as a major factor globally impacting crops and limiting overall yield potential. Throughout evolution, plants have developed adaptative strategies for environmental stimuli, with plant hormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS) playing essential roles in their development. Hormonal signaling and the maintenance of ROS homeostasis are interconnected, playing indispensable roles in growth, development, and stress responses and orchestrating diverse molecular responses during environmental adversities. Nine principal classes of phytohormones have been categorized: auxins, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, and gibberellins primarily oversee developmental growth regulation, while abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and strigolactones are the main orchestrators of environmental stress responses. Coordination between phytohormones and transcriptional regulation is crucial for effective plant responses, especially in drought stress. Understanding the interplay of ROS and phytohormones is pivotal for elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in plant stress responses. This review provides an overview of the intricate relationship between ROS, redox metabolism, and the nine different phytohormones signaling in plants, shedding light on potential strategies for enhancing drought tolerance for sustainable crop production.

Construction and Characterization of MoClo-Compatible Vectors for Modular Protein Expression in E. coli.

Cloning methods are fundamental to synthetic biology research. The capability to generate custom DNA constructs exhibiting predictable protein expression levels is crucial to the engineering of biology. Golden Gate cloning, a modular cloning (MoClo) technique, enables rapid and reliable one-pot assembly of genetic parts. In this study, we expand on the existing MoClo toolkits by constructing and characterizing compatible low- (p15A) and medium-copy (pBR322) destination vectors. Together with existing high-copy vectors, these backbones enable a protein expression range covering a 500-fold difference in normalized fluorescence output. We further characterize the expression- and burden profiles of each vector and demonstrate their use for the optimization of growth-coupled enzyme expression. The optimal expression of adhE (encoding alcohol dehydrogenase) for ethanol-dependent growth of Escherichia coli is determined using randomized Golden Gate Assembly, creating a diverse library of constructs with varying expression strengths and plasmid copy numbers. Through selective growth experiments, we show that relatively low expression levels of adhE facilitated optimal growth using ethanol as the sole carbon source, demonstrating the importance of adding low-copy vectors to the MoClo vector repertoire. This study emphasizes the importance of varying vector copy numbers in selection experiments to balance expression levels and burden, ensuring accurate identification of optimal conditions for growth. The vectors developed in this work are publicly available via Addgene (catalog #217582-217609).

Evaluating Natural Feed for Crayfish Farming: Economic and Ecological Benefits

Crayfish is an aquaculture commodity that has high economic value, with growing international market demand. However, the growth of these lobsters tends to be slow, both in terms of body length and weight, which is often caused by limited quality feed and high production costs. The use of alai feed, such as silkworms and other organic materials, can be a solution to improve cost efficiency and support more optimal lobster growth. In addition, natural feed offers ecological benefits by reducing water pollution and organic waste, as well as supporting the sustainability of local ecosystems. This approach also has the potential to reduce the risk of disease in lobsters, as natural feed is more in line with their biological diet. By improving production efficiency and supporting sustainable livelihoods, it is an environmentally and economically sound solution for the aquaculture sector.

Harnessing Biochar for Sustainable Horticulture: Strategies to Cope with Abiotic Stress

Biochar, an important by-product of the waste biomass pyrolysis process, shows great potential to reduce the environmental impact of and address the serious problems related to climate change as well as to define an efficient circular economy model. Its use as a soil conditioner has increased the interest in biochar in agriculture over time. This review investigates how critical aspects such as starting material, temperature, and the presence or absence of oxygen during the pyrolysis process influence the yield and quality of this valuable soil conditioner. Considering the horticultural sector, this review also provides a comprehensive and detailed overview of how biochar positively influences growth, development, and yield by explaining the mechanisms and modes of action under both optimal growth conditions and unfavorable contexts (salt and water stress and the presence of heavy metals). The main mechanisms highlighted by this literature review are improvement in soil aeration and water-holding capacity, microbial activity, and nutritional status of soil and plants, as well as alterations in some important soil chemical properties. This in-depth review of the literature highlights how the interaction between biochar types, dose, crop species, and growing conditions (optimal or nonoptimal) result in nonunique responses. The heterogeneity of the results reported in the literature confirms how many of the topics discussed deserve further investigation, with particular attention to identifying the right dose of biochar in relation to the different preharvest factors considered.

Peran Orang Tua dalam Mencegah Paparan Asap Rokok pada Anak Usia Dini

Children as the next generation of the nation require special attention to health aspects to ensure optimal growth and development. One of the worrying health threats is the high exposure of children to cigarette smoke, which contains dangerous chemicals such as nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide. Exposure to cigarette smoke can damage the respiratory system, interfere with brain development, and affect the function of vital organs, especially in early childhood whose body systems are still vulnerable. The impacts include an increased risk of respiratory tract infections, asthma, and various other health problems that can have long-term impacts. The role of parents is very important in efforts to prevent exposure to cigarette smoke, starting from setting an example by not smoking to creating an environment free from cigarette smoke. In addition, education about the dangers of cigarette smoke needs to be given to children from an early age to increase their awareness of the importance of maintaining health. The active role of parents in building a healthy environment and educating children about the risks of cigarette smoke is an essential step in creating a healthier generation free from exposure to cigarette smoke.

The interaction of nutrient uptake with biotic and abiotic stresses in plantsFA.

Plants depend heavily on efficient nutrient uptake and utilization for optimal growth and development. However, plants are constantly subjected to a diverse array of biotic stresses, such as pathogen infections, insect pests, and herbivory, as well as abiotic stress like drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and nutrient imbalances. These stresses significantly impact the plant's ability to take up nutrient and use it efficiency. Understanding how plants maintain nutrient uptake and use efficiency under biotic and abiotic stress conditions is crucial for improving crop resilience and sustainability. This review explores the recent advancements in elucidating the mechanisms underlying nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency in plants under such stress conditions. Our aim is to offer a comprehensive perspective that can guide the breeding of stress-tolerant and nutrition-efficient crop varieties, ultimately contributing to the advancement of sustainable agriculture.

Transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection risk due to the proliferation of psychrotrophic bacterial species in RBCs and their difficulty in detection.

Reports of cases of bacterial infection due to transfusion of red blood cell (RBC) components (RBC-TTBI) are relatively rare. Hence, the possibility of undetectable bacterial contamination in RBCs, especially by psychrotrophic bacteria, must be clarified. We assessed nine psychrotrophic bacterial species, including those implicated in bacteremia or RBC-TTBIs. They were cultured on plates from 4 to 37°C to determine their optimal growth temperatures. We also assessed the detection capabilities of the automated culture/alarm system BACT/ALERT VIRTUO (VIRTUO) using BPA (aerobic) and BPN (anaerobic) bottles. In addition, bacteria-inoculated RBCs were incubated at 4°C for 42 days, with samples assessed weekly for bacterial growth using plate culture, VIRTUO, visual inspection, and endotoxin production. Two Psychrobacter species exhibited weak or no proliferation at temperatures ≥30°C in plate cultures. Three Pseudomonas species, one Psychrobacter species, and one psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria proliferated in RBCs at 4°C, reaching 104-108 colony-forming units/mL (growth count) and 15-39,230 pg/mL (endotoxin production) by day 14. VIRTUO, operating at 36°C, failed to consistently yield reliable results for any of the tested bacterial species. Notably, visual changes in bag appearance were observed from day 21 in four species that proliferated in RBCs. Each psychrotrophic bacteria demonstrated a specific temperature preference for optimal proliferation. Standard culture tests, typically conducted at 35-37°C, often fail to detect the growth of such bacteria, suggesting they may be overlooked in the cultural analysis of suspected RBC-TTBI cases.