Optimization Of Electric Field Distribution Research Articles

Enhancing Sensing Performance of Capacitive Sensors Using Kirigami Structures.

Capacitive sensors have widespread applications in human-machine interaction, Internet of Things, and smart home systems due to their low cost, high sensitivity, and ease of integration. However, improving the sensitivity and sensing distance of capacitive sensors remains a challenging issue. This study proposes a novel capacitive sensor design method based on Kirigami structures, which enhances sensor performance by introducing specific cutting patterns into the conductive layer to leverage edge effects. Through experimental testing and statistical analysis, we systematically investigated the influence of Kirigami geometric parameters on sensor sensitivity and sensing distance. We designed and fabricated 12 different Kirigami structures, including circular flower patterns, array patterns, layered pointed flower patterns, and circular strip structures, and compared them with traditional non-cut structures. The results show that Kirigami structures significantly improved sensor performance. Compared to traditional sensors without Kirigami structures, optimally designed Kirigami capacitive sensors demonstrated approximately a 3-fold increase in sensitivity and up to 170 percent extension in sensing distance. Multivariate regression analysis and nonlinear models revealed complex relationships between Kirigami structural parameters and sensor performance. Notably, the circular strip (three-layer) structure exhibited the best performance, possibly due to its maximization of edge effects and optimization of electric field distribution. This study provides new design insights for developing high-performance capacitive sensors, with potential applications in improving smart home systems and indoor activity monitoring for solitary elderly individuals.

Achieving ultrahigh energy storage density in super relaxor BCZT-based lead-free capacitors through multiphase coexistence

Dielectric capacitors own great potential in next-generation energy storage devices for their fast charge-discharge time, while low energy storage capacity limits their commercialization. Enormous lead-free ferroelectric ceramic capacitor systems have been reported in recent decades, and energy storage density has increased rapidly. By comparing with some ceramic systems with fashioned materials or techniques, which lacks repeatability, as reported latterly, we proposed a unique but straightforward way to boost the energy storage capacity in a modified conventional ferroelectric system. Through stoichiometric ratio regulation, the coexistence of the C-phase and T-phase was obtained in 0.85(Ba1-xCax)(ZryTi1-y)O3-0.15BiSmO3-2 wt. % MnO ceramics with x = 0.1 and y = 0.15 under the proof of the combination of Rietveld XRD refinement and transmission electron microscope measurement. The Wrec of 3.90 J/cm3, an excellent value for BCZT-based ceramic at the present stage, was obtained because of the co-contribution of the optimization of electric field distribution and the additional interfacial polarization triggered at the higher electric fields. The finite element simulation and physical deduction, which fits very well with our experimental result, were also performed. As to the practical application, stable performance in a long-time cycle and frequency stability was obtained, and excellent discharge behaviors were also achieved.

Integrated reactor architecture of conductive network and catalytic nodes to accelerate polysulfide conversion for durable and high-loading Li-S batteries

The development of carbon-based heterogeneous framework host with synergistic catalytic and conductive effects for sulfur cathode is a promising strategy to realize high performance lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs). Here, an integrated reactor architecture with defective carbon nodes (IRA-DC) is designed for serving as high-loading (92.4 wt%) sulfur host. The hierarchical porous IRA-DC consists of untangled conductive carbon nanotube network and Co/N co-doped catalytic nodes with high dispersity. Therein the optimization of electric field distribution and homogenization of adsorption-catalysis sites offer the multi-electron conversion reaction of polysulfides with excellent kinetics and stability. The resultant IRA-DC/S cathode enables a high areal capacity of 8.86 mAh cm−2 under ultra-high sulfur loading (13.1 mg cm−2) and lean electrolyte (8 μL mgsulfur−1). It also displays a long-term cycling performance (1200 cycles at 1 C) and ultrahigh rate performance up to 20 C (with a capacity of 473.6 mAh g−1). This work provides an electrode building strategy by optimizing the environments of heterogeneous electrocatalysis and micro electric field to activate the polysulfide conversion efficiency and utilization of high-loading sulfur in monolithic sulfur-carbon cathodes.

Calculation and Structure Optimization of Electric Field Distribution of The 10kV Solid-sealed Polar Pole

As one of the core modules of the ring - net switch cabinet, the solid-sealed polar pole was used to seal the three-station isolation ground switch and vacuum arcing chamber together. The electric equipment was concentrated, which was prone to electric field distortion. In this paper, a three-dimensional simulation model was established based on the drawings of the solid-sealed polar pole. The electric field distribution under the initial structure was calculated based on the finite element method, and it was optimized by adjusting the thickness of the moving contact and epoxy layer, changing the radius of the metal pull rod in the control mechanism and adding the equalizing ring on the shell surface. The results showed that when the inner diameter of the moving contact was 20mm, the outer diameter of the air layer was 43mm, and the radius of the metal tie rod in the control mechanism was 18mm, the field intensity in the solid-sealed polar pole was relatively reasonable, but the maximum E-field intensity in the arc-extinguishing chamber gap between the contacts was up to 5041V/mm. It was necessary to carry out pressure withstand test to ensure insulation safety. The results of this paper could provide reference for the optimal design of the solid-sealed polar pole.

Monolithic Integrated InGaAs/InAlAs WDM-APDs With Partially Depleted Absorption Region and Evanescently Coupled Waveguide Structure

In this work, theoretical optimization and experimental demonstration have been performed for high speed, highly sensitive, and P-down InGaAs/InAlAs avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with evanescently coupled (EC) waveguide structure. In consideration of the carrier transfer and lightwave propagation simultaneously, we adopt partially depleted absorption region (PDA) and tapered waveguide coupler, inspired by previously proposed APDs. The PDA is well known for improvement of responsivity-bandwidth product for APDs. However, it still remains undisclosed, for InGaAs/InAlAs APDs, to some extent, how the dark current, gain, and bandwidth systematically change with different thickness of PDA. The optimization of electric field distribution, dark current, photo-current, and bandwidth, have been performed. The dark current of APD is addressed to shed light on the underlying mechanism. The main origin of dark current for previously proposed APDs has been revealed to be the tunneling current from the multiplication layer, which can be alleviated by decreasing the doping concentration of the charge layer. At the same time, our results demonstrate that higher proportion of heavy doping absorption region is adopted, the wider bandwidth for the APD will be realized. Fortunately, it is also found that the heavy doping layer of absorption region brings limited deterioration to dark current, as well as gain for APDs. Combing our design with previously demonstrated results, we propose a methodology for the optimization of InGaAs/InAlAs APDs with PDA. And a series of EC-APDs, as well as monolithic integrated WDM InGaAs/InAlAs APD array, for exampling, have been experimentally demonstrated, which is hopeful for future potential applications.

Высокоэффективный гиротрон с многоступенчатой рекуперацией остаточной энергии электронов

The results of combined simulation of physical processes in a medium power gyrotron of 4-mm wavelength range are presented. The methods of improving the quality of helical electron beam and the electron efficiency of the gyrotron, based on the optimization of electric field distribution in the near-cathode region, are realized. The design of the collector with 4-stage recovery of residual beam energy, based on the method of spatial separation of electrons in crossed azimuthal magnetic and axial electric fields, was developed. The value of total efficiency of the gyrotron equal to 71.8 % was achieved by improving the quality of the electron beam and by efficient energy recovery in the collector region.

Analysis and Optimization of Electric Field Distribution in 1200kV SF6 Insulated Power Frequency Test Transformer

With the fast development of HV and EHV underground substations in large cities, the demand and technical challenge of field insulation test for HV and EHV power transmission equipment is increasing fast also. As the traditional field insulation test equipment, oil-immersed cascaded power frequency test transformer is very difficult to face the challenges because of its large size and weight. SF6 insulated test transformer, as the new site test equipment, also needs to be designed smaller in size. As a result of the size reduction, it will increase the risk of breakdown and partial discharge. This paper introduces the electric field analysis and design optimization of a newly designed 1200kV SF6 insulated test transformer. The finite element analysis software INFOLYTICA is adopted for the electric field simulation. The simulation results demonstrated its main design of size and insulation. In some particular regions where the electric field is significantly uneven distributed, optimization design is provided.

Structure and Property of Ladder Electrode Linear Ion Trap Mass Analyzer

Abstract The theoretical simulation and optimization of a new linear ion trap mass analyzer-ladder electrode ion trap mass analyzer (LeLIT) was described. The LeLIT was consisted of two pairs of ladder electrodes and one pair of end-electrodes. Compared with conventional rectilinear ion trap (ReLIT) which is built with plate electrodes, LeLIT can adjust and optimize the electric field distribution to obtain optimal performance. Meanwhile, the structure of LeLIT is more similar to the geometrical structure of hyperbolic electrode than that of ReLIT, but it is much easier for processing compared with hyperbolic electrode. According to the simulation results, the optimization of electric field distribution inside the ion trap could be realized through adjusting its geometric parameters such as height, width and field radius ratio of ladder electrodes, which was expected to further optimize the mass spectrometry performance of ion trap. As indicated by theoretical simulation results, mass resolution of 10150 at the scanning speed of 225 Da s−1 was obtained with a LeLIT (dimension of X0 × Y0 = 9 mm × 5 mm). LeLIT can significantly improve the mass resolution while maintaining its simple structure. As indicated by the preliminary experiment results, LeLIT has a good analyzing performance as tandem mass spectrometry.

Numerical Modeling and Optimization of Electric Field Distribution in Subcutaneous Tumor Treated With Electrochemotherapy Using Needle Electrodes

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective antitumor treatment employing locally applied high-voltage electric pulses in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. For successful ECT, the entire tumor volume needs to be subjected to a sufficiently high local electric field, whereas, in order to prevent damage, the electric field within the healthy tissue has to be as low as possible. To determine the optimum electrical parameters and electrode configuration for the ECT of a subcutaneous tumor, we combined a 3-D finite element numerical tumor model with a genetic optimization algorithm. We calculated and compared the local electric field distributions obtained with different geometrical and electrical parameters and different needle electrode geometries that have been used in research and clinics in past years. Based on this, we established which model parameters had to be taken into account for the optimization of the local electric field distribution and included them in the optimization algorithm. Our results showed that parallel array electrodes are the most suitable for the spherical tumor geometry, because the whole tumor volume is subjected to sufficiently high electric field while requiring the least electric current and causing the least tissue damage. Our algorithm could be a useful tool in the treatment planning of clinical ECT as well as in other electric field mediated therapies, such as gene electrotransfer, transdermal drug delivery, and irreversible tissues ablation.

Optimization of electric field distribution by free carrier injection in silicon detectors operated at low temperatures

We present a study of the modeling of the electric field distribution, which is controlled by injection and trapping of nonequilibrium carriers, in Si detectors irradiated by high neutron fluences. An analytical calculation of the electric field distribution in detectors irradiated by neutrons up to fluences of 1 /spl middot/ 10/sup 14/ to 5 /spl middot/ 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ shows the possibility of reducing the full depletion voltage at low temperatures via hole injection. For this calculation, we use the detector operating parameters and equivalent neutron fluences expected for Large Hadron Collider experiments. The results of the calculation are in good qualitative agreement with published experimental data, lending strong support for the model and for an earlier proposal of electric field manipulation by free carrier injection.