Optimal Environment Research Articles

Selection and Registration of New Bread Wheat Variety Abay for Low to Mid-Altitude Wheat-Producing Areas of Ethiopia

Wheat production in Ethiopia in the year 2020 was around 5.1 million metric tons (World data Atlas, 2021). Although the country has the potential optimum environment for wheat production, the deficit between wheat grain production and national demand is about 1.7 million tons of wheat per annum. It is about 25% of total consumption. That is mainly due to biotic and abiotic stress threatened production results in low productivity. Wheat rust fungal pathogens are among the production constraints in Ethiopia. The national wheat research program objectively works on the development and release of resistance bread wheat variety for wheat rusts with high grain yield and good quality. In 2018 and 2019, twenty-three advanced genotypes and two checks; as a whole twenty-five entries, set as Bread Wheat National Variety Trial for Moisture Stress Areas set one (BWNVTMSAI) by the National Wheat Research Program and evaluated across different locations. The experiment was conducted in a square lattice design with three replications by the program. The experimental unit had 2.5 m length by 1.2m width was used for this trial with an area of 3m². In 2020 two promising bread wheat candidates, ETBW9396 and ETBW9080, those selected from the National Variety Trial, One standard check Daka, and one local check Kakaba, a total of four materials tested as a Variety Verification Trial (VVT) with no design and replication across four locations. Results showed about twelve genotypes have a greater than 5% grain yield advantage over the best check, Deka (Table 2). ETBW9080, ETBW9172, and ETBW9396 showed better performance for wheat rust disease (Table 3). The National Wheat Research Program selected and proposed ETBW9080 and ETBW9396 as candidate varieties. The National Variety Releasing Committee (NVRC) met its first round at Adiss Ababa in the Ministry of Agriculture in June 2021. The standing committee decided to release ETBW9636. Then. ETBW9636 registered as a new bread wheat variety in 2021 in Ethiopia. Replacement of susceptible bread wheat varieties and availing more alternatives bread wheat varieties to grow for resource-poor farmers is very crucial in the region.

History and Types of Script in Ancient Indian Civilization

Scripts and language were essential tools for expressing one's thoughts and feelings in ancient civilization, and they will be useful in acquiring a better understanding of that civilization. When we talk about scripts, we're talking about a certain way of writing or the textual medium of human communication that is utilized to communicate information. In the history of the world, script has been used to create some of the most important pieces of writing ever written, including some of the most important works of literature ever written. The most important, as well as the most fundamental, aspects of the human condition and of life have been portrayed via the medium of script. An optimum environment for language development is created by the combination of script and language, as well as a solid vocabulary and grammar. They provide a link between people of diverse cultural backgrounds. Despite the presence of various scripts in ancient India, there is a need for extensive investigation into several concerns and questions concerning their intra and inter-relationships. A combination of research methods including formative, observation, open-ended and qualitative methods have been used with a predominance of historical methods. As the main vehicle of communication, the history of script in ancient India has ignited many minds and there have been many works in this regard which merits a review.

Preparation of Mouthwash Using Red Tea and Its Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity

Background: Poor oral hygiene provides an optimum environment for bacterial biofilms formation leading to the development of periodontal diseases. Currently, researchers focus on developing oral hygiene products such as mouthwash that contain available natural products with superior biocompatibility and a low cost.
 Aim: The aim of the study was to prepare mouthwash using red tea and to evaluate its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
 Materials and Methods: This study was performed as an in vitro study under a laboratory setting. Mouthwash was prepared using red tea in the lab. Subsequently the formulation was tested for its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activity was conducted through agar well diffusion method. Antioxidant activity of the herbal mouthwash was tested using the DPPH assay at various concentrations. The obtained values were compared with that of the standard. The data was tabulated represented by the means of bar graphs.
 Results: There was an increase in the zone of inhibition of bacteria with an increase in concentration of mouthwash. DPPH assay for antioxidant activity revealed that at all concentrations the standard had more antioxidant activity compared to the herbal mouthwash. Throughout from 10 μl to 50 μl the antioxidant activity of the standard was greater than the prepared red tea mouthwash.
 Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, Red tea mediated mouthwash was found to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties at varied concentrations.

Monitoring of lithium-ion cells using a microcontroller

Abstract Safe and efficient operation of batteries is always desired but batteries with a high energy density pose a threat to the system causing thermal breakdown, reduced performance and rapid ageing. To reduce such vulnerabilities, an optimum environment with controlled parameters is required. Four parameters have been considered for analysis, i.e. state of charge, current, voltage and temperature. The module makes a detailed analysis of the above-mentioned parameters and suggests a microcontroller-based prototype that is capable of monitoring the external factors in real time and generating relevant warnings.

Trait Based Adaptation and Yield Stability Parameters in Little Millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth. ex. Roem. and Schultz.)

Twelve accessions of littlemillet genotypes which included 10 germplasm accessions and two released check varieties were studied over five environments of rainy seasons of 2013 for their grain yield and stability. The results have shown that genotypes TNPsu 141 and TNPsu 28 had possessed around unit regression coefficient (b = 1.24 to 0.82), thus displaying average stability and are adaptable to all the above five different agro-ecological zones. Also, these genotypes had non- significant S2di values enabling it to predict the stability. Genotypes TNPsu 17, PM 29, TNPsu 18, and IPmr 886 manifested significantly higher single plant grain yield than the standard check varieties along with regression coefficient values of greater than one expressing above-average stability. These can be performed better in a favourable environment. However, they were classified as unstable due to their significant S2 di values revealing that the performance of the genotypes was unpredictable for the given environment. These genotypes were performed better under optimum conditions. Out of 12 genotypes MS 1826 and MS 4684 had an average response and appeared unpredictable stability. However, among the genotypes studied, TNPsu 141 possessed low yield and perform better in sub -optimum environments which are inferred by less than unit regression.

Integrating Artificial Urban Wetlands Into Communities: A Pathway to Carbon Zero?

In their natural state, wetland ecosystems provide an optimum natural environment for the sequestration and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. The loss of wetlands under advancing urbanization not only diminishes this capacity for storage, but increases methane and greenhouse gases as the land is disturbed. Nevertheless, there is growing scientific interest in using artificial or constructed wetlands as a way to mitigate the impact of global climate change, with most attention on their use for water management. Using a potential integrated urban wetland site in Glasgow as a case study, this paper critically examines how artificial urban wetlands can contribute to urban net zero targets in terms of their ability for carbon sequestration, and as part of sustainability initiatives more broadly. We find there are several barriers to implementing artificial urban wetlands for carbon drawdown alone, in particular regarding land ownership constraints, uncertainties in capture efficacy and capture quantitation, and eligibility for market-based crediting schemes. These issues make it currently challenging for the carbon reduction contribution of urban wetlands to be quantified and, say, certified to generate revenue to communities through market-based carbon crediting. However, if integrated within wider community-based sustainability initiatives, artificial urban wetlands can support multiple dimensions of sustainability, creating or supporting value far beyond water management and carbon sequestration objectives. Potential co-benefits range from areas such as health and wellbeing, biodiversity, education, food security, behavioural changes, and social care. Our findings show that for these co-benefits to be identified, maximised and realised, a place-based approach to urban wetland development must be adopted, engaging stakeholders from the project outset to define and facilitate collaboration towards shared outcomes for society, community, and environment. These findings will be relevant to any urban infrastructure development seeking to meet sustainability goals beyond carbon capture.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM BRINE COOLING PADA SHOWCASE DAN KABIN HIDROPONIK UNTUK TANAMAN KANGKUNG (IPOMOEA AQUATICA)

Limited area and pollution in the city and also weather problem can become an obstacle to planting kale (Ipomoea Aquatica). Post harvest storage of kale also usually does not conditioned which quickly wilted and not fresh. To create an optimum environment, it was necessary to control environment factors such as air temperature, humidity, light intensity, growing media temperature and humidity, and the availability of nutrients [2]. Tofu and wood waste as a hydroponic nutrients [1] not all area were available so in this research AB Mix nutrient was used. In this research, refrigerated showcase by brine cooling was used [3][4]. Hydroponic planting system method used in this research was Deep Flow Technique which the kale (Ipomoea Aquatica) was planted in a water layer 4-6 cm deep in conditioned showcase of 20-30 0C and 60% humidity. Brine cooling was used to condition the showcase from seed to post harvest and was observed its growth. Post harvest conditioned storage was also complete the showcase more durable.
 By brine cooling system to cool brine in the range of 70C to 170, the product storage cabin was maintained at 8,70C to 10,50C and the showcase cabin was maintained at 20,40C to 23,60C. The brine cooling system has COPactual of 3,98 and COPcarnot of 6,65 with system efficiency of 59,8%.
 
 Keywords: Hydroponic, Ipomoea Aquatica, showcase, brine cooling, Deep Flow Technique.

Identification and Abundance of Macroalgae at Batu Layar Coast, West Lombok, Indonesia

Batu Layar coastal area provides an optimum environment for the diversity of coastal biota in the form of corals, crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms and macroalgae. Macroalgae are plantlike marine biota that are large in size. Based on taxonomy, macroalgae are included in the Thallophyta group because their bodies are thallus. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the abundance of macroalgae in Batu Layar Coastal areas to be used as primary data for further research. This research is located at Batu Layar Coast using the Transect method. The number of transects used is 4 transects with the length of each transect is 50 m. On each transect, 5 stations were taken. Samples of each different macroalgae species at each station were taken for the purpose of morphological identification. Macroalgae identification is presented in the form of descriptive analysis and graphs in the presentation of diversity, evenness, and abundance. The results of the identification of macroalgae in research at Batu Layar Coast as a whole found that there were 24 species of macroalgae consisting of 11 species of Chlorophyta, 8 species of Rhodophyta and 5 species of Phaeophyta. Dominant species on the shoreline are Chlorophyta, in the middle of the transect most of algae are the Phaeophyta and dominant species farthest from the shore are Rhodophyta. The conclusion is the most abundant macroalgae species is Gelidium latifolium from Rhodophyta division with number of abundance is 4.58 individuals/m2.

INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: CONCEPT, NEED, SCOPE AND DESIGNS

Inclusive education means that students should be provided with meaningful education in an optimum environment so that they can make their life successful. It is an education system that ensures that every student gets a quality education without any barriers to ability, physical disability, language, culture, family background and age. The need of inclusive education is necessary in every country because the child takes education in general with the help of inclusive education. Designs of inclusive education the proper system of teaching learning process is mandatory for it. A system which is useful for all the students and can maximize their potential.

Conservation of Contemporary Artworks Made with Soap and Research on the Appropriate Hygrothermal Environment

Various materials, depending on the personality of the artist, are required for contemporary art. Thus, it is necessary to decipher the expressive intentions of the artist and characteristics of the materials required for the conservation of such art. The purpose of this study is to analyze the causes underlying the deterioration of sculptures made from soap and to determine the ideal hygrothermal environment required to stably exhibit and store these artworks. Furthermore, we aim to maintain the long-term structures of the artworks in accordance with the changing expressions and intentions of the artist. Our analysis confirmed that the extracts of the soap sculptures were composed of glycerin and that the sculptures were sensitive to humidity. Moreover, we determined that a relative humidity (RH.) of approximately 60~65% made for an appropriate hygrothermal environment required to preserve the sculptures. We also preserved each work in various ways by applying appropriate preservation treatment, and found that the optimum preservation environment for soap sculptures was a temperature of 20±2°C and a RH. of 60±5%.

When “Face-to-Face” is No Longer an Option: Classroom Management Challenges During the Covid-19 Pandemics

The article examines the current context of teaching online or in a hybrid environment and provides recommendations pertaining to some of the classroom management techniques primary and secondary school teachers might find useful in their activities during the COVID 19 pandemics. The main aims of this article are to analyse the challenges posed by online teaching in relation to class management; to provide a toolkit for educators in relation to class management in an online teaching environment; and to better understand how the various learning styles of the students should be responded to by teachers as part of their classroom management techniques. The methodology which the current paper relies on involves both a critical analysis of classroom management techniques currently employed in traditional (i.e., face-to-face) and online education, as well as empirical methods pertaining to our own daily activities as educators (observation, questionnaires, conversation, dialogue, self-assessment of the learning outcomes, evaluation sheets). Building upon such methods, we formulate practical recommendations as to how an efficient classroom management should be handled to ensure that online teaching is performed at its best during the COVID-19 pandemics. The following results were attained as part of our research: the identification of the main challenges that the educators must deal with when managing the online class; a potential toolkit for the educators when managing their class in an online environment; a clearer understanding on how to best approach all students according to their styles of learning. The conclusions allow asserting that the educators have an essential role in adapting the online class management to the learning styles of the students and to the concrete particularities of e-learning during de COVID-19 pandemics, creating an optimum environment for the teaching and learning process.

(جودة وإتقان إلتعليم في إلمنهج إلإسلامي (المفهوم -إلمبادئ- المحاور -الشروط

The study aims at identifying extent Islam is interested in mastering education and to revealing the existence of terms that mean quality and mastery of education . Also , to determine the most important conditions required in the educational process to ensure the quality , mastery and excellence of education .Since the legal texts are certainty issues or recognized principles , the researcher used the deductive method to capture the educational principles and rules by tracking Quran Verses and Prophetic Sayings and the sayings of the good Salaf and the jurisprudence of the Muslim education scholars related to the quality of education as evidence and as influencing factors on the existence of quality.The research has reached a number of outcomes , the most important of which are: The Islamic school of thought has included a number of terms that benefit the mastery and the quality ( such as fidelity , benevolence , reform and mastery ) and the Muslim individual had to practice these terms or meanings practically in his daily life because they are all acts of worship to his Creator ( God , the Great and Almighty) , whenever intention and good work are fixed. The results also showed that mastering and quality of education in the Islamic school of thought are based on a genuine basis of principles , including : Fullawareness of the purposes of Islamic Sharia , the status of knowledge and acting scholars , the virtue of teaching and learning in Islam. The results have also indicated that the Muslim State is responsible and the sole guarantor of mastering education through its duty to Sanctify knowledge , scholars and knowledge seekers and by providing the optimum environment necessary for mastering education . The research also stressed the importance of having specific conditions for the educational process (teacher , learner , curriculum , school environment and educational administration ) to ensure the mastery and quality of education and the protection of society from all forms of professional fraud.In the light of the previous findings the research came out with a number of recommendations for mastering education , including : The school curricula should highlight the values of knowledge , scholars and knowledge seekers , and introduce the concepts of mastering education ( such as fidelity , mastery and benevolence) in teachers training programs and the profession ethics .

ANALYTICAL QUALITY-BY-DESIGN (AQBD) APPROACH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF LAMOTRIGINE IN BULK AND TABLET FORMULATION

The current analytical exploration illustrated developing a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique and consequent substantiation for analyzing lamotrigine (LAM) active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) using a Quality-by-design (QbD) approach (Central Composite Design), in bulk product as well as in the tablet formulations. In this experiment, based on systematic scouting, four key components (viz., mobile phase, column, flow-rate, and wavelength) were studied by the RP-HPLC method. 13 experimental runs were done with acetonitrile (ACN) (40-60% v/v) having flow-rate in the range 0.8 mL/min to 1.2 mL/min. The proposed analytical method was thoroughly corroborated in terms of ruggedness linearity, robustness, accuracy, and precision in accordance with ICH guideline Q2A and ICH guideline Q2B. Under the optimum chromatographic environment; Intersil C8 column of 250 mm length, 4.6 mm (i.d.); 20 μL injection volume; and mobile phase ACN: Methanol (60:40 v/v), a retention time of 2.542 min was noticed at 220 nm detection wavelength. The method was found to be extremely reproducible, accurate, linear, precise, robust, and economically adequate to execute the estimation. The intended analytical technique was thoroughly assessed through statistical tools and could be an imperative concern for the habitual scrutiny of LAM in bulk products and its formulation.

Achieving effective patient outcomes with PolyMem® Silicone Border.

Clinicians are under increasing pressure to provide high-quality patient outcomes at a reduced cost. Increasingly, community staff must acquire knowledge on advanced wound care products to cope with the growing caseload demands. This article describes the use of PolyMem® dressings to reduce pain, inflammation, oedema and bruising and their ability to debride and absorb exudate while providing an optimum healing environment. The PolyMem range includes multifunctional dressings for various painful chronic wounds. This article also presents five case studies with particularly good patient outcomes where PolyMem dressings were the primary dressing. All five patients were holistically assessed to enable consistent evidence-based treatment decisions. In four cases, the new PolyMem Silicone Border dressing was used. The patients found the PolyMem Silicone Border dressing comfortable and gentle on removal even when the skin was extremely fragile. The right dressing used at the right time on the right patient can improve patient outcomes.

An Afrophilic P4C intervention: The case of Sebakwe primary schools in Zimbabwe

Decades of research and practical engagement with an educational approach known as Philosophy for Children (P4C) has documented and exemplified how the approach provides an optimum environment for the advancement of children’s rationality in diversity, critical reflexive thinking, and problem-solving skills. While this is certainly important, there is still a need to expand insights into how curriculum reform and transformation in Zimbabwe emerge from Afrophilic P4C learning processes. Drawing on insights from my involvement in a formative intervention study in a Sebakwe schools cluster, the paper provides descriptions and practical insights on how children’s participation in a sociocultural approach to Afrophilic P4C sessions contributed to educational theory and practice The results showed that this formative intervention strengthens connections to children’s lifeworlds and their engagement with the world. Moreover, in an education system with a pedagogy that is transfixed on technical disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) and success in examination, the experiences and practices of children need to become alternative lenses for mediating epistemic engagement and developing a critical generative approach that considers heritage-based curriculum foundations in the Zimbabwe national schools’ curriculum.

Role of Candida glabrata as nosocomial pathogen and its susceptibility to Fluconazole, Voriconazole, Caspofungin, Micafungin and Amphotericin B

Candida has different types that could cause bloodstream infections. A total number of 150 samples were collected from candidemia patients and examined. The Candida spp. Species isolated from blood samples were analysed. These were identified by culturing the species using different media, namely the chromogenic agar test. Then, the virulence factors of all samples were tested. The Candida glabrata isolates were tested with six commercial antifungal drugs. C. glabrata 67 (44.6%), C. albicans 34 (22.6%), C. krusei 18 (12%), C. tropicalis 17 (11.3%), and C. parasilosis 14 (9.3%). the production of phospholipase ranged between 0.63-0.99 mm. It was found that 96% of the species showed phospholipase activity in aerobic conditions. The protease activities of Candida spp. Isolates were experimentally tested by area of inhibition around the colonies, where 59.3% had the double (++) protease activity, 31.4% with (+) grade, and 9.3% had (–) grade or clear zone around the colony. The hemolytic capacity ranged from 0.69-0.89 in the optimum aerobic environments. Finally, 38.33% of the isolated Candida spp. were positive and 61.67% negative for biofilm formation. Out of the total positive Candida spp. for biofilm formation, 21.73% were strong biofilm producers, and 78.27% were weak. Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of Fluconazole for C. glabrata isolates was not appropriate (NA) due to the occurrence of low inhibition tested for species. Micafungin exhibited the lowest fungicidal activity against C. glabrata ranging from 0.03 - 0.125, while Fluconazole showed the highest.

Identification of the Optimum Environments for the High Yield and Quality Traits of Lentil Genotypes Evaluated in Multi-Location Trials

Lentil is a versatile and profitable pulse crop with high nutritional food and feed values. The objectives of the study were to determine suitable locations for high yield and quality in terms of production and/or breeding, and to identify promising genotypes. For this reason, five lentil genotypes were evaluated in a multi-location network consisting of ten diverse sites for two consecutive growing seasons, for seed yield (SY), other agronomic traits, crude protein (CP), cooking time (CT) and crude protein yield (CPY). A significant diversification and specialization of the locations was identified with regards to SY, CP, CT and CPY. Different locations showed optimal values for each trait. Locations E4 and E3, followed by E10, were “ideal” for SY; locations E1, E3 and E7 were ideal for high CP; and the “ideal” locations for CT were E3 and E5, followed by E2. Therefore, the scope of the cultivation determined the optimum locations for lentil cultivation. The GGE-biplot analysis revealed different discriminating abilities and representativeness among the locations for the identification of the most productive and stable genotypes. Location E3 (Orestiada, Region of Thrace) was recognized as being optimal for lentil breeding, as it was the “ideal” or close to “ideal” for the selection of superior genotypes for SY, CP, CT and CPY. Adaptable genotypes (cv. Dimitra, Samos) showed a high SY along with excellent values for CP, CT and CPY, and are suggested either for cultivation in many regions or to be exploited in breeding programs.

OPTIMIZATION OF DISSIMILAR FRICTION STIR WELDED ALUMINUM PATES (2024 T3 AND 7075T6) BY USING DIFFERENT METHODS

Friction stir welding (FSW) has many advantages when compared with another fusion welding. The experimental analysis and optimization of friction stir welding (FSW) were done to obtain desired mechanical properties of dissimilar aluminum welded plates (2024T3 and 7075T6). The friction stir welding process was done on aluminum plates (2024T3 and 7075T6) for different three rotating speeds (710, 1120 and 1800), three welding speeds (25, 50 and 77), three different steel tools (Square, cylindrical and Hexagonal) and 2° title angle. The different tests of welding were done according to the orthogonal matrix of experimental design analysis, then a tensile test was done to calculate the ultimate stress to get the welding efficiency. The optimum welding environment led to the maximum efficiency was obtained by these methods (Taguchi, Particle Swarm Optimization and new modified Particle Swarm Optimization). Particle swarm optimization (and its new modification) used an artificial neural network to find the relation between the input and output parameters. The results showed that when the rotating speed is increased and welding speed is decreased (but this conclusion depends on tool shape) the welding efficiency is increased. The present study showed that the modified PSO is the best method to find the optimum welding environment as compared with experimental results

The evolution of habitat construction with and without phenotypic plasticity.

Habitat construction and phenotypic plasticity are alternative responses to variable environments. We explored evolution along an environmental gradient of habitat construction alone and in combination with phenotypic plasticity using individual-based simulations that manipulated the fitness benefit of construction and whether construction maintained or eliminated that gradient. Construction was favored when its benefits were more likely to flow to the immediate offspring of the constructing individuals. Habitat construction and phenotypic plasticity traded off against each other or plasticity was selected against, depending on how the optimum environment varied and with the fitness value of construction. When selection favored differences in the amount of construction along the environmental gradient, genetic differentiation for habitat construction increased as the fitness value of construction increased. The degree to which each adaptive response was likely to evolve also depended on the precise ordering of life history events. Adaptive habitat construction does not always occur and may be selected against.

Migratory birds’ physiology: A review

Migration has come from the latin word “migrare” may be defined as the seasonal movement of animals from one place to another. Bird migration was described by L. Thomson as “changes of habitat periodically recurring and alternating in direction, which tend to secure optimum environment conditions at all times”. Temperature, food supply, or the amount of daylight animals migrate, breeding is one of the purposes. Migratory birds undergo two migrations per year: a fall migration and a spring migration. Pre-migratory fattening is the behavior shown by the migratory birds in which they eat food in excess (hyperphagia) and gain weight quickly just to deal with the high energy demands for long migratory flight. This fueling is done before the migratory take off as well as at stopover sites of their routes. Fuel reserves reach maximum levels when birds start long non-stop flight. Feathers’ aerodynamic and insulatory functions are affected by long flight and its exposure to light therefore, the plumage is replaced periodically through a process known as molt. The corticosterone plays a major role in metabolic and behavioral functions to manage fuel utilization on a daily and seasonal basis. Migratory birds usually fly in a V formation and they follow a definite order during migration. Generally adults or old birds start first and the young follow them. Variety of senses helps in the navigation during migratory flight. It’s one of the peculiar system followed by the birds to know their route of migration and is followed by them each and every yearly of their flight. The most commonly used navigation tool is the use of sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Other abilities include detecting the magnetic fields, visual landmarks and olfactory cues. Anatomical, physiological and molecular analyses have revealed that in birds independent clocks are present at a minimum of three levels: retina of the eyes, pineal gland and hypothalamus. Each of these has input, pacemaker and output components. It is becoming clearer that environmental input to the clock, such as seasonal changes in temperature, rainfall and food abundance, can regulate temporal relationships between physiology and behavior, linked with migration and reproduction.