Optimal Coordination Of Overcurrent Relays Research Articles

A crucial remark on the importance of considering transient configurations on the optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in power systems with high penetration of inverter-based generation resources

A crucial remark on the importance of considering transient configurations on the optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in power systems with high penetration of inverter-based generation resources

Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in power energy systems with emphasis on the discreteness of variables: Comprehensive comparisons

The challenge related to the coordination of overcurrent relays in a looped network, which is a highly constrained problem, is to find a more optimum solution and at the same time there is no miscoordination. In this problem, the utilized optimization algorithm has a direct effect on finding a more optimal solution. High exploration particle swarm optimization (HEPSO) algorithm, which utilizes multi-crossover mechanism of the genetic algorithm and the bee colony mechanism to increase the exploration capability, has been selected to solve the coordination problem. To validate the HEPSO algorithm, a new algorithm called turbulent flow of water-based optimization (TFWO) is also used, and their results are compared. A new approach to discretization of variables is presented, which prevents miscoordination in the relays coordination. It is a realistic assumption for all relay types, especially digital relays, in preventing miscoordination. Also, the outage of sub-transmission transformers is considered for determining pickup current, which is a practical aspect of power systems operation. The obtained results are compared with the results of other algorithms and methods such as metaheuristic, mathematical and analytical, and hybrid methods. The efficiency of the selected algorithm is proven through comprehensive comparisons. The results show more optimum solutions while there is no miscoordination. Finally, the performance of the selected algorithm and the proposed approaches are tested on IEEE 14 and 30-bus test systems. Since these test systems are large enough, the number of problem variables will increase significantly, effectively validating the power and robustness of the selected algorithm to tackle this complex and constrained problem. The outage of transformers in determining pickup currents had been implemented in this section.

Optimal over-current relay coordination in distribution network using grew wolf optimization

Optimal over-current relay coordination in distribution network using grew wolf optimization

Optimal Coordination of Inverse Time Overcurrent Relays using COA and GSA Heuristic Algorithms

Optimal Coordination of Inverse Time Overcurrent Relays using COA and GSA Heuristic Algorithms

Optimal adaptive coordination of overcurrent relays in power systems protection using a new hybrid metaheuristic algorithm

AbstractAdvent of distributed generation and progression towards an intelligent grid infrastructure within the domain of contemporary electrical power systems have created dynamic load profiles. Accompanying these developments, protective relays are faced with an evolving electrical load landscape and variable fault current conditions, resulting in disparate operational timings throughout the diurnal cycle. In light of these challenges, this paper delineates the formulation and simulation of a novel adaptive protection strategy for overcurrent relays, meticulously tailored to accommodate the fluctuations in electrical load. To construct a robust framework for this adaptive mechanism, a series of hypothetical fault current scenarios are meticulously crafted to activate the relays within the briefest time interval feasible. Further innovating within this sphere, this paper introduces a new hybrid algorithm, deftly amalgamating the strengths of three preeminent metaheuristic models: Improved Harmony Search, Particle Swarm Optimization, and Differential Evolution. Simulations and analyses substantiate the efficacy of the algorithm in optimizing the coordination among overcurrent relays aiming to uphold the overarching protective imperatives of the grid. For the IEEE 6‐bus system, the mean value of the objective function during 24 h in Monte Carlo is 292.6607 and very close to 272.0758 in the simulation of eight stochastic scenarios, which contributes to the validity of the approach in practical settings. Also, in the IEEE 30‐bus system, the results of the mean relay operation time set for the hours with the lowest and highest consumption load are 17.1297 and 14.8049 s, which reveals the increase in the operation speed of the relays.

Optimal coordination of overcurrent relays in microgrids using meta-heuristic algorithms NSGA-II and harmony search

The emergence of distributed generation from renewable energy sources has led to the adoption microgrids as an alternative energy solution. However, implementing microgrids presents challenges, particularly in coordinating relay protection, due to factors like distributed generation sources, bidirectional power flow, variable short-circuit levels, and changes in network behavior. Although overcurrent relays (OCR) are frequently utilized in microgrid protection, a more adaptable strategy is needed as grid architectures transition from radial to non-radial. This paper proposes a new method to optimize the coordination of OCRs in microgrids by adjusting parameters like time multiplier settings (TMS), plug settings (PS), and characteristic curve selection. The study utilizes meta-heuristic techniques such as the harmony search algorithm (HSA) and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSAGA-II) for optimal coordination. Simulations on a microgrid and bus test system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in enhancing protection indicators like sensitivity, speed, selectivity, and reliability in microgrid operations. The results also indicate that the computation time of HSA is less than NSGA-II, but with an increase in DGs capacity, there is a continuous tendency to reduce the relay operation time.

A Novel Application of Fractional Order Derivative Moth Flame Optimization Algorithm for Solving the Problem of Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays

The proper coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is crucial in electrical power systems. The coordination of DOCRs in a multi-loop power system is expressed as an optimization problem. The aim of this study focuses on improving the protection system’s performance by minimizing the total operating time of DOCRs via effective coordination with main and backup DOCRs while keeping the coordination constraints within allowable limits. The coordination problem of DOCRs is solved by developing a new application strategy called Fractional Order Derivative Moth Flame Optimizer (FODMFO). This approach involves incorporating the ideas of fractional calculus (FC) into the mathematical model of the conventional moth flame algorithm to improve the characteristics of the optimizer. The FODMFO approach is then tested on the coordination problem of DOCRs in standard power systems, specifically the IEEE 3, 8, and 15 bus systems as well as in 11 benchmark functions including uni- and multimodal functions. The results obtained from the proposed method, as well as its comparison with other recently developed algorithms, demonstrate that the combination of FOD and MFO improves the overall efficiency of the optimizer by utilizing the individual strengths of these tools and identifying the globally optimal solution and minimize the total operating time of DOCRs up to an optimal value. The reliability, strength, and dependability of FODMFO are supported by a thorough statistics study using the box-plot, histograms, empirical cumulative distribution function demonstrations, and the minimal fitness evolution seen in each distinct simulation. Based on these data, it is evident that FODMFO outperforms other modern nature-inspired and conventional algorithms.

Optimal overcurrent relay coordination: Balancing costs, time performance and generator placement in fault current limiter optimization

AbstractThe integration of synchronous generators (SG) to the grid will present serious problems in some instances. The increase in fault current level is one of the most crucial issues, which causes miscoordination between directional over current relays (DOCRs), in addition to putting excessive pressure on the circuit breakers. This research uses the Fault Current Limiters (FCL) to restore coordination, without changing the settings of DOCRs, by reducing the level of fault current in the grid. The main goal of this research is to find the optimal size, location, and number of FCLs at the minimum cost and with the least operation time for the relays, using Jellyfish Search Optimisation (JSO) algorithm. This can be achieved through three different approaches. The first one is optimizing the location, number, and impedance size of the FCL by minimising a cost function. The second approach involves optimizing the backup relay operation time. A combination of the two previous approaches is used as the third approach. The outstanding feature of this research is that it considers the optimal location of DG and FCL while optimizing the operation times of DOCRs, which is a new framework.

An adaptive protection coordination for microgrids utilizing an improved optimization technique for user-defined DOCRs characteristics with different groups of settings considering N-1 contingency

Due to the increased integration of distributed generation (DG) in electric power systems, optimal coordination of overcurrent relays has become a key problem in power distribution systems. However, there is a lack of expertise in the creation of optimum microgrid coordination that takes into account all N-1 scenarios through the nonstandard relay characteristics. This work presents a novel technique for optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) in terms of relay curve settings (A and B), time dial setting (TDS) and plug setting (PS) to achieve the shortest running time and attain optimal settings. The optimization is carried out using a modified version of the Hanger Games Search algorithm (MHGS). The performance of the proposed method is assessed using the 14 bus distribution system while considering all the N-1 contingencies. DIgSILENT software was utilized to perform the required power system analysis, such as power flow and short circuit analysis. The MHGS method is used to determine the best settings for the DOCRs problem. The results are compared to the traditional HGS as well as those obtained by other current optimization approaches provided in the literature in order to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed MHGS in lowering relay operation time for optimum DOCRs coordination.

Optimal coordination of overcurrent relays for microgrid operation using JAYA algorithm

In modern microgrids, relay coordination is a very tedious task because of the variation in magnitude and direction of fault current. The change in fault current is diverse for inverter interfaced DGs (IIDGs) and synchronous-based DGs (SBDGs) The conventional relay protection scheme is found to be ineffective or non-functional in changing microgrid topologies with several protection issues. Therefore, optimum relay coordination is necessary for adequate protection of the microgrids. This paper proposed optimum coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) with modified objective function using the JAYA algorithm in microgrid scenario. In addition to coordination time intervals (CTI), the proposed objective function also takes into account the miscoordination and insensibility factor. The JAYA method has the advantage of not requiring any algorithm-specific control parameters over traditional optimization strategies. The potency of the proposed method is tested on a 4 bus system and 13 bus radial distribution system and a comparison with other contemporary optimization techniques is approached. The outcomes gained with the proposed JAYA for relay coordination outperform other algorithms. The proposed approach ensures a superior convergence profile while avoiding the pitfalls of local minima and also helps to minimizes the objective function while retaining the CTI and accurately computing the relay operating time.

Optimal overcurrent relay coordination for interconnected power systems: A proper approach and improved technique

The optimum setting of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is required to avoid miscoordination and avail fast response. To fulfill these requirements, it is required to prefer optimization techniques and modifications in objective functions (OF). Many researchers have adopted soft computing techniques and suggested modifications in the objective function for problem formulation of overcurrent relay coordination. Though these modifications and suggestions attain an optimum value of relay parameters, unfortunately, some of them don't follow the fundamental requirements of overcurrent relay coordination. This paper reflects on such modified objective functions and conveys a proper approach. Further, the paper proposes a new objective function as per the overcurrent relay coordination criteria. The novelty of the paper is to modify the existing objective function as per overcurrent relays coordination criteria and to add a new term in it to avoid miscoordination. The proposed objective function (POF) is applied on two power system test networks and results reveal that it is efficient and accurate.

Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays in complex networks using the Elite marine predators algorithm

The integration of renewable energy sources in the distribution network (DN) has had a significant influence by reducing power loss and enhancing network dependability. Aside from that, the protection system has met coordination issues as a result of bidirectional power flow and variations in fault levels. Therefore, an optimal coordination strategy is required to deal with relays coordination problem. The coordination problem of the directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is a restricted optimization issue that involves determining appropriate time dial settings (TDS) and plug setting (PS) to reduce relays operating time. Currently, a various nontraditional optimization strategies have been presented to overcome this challenge. In this paper, a modified version of the marine predators algorithm (MPA) referred to as Elite marine predator (EMPA) is developed for the optimal coordination of DOCRs. Therefore, the EMPA method is used to find out the optimal settings for the DOCRs problem. The suggested algorithm's performance is evaluated using standard test systems, including 3-bus, 8-bus, 9-bus, and 15-bus. The findings are compared with the traditional MPA and with other recent optimization methods presented in the literature to prove the efficiency and superiority of the proposed EMPA in reducing relay operation time for optimal DOCRs coordination.

Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays Using Hybrid Firefly–Genetic Algorithm

The application of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) plays an important role in protecting power systems and ensuring their safe, reliable, and efficient operation. However, coordinating DOCRs involves solving a highly constrained and nonlinear optimization problem. The primary objective of optimization is to minimize the total operating time of DOCRs by determining the optimal values for decision variables such as the time multiplier setting (TMS) and plug setting (PS). This article presents an efficient hybrid optimization algorithm that combines the modified firefly algorithm and genetic algorithm to achieve improved solutions. First, this study modifies the firefly algorithm to obtain a global solution by updating the firefly’s brightness and to prevent the distance between the individual fireflies from being too far. Additionally, the randomized movements are controlled to produce a high convergence rate. Second, the optimization problem is solved using the genetic algorithm. Finally, the solution obtained from the modified firefly algorithm is used as the initial population for the genetic algorithm. The proposed algorithms have been tested on the IEEE 3-bus, 8-bus, 9-bus and 15-bus networks. The results indicate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithms in minimizing the total operating time of DOCRs compared with other optimization methods presented in the literature.

Artificial intelligence based optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relay in distribution systems considering vehicle to grid technology

Optimal coordination of overcurrent relays has become a major challenge in power distribution systems due to the increasing participation of distributed generation (DG) and electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, especially vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. This paper proposes a novel approach for optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) to achieve the minimum operating time and obtain optimal tuning in terms of time dial setting (TDS) and pick-up current (IP) considering V2G integration. The optimization was conducted using three different Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques: grey wolf optimization (GWO), cuckoo search (CS), and Hunger Games Search (HGS), and was performed on two systems: IEEE 33-bus system and a local grid located in El-Shorouk City–district#8 (ShC-D8), Cairo, Egypt. The proposed methodology is constructed and validated on ETAP and MATLAB software packages. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed optimization techniques provide high dynamic performance and accurate coordination of DOCRs. The results show that HGS achieves the minimum operating time of all overcurrent relays as compared with GWO and CS. The effect of V2G integration on the coordination methodology is also considered. The proposed approach provides a significant contribution to the field of power system protection and can help improve the reliability and efficiency of power distribution systems with V2G integration.

A New Method for Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent and Distance Relays

A New Method for Optimal Coordination of Overcurrent and Distance Relays

Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays and distance relays using different optimization algorithms

The focus of this study is on solving the coordination problem between distance relays (DISRs) and directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs), which is a complex nonlinear problem with various constraints. Ensuring proper coordination between DOCRs and distance relays is critical for maintaining the security of electrical networks. The primary objective of employing optimization algorithms is to determine the optimal operating time for zone-2 of distance relays, as well as the DOCRs setting, time dial setting (TDS), and pickup current (Ipickup). The optimization techniques must also guarantee that the primary and backup relays operate in sequence without any violation. To this end, both recent and well-established optimization algorithms are evaluated using an 8-bus network, with the aim of determining the DOCRs setting and the optimal operating time for zone-2 of distance relays. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of different optimization algorithms, including both traditional and recent techniques, is conducted.

Evaluating the Effect of the Communication Link of the Relays on the Operation Time of the Protection System

In case of an error in the power system, it is the duty of the protection relays to isolate the faulty part from the rest of the system as soon as possible. Overcurrent and distance relays are usually used to protect the transmission and super distribution systems. The optimum coordination of these relays is very important. In this article, communication links are used to improve the optimal coordination of overcurrent and distance relays. In the proposed plan, the overcurrent relays on both sides of the line are equipped with a communication link for immediate action in the event of an error. Using this communication link, the complete coverage of the line is also provided by distance relays. The number and place of installation of the communication link greatly affect the operation time of overcurrent relays and the distance and coordination between them. The coordination problem is formulated by considering the location and number of communication links, and to solve it, the combined optimization algorithm of genetics and linear programming will be used. With the help of the genetic algorithm, the location and setting of the second zone of the distance relay, and by using the linear programming algorithm, the setting of the overcurrent relays is determined. The proposed method has been tested on the IEEE 14-bus (the simulation in MATLAB software) network and its results examined, and it will be seen how much the existence of a communication link can improve the performance time of the protection system.

Comparative study of optimization methods for optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays with distributed generators

<span lang="EN-US">Due to the growing penetration of distributed generators (DGs), that are based on renewable energy, into the distribution network, it is necessary to address the coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) in the presence of these generators. This problem has been solved by many metaheuristic optimization techniques to obtain the optimal relay parameters and to have an optimal coordination of the protection relays by considering the coordination constraints. In this article, a comparative study of the optimization techniques proposed in the literature addresses the optimal coordination problem using digital DOCRs with standard properties according to IEC60-255. For this purpose, the three most efficient and robust optimization techniques, which are particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and differential evolution (DE), are considered. Simulations were performed using MATLAB R2021a by applying the optimization methods to an interconnected 9-bus and 15-bus power distribution systems. The obtained simulation results show that, in case of distributed generation, the best optimization method to solve the relay protection coordination problem is the differential evolution DE. </span>

Application of Equilibrium Optimizer Algorithm for Solving Linear and non Linear Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays

The safety and reliability of an electrical network depend on the performance of the protections utilized. Therefore, the optimal coordination of the protective devices plays an essential role. In this paper, a new algorithm, Equilibrium Optimizer (EO), which is based on the physical equation of the mass balance, is implemented in the problem of the Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays (DOCRs). Moreover, the proposed method uses Linear Programming (LP), Nonlinear Programming (NLP) and Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) in order to optimize the Time Dial Setting (TDS), as well as the Plug Setting (PS), satisfying all possible constraints. Additionally, the performance of EO is evaluated using several benchmarks with different topologies. The results demonstrated the applicability and efficacy of the proposed approach. A comparison with other studies reported in specialized literature is provided to demonstrate the benefits of the proposed approach.

A Novel Proposed Algorithm to Enhance the Overcurrent Relays’ Performance in Active Distribution Networks

This research addresses two topics: the first is the optimal coordination of overcurrent relays (OCRs), which has recently become a major challenge to ensure reliability and speed of relays’ operation, and the second is a modified circuit added to the OCR to vanquish the barriers caused by the ever-increasing participation of distributed energy resources (DERs), at a lower cost. For robust and reliable OCRs coordination, various types of optimization techniques are frequently used to find optimal OCRs settings in distribution networks (DNs). In this study, the improved wild horse optimization (IWHO) algorithm is used as a novel metaheuristic method for solving optimization issues in coordination of OCRs in a distribution network, for the first time. This technique is used to determine the optimal time multiplier setting (TMS) and optimal pickup setting (PS) of OCRs in order to minimize the overall operating time. The results of the proposed algorithm are compared with those obtained from other recent metaheuristic techniques. The obtained TMS and PS settings of each relay show the effectiveness of the proposed IWHO technique in terms of accuracy and speed in a medium scale radial network configuration. To replace the costly mitigation methods employed in the DN comprising DER, a simple circuit was proposed to be added to the OCR. Using the angle’s sign of positive sequence current component (PSCC) of fault current solely, this proposed circuit can detect the fault direction and assist the OCR in making the correct decision in fault detection and clearing with high penetration of DERs. IEEE-33 bus electrical power system has been used to validate the newly proposed protective solutions.