Optimum Reduction Conditions Research Articles

Optimizing β-Lactoglobulin antigenicity through single enzyme hydrolysis: Exploring structural changes and effects on linear epitopes

β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) is the major allergen in dairy products, but research on the optimal conditions for antigen reduction in β-LG using different enzymes remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the antigenicity, structural characteristics, and peptide distribution of advantageous protease hydrolysates capable of eliminating the allergenic epitopes of β-LG selected via bioinformatics tools. The results showed that under optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, the antigen reduction rates for the four advantageous proteases acting on β-LG were 47.37 % (pepsin), 33.54 % (chymotrypsin A), 38.71 % (papain), and 45.91 % (stem bromelain), respectively. The four proteases effectively degraded β-LG, causing shorter peptide chain formation, reduced content of highly ordered α-helix, decreased fluorescence intensity, and lower surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, they cleaved the linear epitopes of β-LG into peptides of varying sizes, leading to different antigen reduction rates among the hydrolysates. These findings provide a theoretical basis for developing targeted enzymatic hydrolysis technologies and low-allergenicity dairy-based materials.

Experimental insights on iron-based alloys corrosion in water cooled loops

This paper presents experimental findings on the behavior of iron-based alloys in environmental conditions typical of nuclear fusion technology, specifically focusing on material degradation, which is a critical aspect for the water cooling system of EU DEMO breeding blankets. The experimental campaign investigates potassium hydroxide’s role as an alkalizing agent, testing various concentrations to assess its impact on corrosion resistance. Additionally, it examines how oxygen levels affect localized corrosion development, which is crucial for mitigating corrosion risks in fusion applications. Seven 1000-hour tests were conducted to determine optimal conditions for corrosion reduction. Findings include identifying an oxygen concentration threshold to prevent piping cracking on EUROFER97 specimens.

Electrochemical removal of crystal violet dye from simulated wastewater by stainless steel rotating cylinder anode: COD reduction and decolorization

Crystal violet dye is a harmful organic pollutant when it exists in wastewater. It may potentially cause renal failure and respiratory issues in humans, while it is considered carcinogenic and mutagenic in aqua life. In this study, crystal violet dye was electrochemically removed from simulated wastewater using a stainless-steel rotating cylinder anode. Effects of anode rotation rate (250–500 rpm), applied current (400–750 mA), concentration of supporting electrolyte (0.3–0.6 M), and time (30–70 min) on chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and colour removal were studied. The experimental results were correlated by two quadratic regression models: one for COD reduction with R2 equals to 0.859, and one for colour removal with R2 equals to 0.934. Process optimization was conducted using the response surface methodology (RSM) with a rotatable central composite design CCD. The results showed that the optimum conditions for maximum COD reduction (86.89 %) and maximum colour removal (88 %) are as follows: anode rotation rate = 625 rpm, applied current = 658.568 mA, supporting electrolyte = 0.422 M and treatment time = 90 min. Generally, all the studied factors have a potential effect on the process efficiency.

Remediation of heavy metal-contaminated estuarine sediments by strengthening microbial in-situ mineralization

The production of in-situ iron-sulfide minerals through sulfate reduction is commonly used to immobilize heavy metals in sediments and waste residues from abandoned non-ferrous mines. Ensuring a consistent supply of organic carbon sources, such as small molecular organic acids, under optimal reduction conditions, is essential for effective biomineralization. In this study, we developed a technique to enhance the biomineralization (iron-sulfide minerals) capacity of native sulfate-reducing bacteria to immobilize heavy metals, using the facultative anaerobic fermentation bacterium Bacillus coagulans to bind to waste olivine, providing small molecular organic acids required by sulfate-reducing bacteria while providing more reduction conditions for remediation systems.Our results showed that, compared with the control group (Control) and the group added with medium (Cul), the groups added with Bacillus coagulans (Cul + Bio) and the combination of Bacillus coagulans and olivine (Cul + Bio + Oli), significantly increased the overlying water pH value, pH remained above 8 in the final stage of remediation, and decreased the redox potential and sulfate concentration, ORP remained −80 mV, SO42− concentration below 600 mg/L at the end of remediation. The addition of Bacillus coagulans and olivine helped stabilize heavy metals Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd by reducing their release into the liquid phase. Cd and Pb were found to be in more stable forms within the solid phase. In the Cul + Bio and Cul + Bio + Oli groups, sulfur primarily existed as more reductive FeS, accounting for 55% and 75% of the sulfur speciations, respectively. Desulfuromonadia, Desulfuromonas, Desulfofustis, and Geothermobacter have been identified in the Cul + Bio + Oli experimental group in high abundance and are capable of dissimilatory sulfate reduction. The combined application of microorganisms and waste olivine offers an effective strategy for remediating in-situ heavy metal-contaminated soils/sediments, thereby establishing a theoretical and practical foundation for employing microbial mineralization in the in-situ remediation of heavy metals in sediment.

Effect of aluminium sulfate on carbothermal reduction of phosphorite in a fluidized bed

Aluminium sulfate was combined with the raw material pretreatment in a fluidized-bed reactor to reduce the phosphorite by coal, so as to improve the separation of P2 from phosphorite. The optimum reaction conditions for phosphorite reduction in a fluidized bed is found to be 1523 K, 40 min, Si/Ca mole ratio of 2, carbon excess coefficient of 1.6, and nitrogen flow of 0.11 m⋅s−1. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the five influencing factors on the conversion ratio of phosphorite, in descending order of importance, are the reaction temperature, the nitrogen flow, the reaction time, and the excess of carbon and the mole ratio of Si/Ca. The influence of adding aluminium sulfate on the reaction system and pretreating the raw material was investigated. The results show that by speeding up defluorination while decreasing the activation energy, adding aluminium sulfate and pretreatment could improve the conversion ratio of phosphorite by about 10 %.

Effect of reduction behavior from Fe2O3 to FeO on the formation of metallic Fe in multi-stage reduction

The current study investigated the reduction behavior of iron ore using hydrogen in four-stage reduction processes. Reduction reactions from Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 and from Fe3O4 to FeO proceeded at the first and second stages, respectively. The third and fourth stages subsequently reduced FeO to metallic iron. Iron ore mixture of hematite and goethite achieved the final reduction degree to be 87% by multi-stage reduction processes. As the duration of reduction at the first stage was decreased, the final reduction degree was improved. The first reduction stage produced the most stable iron oxides as magnetite, while the second reduction stage corresponded to the reduction condition where wustite is the most stable. Decreasing the duration time of the first reduction stage resulted in the decrease of stable magnetite formation, consequently increasing the surface area of reduced iron ore. The omission of the first reduction stage resulted in the highest degree of final reduction of 95%. Kinetic analyses for each reduction reaction were performed to derive the optimal reduction conditions. The reduction of hematite to magnetite at the initial stage of iron oxide was controlled by diffusion, and the rate-controlling step of reduction was gradually shifted to chemical reaction in the reduction from FeO to metallic iron.

Potential of Pinewood Biochar as an Eco-Friendly Reducing Agent in Iron Ore Reduction.

This study investigated the optimal proportion of biochar derived from pinewood pellets (PW) and coke as reducing agents for the carbothermal reduction of iron ore at high temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the raw materials. To determine the effect of biochar proportion on reduction efficiency, presented as metallization, metallized pellets were subjected to chemical analysis, including total iron (T.Fe) analysis, metallic iron (M.Fe) analysis, and residual Fe2O3 and FeO analysis. The results indicated that the addition of biochar derived from PW, with coke as a reducing agent, considerably increased the efficiency of carbothermal reduction. Optimal reduction conditions were established at a reduction temperature of 1300 °C and a holding time of 20 min, with 20% coke and 80% pinewood char. In summary, biochar derived from PW can be used as an alternative to coke as a reducing agent in the iron reduction process. In addition, biomass can be used as a reducing agent to mitigate carbon consumption by reducing the amount of coke required in iron production.

Effects of contaminant diffusion on the fresh air inlets of a clean room workshop

In this study, a clean workshop is the subject of our research study, and computational fluid dynamics methods are applied to investigate the effect of exhaust pipe height, exhaust velocity, barrier structure, and wind direction on contaminant diffusion from the clean workshop. Results show that an increase in exhaust pipe height and exhaust velocity or a decrease in barrier height can effectively reduce the pollutant concentration at each fresh air inlet (FAI). Along the wind direction, the contaminant concentration initially increases and then decreases as distance increases. When the height of the exhaust pipe reaches 45 m, the effect of pollutants on the FAI is insignificant. When the exhaust velocity reaches 12 m/s, the effect of pollutants on the FAI weakens as the emission speed of flue gas increases. Reducing the height of the barrier to 29–31 m can effectively improve the concentration of pollutants at each FAI. Practical implications The mechanism by which the exhaust pipe height, exhaust velocity, barrier structure, and wind direction affect pollutant diffusion from a clean room workshop is systematically investigated by combining the CFD methods with an actual clean workshop as the research object, and the optimal pollutant reduction conditions are presented, thus providing scientific guidance for the construction of clean plants and the reduction of pollutant emissions.

Biomass as a clean reductant for recovery of zinc from zinc leaching residue

Detoxification and utilization of zinc leaching residue (ZLR) is a critical urgent problem for the zinc metallurgical industry. Traditional roasting methods relying on fossil fuels as reducing agents not only increase the operating cost but also contribute to environmental pollution. This work investigates the effectiveness of using biomass as the reducing agent for decomposing zinc ferrite in the process of ZLR roasting. Analysis methods including XRD, TG-DTG-DSC, and SEM-EDS are used to analyze the pyrolysis of biomass and the phase transformation and microstructural evolution of ZLR. The mechanism that biomass pyrolysis gas promotes the reduction of zinc ferrite in ZLR also is elucidated. The reduction rate of zinc ferrite can reach 43.87% under optimal reduction conditions when pine powder is used as the reducing agent. These optimal conditions include a reduction temperature of 750 °C, a biomass addition ratio of 0.75, and a reduction time of 90 min. It's believed that the reduction process mainly proceeds in the path of ZnFe2O4→Fe3O4→FeO→Fe. By using acid leaching, the extraction of zinc and iron from the reduction roast achieved 89.62% and 58.90%, respectively. During the biomass reduction process, loosely structured with abundant microcracks are obtained probably due to the reaction between the reducing gas and zinc ferrite particles. This study offers precious insights into the utilization of biomass for reductive roasting of ZLR with potential energy conservation and emission reduction.

Effects of Na2CO3 on the carbothermic reduction and magnetic separation of ilmenite concentrate

Ilmenite concentrates are the raw material used for the production of titania pigment and metallic titanium. This work studies the effect of the addition of Na2CO3 in direct carbothermic reduction of ilmenite concentrate to enhance the separation of metallic iron from titanium components. The effects of temperature, Na2CO3 content and C/O molar ratio on the mineral phases, metallization degree of iron, and iron grain size of the reduced product are evaluated. The optimal conditions for the direct reduction of ilmenite concentrate are 1300 °C, a C/O molar ratio of 1.1, and 5 wt% Na2CO3. Under these optimal reduction conditions, the metallization of iron reaches the maximum of 96.8%, and the average iron grain size is 20.1 μm. After grinding and magnetic separation, the direct reduced iron product (magnetic component) contains 93.9 wt% of iron and 4.66 wt% of TiO2, with an iron recovery of 93.9%, while the non-magnetic product contains 69.9 wt% of TiO2 and 7.61 wt% of iron, with a TiO2 recovery of 93.5%. The results show that an appropriate amount of Na2CO3 effectively promotes the reduction of ilmenite. However, excessive Na2CO3 adversely affects ilmenite reduction. The phase transition patterns of Na2CO3 in the direct reduction of ilmenite is investigated.

Optimization of osmotic dehydration of orange pieces (valencia late) in sugar solution using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum processing conditions that yield maximum water loss and weight reduction and minimum solid gain during osmotic dehydration orange pieces (valencia late) in sugar solution using response surface. The experiments were conducted according to a Central Composite Design ‘CCD’. The independent process variables for osmotic dehydration process were temperature (40, 50, 60 °C), processing time (60, 120 et 240 min) and sugar concentrations (45, 55, 65 % w/w). The optimal conditions for maximum water loss, weight reduction and solid gain (candying) correspond to temperature of 50 °C, processing time of 240 min, sugar concentration of 65 % in order to obtain water loss 60.83 % (g/100 g fresh sample), solid gain of 46,48 % (g/100 g fresh sample) and weight reduction of 57.42 (g/100 g fresh sample). However the optimal conditions for maximum water loss and weight reduction and minimum solid gain (respectively 53.28 %, 57.88 % and 27.18 %) correspond to temperature of 40 oC, processing time of 240 min, sugar concentration of 65 %.

Recovery of iron and alumina from iron–aluminum symbiotic ore via low–calcium carbothermal reduction

The iron-aluminum symbiotic ore, as an important strategic resource, has not been utilized due to the complex relationship between iron-aluminum minerals. In this work, a low-calcium carbothermal reduction method was proposed to treat the iron-aluminum symbiotic ore, and its performance and reaction mechanism were studied based on the Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-CaO-Na2O system using XRF (X-ray fluorescence), XRD (X-ray diffractometer), SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer), VSM (vibrating sample magnetometer) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), while the practical application on the iron–aluminum symbiotic ore was verified. The silicon is in the form of sodium calcium silicate compound during the low–calcium carbothermal reduction process, and the formation sequence of this compounds is Na2Ca3Si2O8 → Na2Ca2Si2O7 → Na2CaSiO4 with the increase of Na2CO3 amount. The iron- and aluminum-bearing phases in the reduction product are Fe, NaAlO2 and a small amount of ferrous and ferric compounds, NaAl11O17 and NaAlSiO4. Fe can be aggregated in the iron concentrate via magnetic separation and NaAlO2 can be recovered by leaching process. The main minerals in the reduction product from the iron-aluminum symbiotic ore obtained by the low-calcium reduction process are Fe, NaAlO2, Na2CaSiO4 and NaAlSiO4, and the iron metallization efficiency, the leaching efficiency of Al2O3 and the content of iron in the concentrate are 84.24%, 86.07% and 75.70% respectively under the optimal reduction conditions.

Sorption-enhanced reforming of raw COG and its adaptability to hydrogen metallurgy: Thermodynamic analysis

In order to solve the problem of hydrogen shortage in the popularization of hydrogen metallurgy, the steam reforming of raw coke oven gas (raw COG) and its adaptability in reducing sinter ore were studied thermodynamically in this paper. Compared to the self-reforming and steam reforming, the maximum of hydrogen yield in the sorption-enhanced reforming process can go up to 1.54 mol/mol raw COG and move the reforming temperature from above 900 °C to the zone between 500 °C and 600 °C. According to the concentrations of reducing gas components to be used in the hydrogen metallurgy, the reformed gases from raw COG was merged and rearranged, and then six kinds of reformed gases were selected as typical gases for the subsequent reduction of sinter ore. The reformed gas can effectively reduce the formation of the intermediate product and improve the yield of iron, and the temperature requirement of the reduction process was reduced. Finally, based on a comprehensive analysis of the raw material consumption for the reforming and reduction processes, the optimal reforming condition that reforming temperature is 500 °C, S/C (the molar ratio of steam to carbon) is 3.6 and CaO/C (the molar ratio of CaO to carbon) is 2.0 and the optimal reduction condition that reduction temperature is 900 °C–1100 °C, R/O ratio is 2.0 are obtained. The matched optimization leads to a reduction in both RCOG and sinter consumptions, significantly reducing the consumption of raw materials and improving the economy of the hydrogen metallurgical process.

A comparative investigation of the chemical reduction of graphene oxide for electrical engineering applications.

The presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the basal plane and at the edges endows graphene oxide (GO) with an insulating nature, which makes it rather unsuitable for electronic applications. Fortunately, the reduction process makes it possible to restore the sp2 conjugation. Among various protocols, chemical reduction is appealing because of its compatibility with large-scale production. Nevertheless, despite the vast number of reported chemical protocols, their comparative assessment has not yet been the subject of an in-depth investigation, rendering the establishment of a structure-performance relationship impossible. We report a systematic study on the chemical reduction of GO by exploring different reducing agents (hydrazine hydrate, sodium borohydride, ascorbic acid (AA), and sodium dithionite) and reaction times (2 or 12 hours) in order to boost the performance of chemically reduced GO (CrGO) in electronics and in electrochemical applications. In this work, we provide evidence that the optimal reduction conditions should vary depending on the chosen application, whether it is for electrical or electrochemical purposes. CrGO exhibiting a good electrical conductivity (>1800 S m-1) can be obtained by using AA (12 hours of reaction), Na2S2O4 and N2H4 (independent of the reaction time). Conversely, CrGO displaying a superior electrochemical performance (specific capacitance of 211 F g-1, and capacitance retention >99.5% after 2000 cycles) can be obtained by using NaBH4 (12 hours of reaction). Finally, the compatibility of the different CrGOs with wearable and flexible electronics is also demonstrated using skin irritation tests. The strategy described represents a significant advancement towards the development of environmentally friendly CrGOs with ad hoc properties for advanced applications in electronics and energy storage.

APPLICATION OF SQUARE WAVE POTENTIAL REGIME TO ELECTRO REDUCTION OF CO2 IN ETHANOLAMINE INTO ETHYL CARBAMATE BY PALLADIUM ELECTRODE

Electrochemical reduction of the CO2 present in 0.1 M Ethanolamine (EA) aqueous solution at Palladium metal electrodes for the synthesis of ethyl carbamate (CH3CH2OC(O)NH2) is investigated. The application square wave potential regime of the carbon dioxide in (EA) to be reduced to an organic product. In addition to identifying optimal conditions for CO2 electrocatalysis reduction by the square wave potential regime, the potential value was between - 1.0 to 0.4 V with 1.4 V amplitude, the time of reaction was 4 hours and the frequency was 100 Hz. We have carried out reactions at various pH levels and different voltages in an alkaline environment to ensure optimal conditions for the production of ethyl carbamate. The palladium catalysts electrode has demonstrated high CO2 electro-reduction activity to the organic compound. The organic product was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry, NMR, UV spectrometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, and MS. The results suggest the reduction of CO2-saturated in 0.1 M ethanolamine to ethyl carbamate, C2H5OCONH2. The Faradaic Efficiency and current density of electro-convert CO2-saturated in ethanolamine to ethyl carbamate are 93% and 71 mA cm−2, respectively

Secreting recombinant barnase by Lactococcus lactis and its application in reducing RNA from forages

Barnase is a ribonuclease used for plasmid purification, targeted gene therapy and studies of protein interactions. To make the use of barnase easier, the barnase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BH072 was cloned into Lactococcus lactis under the control of the PP5 or PnisA promoters. Four recombinant expression vectors were constructed with one or two signal peptides to control the enzyme secretion. 310 mg/L barnase was obtained in the presence of its inhibitor barstar after 36 h induction. The properties of barnase were investigated, showing that the optimal reaction temperature and pH were 50 °C and 5.0, respectively, and the highest enzyme activity reached 16.5 kU/mL. Barnase stored at 40 °C for 72 h retained 90 % of its initial activity, and maintained more than 80 % of its initial activity after 72 h of storage at pH 5.0–9.0. Furthermore, the optimal conditions for enzymatic reduction of nucleic acids in single-cell proteins (SCP) forages was investigated. 1 % salt solution with an SCP-enzyme ratio of 1000:1, pH 5.0 and incubated at 50 °C for 1 h, allowed 82 % RNA content reduction. Finally, homology modeling of barnase demonstrates its three-dimensional structure, and substrate simulation docking predicts key active residues as well as bonding patterns.

Innovative and green utilization of zinc-bearing dust by hydrogen reduction: Recovery of zinc and lead, and synergetic preparation of Fe/C micro-electrolysis materials

Up to 80 million tons of zinc-bearing dusts are discharged by the steel industry in the word annually, and the traditional pyrometallurgy process of recycling these hazardous wastes with solid carbon as the reducing agent has high energy consumption, large carbon emissions and little added value of products. In this study, we proposed an innovative utilization of zinc-bearing dusts by hydrogen reduction to recover zinc and lead and synergistic prepare iron-carbon micro-electrolysis (ICME) materials for wastewater treatment. The hydrogen reduction behaviors of zinc-bearing dusts pellets were investigated, as well as the properties of the prepared ICME materials (HR) were comprehensively analyzed. The results indicated that the metallization degree, zinc and lead removal degree of zinc-bearing dusts pellets were 98.5 %, 96.8 % and 71.1 %, respectively, under the optimal reduction condition. The synergistic prepared HR with Fe/C of 15:1, specific surface area of 5.158 m2/g and pore volume of 0.01004 cm3/g could remove more than 60 % of COD in wastewater within 2 h. The tight iron-carbon bonding and well-developed pore structure of HR made it equivalent wastewater treatment effects compared to commercial materials. Therefore, the novel process provides a clean and high-value way out for these hazardous wastes.

Comparison of N2O-reducing abilities and genome features of two nosZ-containing denitrifying bacteria, Pseudomonas veronii DM15 and Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis DM22.

The study systematically compared the N2O-reducing functional performances and the genomic features of two N2O-reducing isolates, aimed to screen out effective N2O-reducing bacteria with strong environmental adaption, and explore the possible regulation. Two N2O reducers, namely, Pseudomonas veronii DM15 (DM15) and Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis DM22 (DM22), isolated from paddy soil were selected. Their N2O-reducing abilities, and nosZ gene transcript abundance were determined under different temperatures (20°C, 30°C, 40°C) and oxygen concentrations (0%, 10%, 21%), and the whole genomes were sequenced by Illumina sequencing. The results showed that both DM15 and DM22 exhibited the strongest N2O reducing activity at 30°C and under anaerobic conditions. In comparison, DM15 generally exhibited significantly higher N2O reducing abilities and nosZ gene expression than DM22 under all tested conditions. In addition, DM15 possessed obviously higher expression potentials (codon adaptation index (CAI) value) of nos genes than DM22, and the nos cluster of the former contained a transcriptional regulator gene of dnr, while the latter did not. The results indicate that DM15 showed obviously stronger N2O-reducing abilities than DM22 under various conditions, which might be closely associated with its dnr transcriptional regulator, and thus promoting the higher transcriptional activities of nos genes. Although anaerobic conditions were the optimal conditions for N2O reduction in both strains, DM15 still reduced a certain amount of N2O even under aerobic conditions.

Evaluation of effects of ammonia co-firing on the thermal performances of supercritical pulverized coal and circulating fluidized bed boilers

Ammonia is an effective fuel in reducing carbon dioxide due to a carbon-free fuel. Accordingly, the use of ammonia co-firing technology for carbon neutrality has emerged in the power generation industry. It is necessary to determine the optimal operating conditions by analyzing boiler performance during ammonia co-firing for optimal power plant operations. In this study, a process simulation was performed to determine the effect of ammonia co-firing on the thermal performances of supercritical pulverized coal (PC) and circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers. The target boilers were 870 and 550 MWe supercritical PC and CFB boilers, respectively. The process simulations were conducted using co-firing ratios of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30%, as well as various coal grades and load conditions at an ammonia co-firing ratio of 20%. Although the amount of CO2 reduction during ammonia co-firing was confirmed, the radiation and convective heat transfer rates decreased due to changes in the flue gas composition and due to increased moisture loss. Accordingly, the plant efficiency decreased due to lower main and reheat steam temperatures. These findings can be used to establish optimal operating conditions for CO2 reduction and improve plant efficiency, which are operational trade-offs during ammonia co-firing.

Water Purification By Removing Chemical Materials From Water By Electrochemical Methods

The current Study gives an Electrocoagulation Process for the Reduction of Nitrate Ions from Aqueous Solutions, to Meet the Standards of Water for Drinking Purposes.The effect variables such as pH Init, Current Density (i), Temperature (T), and Time (t) on the Reduction Efficiency was studied in Batch Reactor Using Aluminium Electrodes. The Optimal Reduction Conditions Were Proposed to be at pH = 7, Temperature of 30◦ C, Current Density 2.604 mA.cm-2 and Time of 120 min. The Results Showed that the Reduction Percentages for NO3- were 88.18% by Using Al Electrodes at 120 min. The Electrode Consumption was (0.167) kg/m3 and the Mean Energy Consumed was WSP= (3.5) kWh/m3.