Optimal Storage Conditions Research Articles

Wastewater sample storage for physicochemical and microbiological analysis.

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a crucial tool for health and environmental monitoring, providing real-time data on public health indicators by analysis of sewage samples. Ensuring the integrity of these samples from collection to analysis is paramount. This study investigates the effects of different cold-storage conditions on the integrity of wastewater samples, focusing on both microbiological markers (such as extractable nucleic acids, SARS-CoV-2, and crAssphage) and physicochemical parameters (including ammonium, orthophosphate, pH, conductivity, and turbidity). Composite samples from the raw wastewater influent from five wastewater treatment works in South Wales, UK, were stored at 4°C, -20°C, and -80°C, and subjected to up to six freeze-thaw cycles over one year. The study found significant effects of storage temperature on the preservation of certain WBE markers, with the best yield most frequently seen in samples stored at -80°C. However, the majority of WBE markers showed no significant difference between storage at -80°C or at 4°C, demonstrating that it may not always be necessary to archive wastewater samples at ultra-low temperatures, thus reducing CO2 emissions and laboratory energy costs. These findings underscore the importance of optimized storage conditions to maintain sample integrity, while ensuring accurate and reliable WBE data for public health and environmental monitoring.

Review of Post-Harvest Rice Cooling for Storage in the USA

The aim of this review paper is to document the role of post-harvest rice cooling in ensuring the safe storage of rice, given the ongoing increase in rice production. The United States exports substantial quantities of rice, with milled and rough rice being the primary exports. The industry has experienced growth, propelled by rising demand, a diverse population, and international trade. Effective storage of harvested rice is essential for year-round utilization, and the USA utilizes both on-farm and off-farm in-bin storage methods equipped with features like moisture control, pest management, and temperature regulation. The adoption of rice cooling technology for storage emerges as a solution to accelerate drying, prolong shelf life, and improve overall quality. Despite challenges such as upfront costs and energy requirements, cooling technology offers benefits for both short-term and long-term storage. Integrating cooling models into mathematical simulations becomes crucial for optimizing storage conditions. Research opportunities in post-harvest rice cooling focus on energy-efficient technologies, smart sensors, modern storage structures, microbial control methods, and economic evaluations. Future trends encompass automation, intelligent monitoring, climate-controlled storage, sustainability measures, and technological integration to enhance the efficiency and security of rice storage facilities in the USA.

Study on Viability of Fungal Bioagents in Vacuum Packing Compared with Conventional Packing in different Storage Conditions

The shelf life and viability of the bioagents are influenced by several factors, including the type of nutrients in the formulation, moisture content and the ability of propagules to withstand adverse climatic conditions. There are numerous commercial formulations of Trichoderma species primarily used to combat soil-borne diseases. The present study was conducted to understand the optimal storage conditions suitable for these bioagents. By this study, where the viability in vacuum packing and conventional packing were compared, it was observed that the vacuum packing did not offer any advantages over conventional packing methods. Additionally, storing the bioagents in a refrigerator at 4 °C was more effective compared to other storage conditions, such as room temperature (27 ± 2 °C), incubator (24 ± 2 °C) and deep freezer (-20 °C).

The Impact of Drying Techniques on Stabilizing Microencapsulated Astaxanthin From Shrimp Shells: A Comparative Study of Spray Drying Versus Freeze Drying

ABSTRACTThe research aimed to study how different drying methods (spray and freeze drying) affect the release kinetics of microencapsulated astaxanthin in various environmental conditions. Shrimp shell extract containing astaxanthin was encapsulated using different wall components (maltodextrin with different dextrose equivalents and modified starch) via a simplex lattice mixture design. The encapsulated extract was then subjected to storage at different temperatures (25°C ± 2°C and 2°C ± 4°C) and humidity conditions (52% ± 2% and 75% ± 2%), as well as exposure to UV light (four 15 W lamps, 254 nm, for 10 h). The release kinetics of astaxanthin were analyzed using various models (page, Newton Korsmeyer–Peppas model, Modified Henderson and Pabis, Diffusion approach, and Two‐term exponential). The evaluation results of correlation coefficient (R2), root mean square deviation (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values of different models showed that the astaxanthin degradation followed a two‐term exponential kinetics in both types of microcapsules. Astaxanthin degradation increased with higher temperatures, humidity, and UV light exposure. However, microcapsules with equal wall compound ratios exhibited better preservation of astaxanthin. The study also emphasized the significance of optimizing storage conditions and wall materials for microencapsulated astaxanthin, as well as the utility of the two‐term exponential model in enhancing stability and shelf life.

Integration of renewable energy-powered cold storage solutions for reducing post-harvest food waste in rural agricultural areas

Post-harvest food loss remains a critical challenge in rural agricultural areas, exacerbated by inadequate storage facilities and unreliable energy access. This study develops and optimizes an advanced renewable energy-powered cold storage system tailored for rural settings, integrating solar and wind energy with phase change materials (PCMs) for efficient energy storage. The system incorporates Internet of Things (IoT)-based sensors and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven energy management to maintain optimal storage conditions and enhance energy efficiency. Field trials conducted in Lincolnshire, UK, and Appalachian regions of the US demonstrated significant reductions in post-harvest food loss by an average of 43.5%, extensions in produce shelf-life by up to 300%, and increased income for smallholder farmers by approximately 43%. The system also achieved an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional diesel-powered systems. Economic analyses revealed a shorter payback period and higher return on investment, confirming the system's viability. High user satisfaction and adoption rates indicate the system's practicality and potential for widespread implementation. The findings suggest that integrating renewable energy with smart technologies in cold storage solutions offers a scalable and sustainable approach to enhancing food security, promoting economic growth in rural areas, and supporting environmental objectives globally.

Total protein concentration and stability of Amb a 1 in glycerinated ragweed sublingual immunotherapy stored at room temperature and refrigerated cold temperature.

Few studies have investigated optimal storage conditions or expiration dates for sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) formulations prepared from glycerinated allergen extracts. The objective of this study was to compare concentrations of short ragweed major allergen (Amb a 1) and total protein in SLIT formulations stored at two different temperatures. It was hypothesised that protein concentrations would show greater decline over time in a formulation stored at room temperature (RT) than in one stored under refrigeration. Two SLIT samples containing equal volumes of 20,000 PNU Amb a 1 extract were prepared and stored at refrigerated cold (CT) (2-8°C) or RT (20-24°C) for 140 days. Changes in total protein and major allergen concentration and composition were measured by Bradford assay, two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and SDS-PAGE. Presence of Amb a 1 was confirmed with Western immunoblot. Data were analysed using an analysis of covariance, with p < 0.05 considered significant. SDS-PAGE showed compositional changes in a ~26-30 kDa protein band under RT and not CT storage. The Amb a 1 concentration of the RT SLIT sample declined significantly over time, compared to that of the CT SLIT sample (F(1,8) = 47.69, p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in total protein concentration over time between groups (F(1,8) = 1.79, p = 0.22). These results demonstrate that storage of glycerinated SLIT formulations in refrigerated CT preserved the highest concentration of the specific allergen Amb a 1, suggesting that SLIT formulations containing short ragweed should be stored under refrigeration.

Effect of Modified Atmospheric Storage on Seed Longevity of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Seed quality is crucial for boosting seed production and productivity. However, soybean seeds are inherently short lived, quickly loses viability even under optimal storage conditions. Therefore, maintaining their quality during storage is of prime importance. Keeping these in view a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of modified atmospheric storage on seed quality of soybean (cv. DSb 34). The freshly harvested seeds with initial moisture content of 7.6% were stored in different modified atmospheric gaseous combinations for nine months from November 2023- August 2024. Results indicated that the seeds stored with gaseous combination of 90 % CO2: 4 % O2: 6 % N2 in 700 gauge polyethylene bag maintained better seed quality in terms of germination (86.77%), shoot length (14.49 cm), root length (12.58 cm), dry weight(0.995g/ 10 seedlings), seedling vigour index I (2349) and II (86.34) upto the end of nine months storage period by recording higher total dehydrogenase (0.438 OD value), α- amylase (10.72 µmol of maltose released min-¹ ml-1 of enzyme) and catalase activity (1.364 µmol H₂O₂ decomposed minˉ¹gˉ¹ protein) compared to all other gaseous combinations and control. Hence, this technique can be used to maintain seed longevity with little deterioration, ensuring the quality of seeds even after extended storage period.

A Streamlined High-Throughput LC-MS Assay for Quantifying Peptide Degradation in Cell Culture.

Peptides are widely used in biomaterials due to their easy of synthesis, ability to signal cells, and modify the properties of biomaterials. A key benefit of using peptides is that they are natural substrates for cell-secreted enzymes, which creates the possibility of utilizing cell-secreted enzymes for tuning cell-material interactions. However, these enzymes can also induce unwanted degradation of bioactive peptides in biomaterials, or in peptide therapies. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a widely used, powerful methodology that can separate complex mixtures of molecules and quantify numerous analytes within a single run. There are several challenges in using LC-MS for the multiplexed quantification of cell-induced peptide degradation, including the need for non-degradable internal standards and the identification of optimal sample storage conditions. Another problem is that cell culture media and biological samples typically contain both proteins and lipids that can accumulate on chromatography columns and degrade their performance. However, removing these constituents can be expensive, time consuming, and increases sample variability. Here we show that directly injecting samples onto the LC-MS without any purification enables rapid and accurate quantification of peptide concentration, and that hundreds of LC-MS runs can be done on a single column without a significantly diminish the ability to quantify the degradation of peptide libraries. We also show that column failure is evident when hydrophilic peptides fail to be retained on the column, and this can be easily identified using standard peptide mixtures for column benchmarking. In total, this work introduces a simple and effective method for simultaneously quantifying the degradation of dozens of peptides in cell culture. By providing a streamlined and cost-effective method for the direct quantification of peptide degradation in complex biological samples, this work enables more efficient assessment of peptide stability and functionality, facilitating the development of advanced biomaterials and peptide-based therapies.

Effects of Temperature and Packaging Atmosphere on Shelf Life, Biochemical, and Sensory Attributes of Glasswort (Salicornia europaea L.) Grown Hydroponically at Different Salinity Levels.

Halophytes, such as Salicornia species, are promising new foods and are consumed for their pleasant salty taste and nutritional value. Since Salicornia is perishable, modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) can be a useful tool, in combination with proper temperature, to halt further quality degradation in this type of product. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of MAP, with or without refrigeration, to extend the shelf life of glasswort (Salicornia europaea L.) grown hydroponically (floating raft system) in a greenhouse with a nutrient solution containing 0 g/L (C) or 12.5 g/L of NaCl (T). The dry matter content, weight loss, respiration rate, biochemical composition, color, antioxidant capacity, and sensorial attributes were determined in shoots after harvest and during storage in plastic bags filled with technical air or with MAP at 4 or 20 °C for 120 h. At harvest, plants supplied with salt-enriched solution (T) showed a significant improvement in nutritional value and sensory profile. Storage in air at room temperature (20 °C) accelerated weight loss and diminished color stability, particularly in non-salinity samples (C), while MAP extended the shelf life of all the samples regardless of the storage temperature adopted. Optimal storage conditions were observed when MAP was combined with refrigeration, which allowed to effectively preserve shoots sensory acceptability for a period of about seven days. Future research could further explore the long-term effects on the nutritional value and sensory quality of S. europaea under various combinations of MAP and different storage temperatures ranging between 4 °C and 20 °C.

Long-Term Storage Stability of Neutral Electrolyzed Water by Two-Stage Electrolysis: Optimal Storage Conditions for Intraoral Use

Electrolyzed water mainly containing hypochlorous acid is widely used because of its strong microbicidal effects, biosafety, and eco-friendliness. For frequent use in intraoral treatments, we focused on neutral electrolyzed water (NW) produced using two-stage electrolysis and investigated its storage stability. For standard-concentration NW preparations with a free available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 25, 35, and 50 mg/L and high-concentration NW preparations (100, 200, 300, 500, and 1000 mg/L), the changes in the pH, oxidation reduction potential, and ACC during a 126-day storage period and the bactericidal efficacies after storage were examined. Storage under non-shaded conditions at room temperature (LRT) and a higher ACC substantially altered the properties of the NW. NW (≤300 mg/L) had a pH of 5.9–7.3 even after storage under LRT; however, NW with a higher ACC (500 and 1000 mg/L) had a pH ˂ 5.5, critical for human enamel, even under shaded and refrigerated conditions (SLW). Only NW (25 mg/L) stored under LRT decreased the bactericidal effect (removal rate: 99.8%). When stored for use in intraoral treatments, NW should be prepared with an ACC of 25–300 mg/L and stored in SLW. It is suggested that stored NW, especially when diluting it, should be checked to ensure it maintains the properties appropriate for every intended purpose.

The Utility of an Human Papillomavirus Genotype Assay for Cancer Screening in Self-Collected Urine and Vaginal Samples from Japanese Women

Objectives: The high incidence of invasive cervical cancer among those who have not undergone cancer screening is a serious problem. This study aimed to investigate the utility of human papillomavirus (HPV) test results from self-collected urine and vaginal samples as screening tools. Design: The study was conducted in two steps. First, the appropriate storage container, temperature, and time until urine HPV assay performance were verified. Second, the results of spot urine testing under those conditions and of gynecologist-collected cervical and self-collected vaginal samples were compared to verify the feasibility of using the BD Onclarity® HPV assay for individuals with abnormal cervical cytology. Participants/Materials, Setting, Methods: The participants were 121 women with abnormal cervical cytology. Self-collected urine and vaginal samples, along with gynecologist-collected cervical samples, were tested for HPV using the BD Onclarity® HPV assay. The optimal conditions for urine sample storage were identified by comparing the HPV detection rates under various conditions. Results: Urine stored in a BD Probe Tec™ (QxUPT) for less than 72 h at room temperature was found to have the highest HPV positivity rate. Under these conditions, the detection rates of HPV in urine, cervical, and vaginal samples were examined. HPV type 16 was detected in 41.7% of the cervical samples, type 18 in 10%, and types 31 and 52 in 12.6% each. The concordance rate for HPV testing between clinician-collected cervical and urine samples was 63.9% (kappa: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.21–0.47), and that between clinician-collected cervical and self-collected vaginal samples was 77.8% (kappa: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.53–0.83), indicating good concordance. In a population with an HPV-related lesion/tumor prevalence of approximately 70%, the sensitivity of HPV testing was 82.7% for the cervix, 46.4% for urine, and 75.7% for vaginal samples. Limitations: The primary limitation is the lower detection rate of HPV in spot urine samples than in other sample types, indicating room for methodological improvement. The study’s findings are based on a specific population, which may limit generalizability. Conclusions: We investigated the optimal self-collected urine-to-testing time and temperature. Self-collected vaginal and urine HPV tests show moderate-high concordance with clinician-collected cervical HPV tests, suggesting their potential utility for women who do not undergo regular cancer screening. However, the sensitivity was not high in spot urine. Therefore, further large-scale studies are needed to verify these findings and optimize testing methods to encourage broader participation in cancer screening programs.

Investigation of optimal sperm storage conditions for short-term storage

Objective The quality of sperm cells is important role in the success rates of assisted reproduction technology (ART) treatments. The quality of the sperm cells shows variations depending on the temperature of short-term semen storage as well as the methods of semen preparation. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the sperm viability, motility and DNA fragmentation following different sperm preparation methods and short-term storage conditions, respectively. Materials and Methods A total of 25 semen samples were evaluated. In the first part of this study, different incubation temperatures were investigated in two groups, in such the first group involved the semen samples and the second group involved the sperm cells separated by density gradient centrifugation method, respectively. The samples in each group were incubated at 4°C, room temperature (21°C) and 37°C for 24 hours, respectively. The sperm cell qualities were evaluated by mobility analysis, DNA fragmentation by acridine orange staining and sperm cell viability by propidium iodide staining. Results and Discussion The analysis outcome demonstrated that the mobility, DNA fragmentation and viability of the sperm cells were statistically different when incubated at RT (21°C) in both groups. Furthermore, samples prepared by the density gradient centrifugation method were shown to have better quality. The optimum short-term storage temperature was detected to be the room temperature. Conclusion The conclusion of this investigation is crucial to assess storage conditions in ART clinics. This study provides essential data for short-term sperm storage and preparation methods to improve the success rates of ART clinics. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 04 October’24 Page : 1137-1141

Inhibitory effects of polyphenols on the Maillard reaction in low lactose milk and the underlying mechanism

In this study, low lactose milk (LLM) was heat-treated under different conditions and stored at 4, 25 and 37°C for 15 d, after which the changes in the Maillard reaction (MR) of LLM were investigated. The contents of α-dicarbonyl compounds and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF) in LLM after the addition of polyphenols were determined via HPLC, and the inhibitory effects of 3 different concentrations of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), dihydromyricetin (DMY), and procyanidin (PC) on the MR of LLM were studied. The fluorescence intensity of LLM was measured at 290, 300 and 310 K, the fluorescence quenching types and binding constants of PC on casein were investigated, and thermodynamic analysis was carried out. These results suggest that the optimal heat treatment conditions were 80°C for 15 s and that the optimal storage conditions were 4°C. In the α-dicarbonyl compound capture and 5-HMF inhibition tests, PC had the greatest inhibitory effect at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, with an inhibition rate of 48.19%. Therefore, PC is more stable than the other 2 polyphenols. The mechanism of inhibition involves the formation of matrix complexes between PC and casein in LLM, resulting in static quenching of the LLM and thus a reduction of the inhibitory effect. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that the binding of PC to casein was an exothermic reaction, and the combination of the 2 was driven mainly by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the development of LLM.

Efficiency Enhancement in the Liquefied Natural Gas Storage Scheme: Exploring Thermal Performance for Enhanced Energy Storage Solutions

ABSTRACTThe ongoing transition in the energy sector demands more efficient and reliable energy storage solutions. Our study addresses this need by optimizing the industrial process of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage, focusing on enhancing thermal performance and energy efficiency. Leveraging a standard LNG storage design, we meticulously evaluated critical supporting variables, modeled key components, and conducted integrated cycle simulations. The primary goal was to minimize the volume of stored gas (achieving a reduction to approximately 1/600th of its gaseous state) while maintaining optimal storage conditions. Our methodology prioritizes insulation over pressure‐bearing factors in large‐scale tanks, aligning with the unique thermal challenges of LNG storage. Simulations were based on methane, which constitutes over 86% of the natural gas in the Middle East, ensuring relevance to the region's resources. The results are promising, with a compression stage reaching a maximum pressure of 2.377, an energy efficiency ratio of 60.71%, and a performance coefficient of 3.188. These findings offer a significant step forward in developing more effective and efficient LNG storage systems, contributing to the broader goal of sustainable energy management.

Stability Analysis of Pharmaceutical Preparations under Different Storage Conditions

The stability of pharmaceutical preparations is a critical factor affecting their efficacy, safety, and shelf life. Variations in storage conditions, including temperature, humidity, and light exposure, can significantly influence the physical and chemical properties of these preparations. This paper investigates the stability of pharmaceutical preparations under varying storage conditions, focusing on the degradation rate of active ingredients, physical changes, and the impact of packaging materials. Data collected from accelerated and long-term stability studies are analyzed to provide recommendations for optimal storage conditions. Keywords: Pharmaceutical stability, degradation, storage conditions, accelerated stability testing, temperature, humidity, light exposure, active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), tablets, solutions, suspensions, packaging materials, shelf life, refrigeration, photodegradation

Genetic control of seed formation

Aim. To explain the rice seeds longevity from the point of view of genetic control of their formation under climate change. Methods. Analysis of the current state of scientific research on genetic control of seed formation, laboratory studies of rice seed germination, monitoring of meteorological conditions of seed formation in different years of reproduction, results statistical processing. Results. Rice seed longevity of different reproduction years under conditions of formation in climate change context was analysed. Lower longevityity of experimental seeds under formation conditions with higher precipitation was found. Influence of genetic control, transcription factors on seed embryo formation and reserve nutrients in different climatic conditions is discussed. Conclusions. Rice seed formation conditions during higher precipitation had a negative impact on seed longevity even under optimal medium-term storage conditions. Additional research is needed to prove the change in transcriptional regulation of certain synthesis of necessary for seed formation and development under these conditions substances.

Effect of storage conditions on host egg suitability and the reproductive fitness of Oobius agrili (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an egg parasitoid of the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).

Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important egg parasitoid of the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Methods for laboratory-rearing O. agrili have been developed but its mass-production depends on the continuous production and storage of freshly laid EAB eggs as well as diapaused parasitoid progeny (inside parasitized EAB eggs). The purpose of this study was to determine optimal environmental conditions for long-term storage of host eggs as well as diapaused parasitoid progeny. Fresh host eggs and diapaused parasitoid progeny were stored at two low storage temperatures (1.7 and 12.8 °C) and three levels of relative humidity (low ~31%, medium ~74%, and high ~99.9%) for various length of time (15-270 days) and then evaluated for host egg suitability and the reproductive fitness of stored parasitoid progeny. EAB eggs were stored for approximately 30 days without significant reduction of their viability and suitability to O. agrili parasitism at low storage temperatures under high and medium relative humidity. Neither storage temperature or humidity had any significant effects on adult parasitoid emergence for storage durations of up to 270 days. When storage durations were over 120 days, however, both adult parasitoid longevity and fecundity declined approximately 20-30% across all temperature and humidity treatments. Relevance of findings to mass-production and storage of O. agrili for biocontrol is discussed.

Empirical Modeling of the Drying Kinetics of Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.; Chenopodiaceae) with Peel, and Flour Stability in Laminated and Plastic Flexible Packaging.

Despite the high global production of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), its peel is often discarded. Transforming beetroot into flour can reduce waste, improve food security, and decrease environmental pollution. However, large-scale feasibility depends on understanding drying kinetics and optimal storage conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different temperatures in the convective drying of whole beetroot and evaluate the influence of laminated flexible and plastic packaging on flour stability over two months. Drying kinetics were analyzed using five models, with the Page and Logarithm models showing the best fit (R2 > 0.99). Def values (1.27 × 10-9 to 2.04 × 10-9 m2 s-1) increased with rising temperatures while drying time was reduced (from 820 to 400 min), indicating efficient diffusion. The activation energy was 29.34 KJ mol-1, comparable to other plant matrices. Drying reduced moisture and increased ash concentration in the flour. The flour showed a good water adsorption capacity and low cohesiveness, making it marketable. Laminated packaging was more effective in controlling physicochemical parameters, reducing hygroscopicity, and maintaining quality over 60 days. In summary, the Page model can predict beetroot drying kinetics effectively, and laminated packaging can control flour stability.

Pengaruh suhu dan lama penyimpanan terhadap parameter warna pada lettuce segar (Lactuca sativa L.)

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a perishable vegetable that requires proper handling and storage to maintain its quality. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature and storage duration on color changes in lettuce. The research was conducted using a 4 x 3 factorial design with 2 replications in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The treatment combinations included storage temperatures of 2°C, 10°C, and 27°C, and storage durations of 0 days, 2 days, 4 days, and 6 days. Color measurements were performed using a CR-400 chromameter with CIE technique. The results indicated that the lettuce sample stored at 2°C for 4 days (Sample l3s1) had the best color quality. The brightness parameter (L) showed good green brightness, the red-green parameter (a) indicated higher freshness, the yellow-blue parameter (b) displayed a good level of yellowness, and the total color change (∆E) showed very little color change with a value of 16.070. This condition indicates that 2°C for 4 days is the optimal storage condition for maintaining lettuce color quality.

Predictive analytics for prolonging lithium-ion battery lifespan through informed storage conditions

The capacity degradation of lithium-ion batteries occurs both during storage and operational usage. This paper investigates the capacity degradation of lithium-ion batteries during storage (calendar ageing) by analysing the interplay of storage temperature, state-of-charge (SOC), and time. Leveraging the machine learning techniques of Gaussian process regression and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), a predictive model is developed to characterize the degradation patterns. The study includes a sensitivity analysis of stress factors to identify their relative impact on degradation. The insights gained from this analysis are utilized to recommend optimal storage conditions, offering practical guidance for enhancing the durability and performance of lithium-ion batteries in real-world applications.