Optimize Production Costs Research Articles

The Current Status of Self-Employment in Russia and Its Potential for Development

ABSTRACT This article examines the development of self-employment as a new way of working. It is noteworthy that self-employment is a broad concept that is no longer adequately understood by either current regulations or prevailing public opinion, which reduces the effectiveness of state policy governing citizens who have decided to go into business for themselves. Therefore, society fails to appreciate the importance of the institution of self-employment for the socioeconomic development of the country. The authors provide detailed evidence that the modern development of the institution of self-employment is an objective process that is a consequence of changes to the structure of the modern economy: Services have grown to occupy an ever greater share of gross domestic product, workers have gained increased mobility on the labor market, innovations and digital technologies have been introduced on a massive scale, new incentives to work have appeared, workers are being asked to demonstrate ever greater competencies, and there is increasing pressure to optimize production costs. This article focuses on an analysis of the state of the labor market for self-employed workers in Russia. It is noted that despite positive growth in the indicators, legal self-employment in Russia remains extremely underdeveloped. It still needs to develop in order to satisfy the requirements of the national economy, and the types of standards adopted by developed countries do not yet fully exist in Russia. In order to provide expanded opportunities for citizens to go into business, reduce the unemployment rate, reduce the size of the informal economy, and develop the country’s economy, we need to increase the efficiency of regulation by the state. It should be aimed at establishing the legal status of self-employed workers based on a multifunctional criterion, as well as solving certain tactical and strategic objectives. The first set of goals is to establish administrative, property, informational, and financial support measures for the self-employed. The second set of goals is to develop a new economic environment in the country, which will motivate people to practice legal self-employment.

The Masonry Block Industry in Akwa Ibom State: Challenges and Prospects of Entrepreneurial Development

The study investigates the challenges and prospects of entrepreneurial development of Small and Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs). The focus is on the masonry block industry in Akwa Ibom State. Data used for the analyses were collected through 139 returned and valid structured questionnaires, administered on the respondents including, owners/managers of masonry block industry, small and medium size contractors. Data collected was analysed using percentage, mean item score and Kruskal Wallis Rank test. The results reveal a high level of patronage and prospect for entrepreneurship growth of SMEs masonry block industry. The further reveal ready availability of products, time/energy savings, material efficiency, quality control, and employment opportunities among the major prospective advantages of SMEs masonry block industry. Major challenges confronting entrepreneurial growth and development of SMEs masonry block industry in the study area include inadequate funding, high cost of production, inflation, unstable patronage, and poor managerial skill. The study recommends that government should provide an enabling business environment and infrastructures through its Support Initiatives and Policies for masonry block industry to thrive in addition to the provision of business enabling infrastructure in ensuring increased productivity, reduction in production cost and profit optimization. Keywords: Economic Growth, Employment, Developing Nation, Entrepreneurship, SMEs. DOI : 10.7176/CER/11-10-04 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Hybrid renewable power plant sizing – Graphical decision tool, sensitivity analysis and applications in Ajaccio and Tilos

When sizing a renewable energy power plant in a grid-connected scenario, the optimal solution depends on the energy exchange rates between the actors of the electrical network. This study presents an optimization method that can be adapted to various power plant configurations to obtain the best size for each component, depending on the weather and the consumption. The optimization problem is solved in two steps. A Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimizer gives the trade-off between the cost of the components and the amount of non-renewable energy used, then the posttreatment takes into account the energy exchange tariffs and presents the solutions that minimize the production cost for any import and export rates. Those results can be used to evaluate the feasibility of an installation or to define the exchange tariffs with the grid regulation entity. This study also showcases the effect of the economic assumptions and of the choice of the energy management strategy on the optimal solution. The results show that the variation of the optimal production cost is limited but the component size has to be adapted accordingly. In the same way, the Energy Management Strategy used influences the plant design without affecting significantly the production cost.

La curva de aprendizaje y su contribución al desempeño del talento humano en las organizaciones: una revisión teórica

Este documento presenta una revisión sobre el concepto de curva de aprendizaje, sus orígenes, modelos y principales aplicaciones. Se realizó una investigación documental, para la cual se consultaron bases de datos especializadas, abordando los principales autores y los aspectos característicos de cada modelo. Los hallazgos indican la importancia del estudio de las curvas de aprendizaje, tanto a nivel individual, grupal y organizacional. Estas últimas pueden ser fuente para la toma de decisión en las empresas, ya que los distintos modelos de curva de aprendizaje pueden brindar información, referente a: metas de producción, evaluación de rendimientos, estimación de mano de obra, optimización de precios y costos, para crear ventajas competitivas. Los trabajos revisados destacan el beneficio de las curvas de aprendizaje en temas como: la planeación, la capacitación y el control de procesos. Se concluye que las curvas de aprendizaje, si bien iniciaron en la industria de la aviación, se han difundido a diversos sectores industriales, con la aportación de nuevos modelos matemáticos para su estimación.

THE MINERAL WATER TESTS METHODS METROLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND THE PROPOSALS ON THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN UKRAINE

In connection with the necessity to unify the procedures and requirements applicable to goods and services, first of all, with regard to conformity assessment, in order to eliminate technical barriers to trade, a list of methods for testing mineral waters has been analyzed, according to which their assessment of conformity and determination of individual safety and quality indicators. The paper analyzes the metrological characteristics of the methods approved in the form of international, national standards, standards adopted before 1992, test methods for assessing their suitability for implementation not only in the testing, but also in the production laboratories. According to the results of the analysis of 42 indicators of the measurement methodology, which are specified in DSTU 878-93 (regulatory document on packaged mineral water) and GSTU 42.10-02-96 (normative document on medical waters used in sanatorium practice), 13 indicators , which are mandatory, as they are specified in the relevant normative documents, are not valid. According to the results of the analysis of the metrological characteristics of the methods of testing the indicators of safety and quality of mineral waters, a list of methods of tests of mineral waters for the period 2019-2021 has been developed, which includes national standards certified in Ukraine methodology and GOST for drinking water, in particular, on sulfates, ammonium and iron . However, the effect of these GOST on the testing of drinking water after 2021 will be abolished, and they should also be replaced either internationally or to develop national standards. In selecting the methods of testing mineral waters, two aspects were taken into account: the conformity of metrological characteristics of the methods during the assessment of the conformity of mineral waters, taking into account the features of the composition of the mineral water itself (applicability of the method for both low and high mineral waters), and the economic feasibility of testing for the appropriate method (due to the impossibility of many testing and production laboratories to use high-value equipment). In order to provide modern standards (international and national) of packaged mineral water producers and test laboratories conducting an assessment of the conformity of mineral waters, a list of methods for testing mineral waters, which is to be developed in Ukraine for the replacement of interstate GOST or methods, the metrological characteristics of which do not correspond to the current one, is proposed. in Ukraine the rules of legal metrology, and to give them the status of national standards (for the definition of Pseudomonas spit, sulfates, ammonium, bro copper and iodide). This will enable Ukrainian producers of packaged mineral water to optimize production costs for the production of Ukrainian products and successfully expand its share in the foreign market.

MINIMALISASI BIAYA SIMPAN DAN BIAYA SETUP PADA MULTIPLE PRODUK: SIMULASI DENGAN CAPACITATED LOT SIZING PROBLEM

Lot sizing problem in production planning aims to optimize production costs (processing, setup and holding cost) by fulfilling demand and resources capacity costraint. The Capacitated Lot sizing Problem (CLSP) model aims to balance the setup costs and inventory costs to obtain optimal total costs. The object of this study was a plastic component manufacturing company. This study use CLSP model, considering process costs, holding costs and setup costs, by calculating product cycle and setup time. The constraint of this model is the production time capacity and the storage capacity of the finished product. CLSP can reduce the total production cost by 4.05% and can reduce setup time by 46.75%. 
 Keyword: Lot size, CLSP, Total production cost.

Analysis of power management and cost minimization in MG—A hybrid GOAPSNN technique

AbstractThis paper presents a hybrid technique for optimal power flow management and production cost minimization of microgrid (MG)‐connected system with renewable energy sources (RES). The hybrid technique is the joint execution of both the particle swarm optimization (PSO)–aided artificial neural network (ANN) and grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) named as GOAPSNN technique. The proposed technique is concerned with the mathematical optimization problems that involve more than one objective function to be optimized. At first, the PSO‐ANN technique predicts the load demand in the MG‐connected system by using the inputs of MG‐connected system like photovoltaic (PV) system, wind turbine (WT), microturbine (MT), diesel engine (DE), and battery. According to the load demand, GOA is utilized to choose an optimal configuration of MG, ie, fuel cost minimization, emission factors, operating, and maintenance cost. The proposed technique is executed in MATLAB/Simulink platform and compared with the existing strategies, such as squirrel optimization with gravitational search–aided neural network (SOGSNN), adaptive neuro‐fuzzy interference system and advanced salp swam optimization algorithm (ANFASO). In this paper, the maximum generated power of PV, WT, MT, and battery is 7.9, 9.8, 15.7, and 4.56 kW, respectively. The state of charge (SoC) of the proposed technique is investigated, which is around 83%. In light of the load demand, the proposed approach has less production cost.

Algorithmic strategy for optimizing product design considering the production costs

This article describes a new interactive design approach integrating the constraints associated with production include manufacturing and assembling. The proposed method, in the form of an algorithm, allows optimisation of product design by minimizing production costs at each iteration, without compromising its functionality. The novelty of this algorithm in terms of modeling and optimisation of production costs in the design phase is its ability to dynamically evaluate the cumulative costs of production as a function of design and procedural choices. The availability of this information first allows the identification of design points and/or procedural points that generate significant production costs, and second, suggests improvements and recommendations that aim to optimize production costs. These experiments were conducted at a smart factory installed in our organisation. The proposed algorithm involves four steps. To optimise production costs, the designer must input all of the required data into the simulation and thereby identify the most significant cost elements to optimise. Then, the designer uses the suggested recommendation list to modify the relevant design and/or manufacturing parameters, thus obtaining the new, optimised production costs. If the first result is unsatisfactory, other iterations can be performed.

Optimization of cutting parameters considering tool wear conditions in low-carbon manufacturing environment

Carbon emissions have drawn widely attention due to the worsening climate changes. In a machining process, a reasonable selection of cutting parameters can not only save the production cost and time, but also reduce the production carbon emissions. In addition, the wear conditions of different cutting tools also have great influence on cutting parameters selection as they could cause huge difference on carbon emissions. However, in traditional optimization methods of cutting parameters, the tool wear conditions are always ignored. Thus, in order to overcome this limitation, an optimization method of cutting parameters considering the tool wear conditions is developed. Firstly, the quantified relationships among cutting parameters, tool wear and production indexes (production carbon emissions, cost and time) are analysed. Then, a multi-objective cutting parameters optimization model is established based on the above production indexes to determine the optimal cutting parameters and tools. Thirdly, a modified NSGA-II algorithm is used to resolve the proposed model. Finally, a case study is designed to demonstrate the advantages and feasibility of the proposed approach. The results show that (i) the optimal cutting parameters change with the tool wear conditions; (ii) For the same type of cutting tools with different wear conditions, the optimal values of production carbon emissions, cost and time increase along with the raise of the tool wear conditions; (iii) For different available cutting tools with different tool wear conditions, it is necessary to apply a multi-objective optimization method to decide the optimal production carbon emissions, cost and time.

ЯКІСНІ АСПЕКТИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

In a market economy with acute competition, an important factor in the development of the enterprise is the ratio of price and quality of goods. The availability of modern equipment, proven production technology, the necessary raw material base does not mean that the company will work successfully. After all, all the same can be and competitors. And then there remains the last, human resources. The ability of a person to rationalize and create can be manifested in the optimization of production costs, in a non-standard approach to solving problems, in a radical change of labor and the construction of new schemes of enterprise functioning, which, in turn, determines the uniqueness of the human factor.Inadequate actions of the company's employees introduce variability in its technical and economic system and violate the consistency of individual stages of production during its life cycle, from market research to product recycling. The result of this discrepancy in the actions is an increase in the cost of ensuring product quality, loss of working time, reducing the competitiveness of the enterprise in the consumer market. Quality of work is a set of characteristics of actions of the worker on implementation of the labor process providing efficiency (productivity) of work and quality of production, so and its competitiveness and, as a result, competitiveness of the enterprise.

Понятие основных средств: экономическая сущность и основные этапы их воспроизводства в сельском хозяйстве

The authors systematized the theoretical concepts of reproduction of fixed assets, proposedto identify the concepts of the theory of the reproduction process, their interaction and differencein the form of a scheme of interaction of the main categories of the reproduction process.Having a clear idea of each element of fixed assets in the production process, their physical andmoral deterioration, the factors affecting the use of fixed assets and production capacity of agriculturalorganizations highlighted the circumstances that ensure the optimization of production costs and improvethe efficiency of the use of fixed capital.The hypothesis of this study is the assumption that fixed assets in agricultural production contain differentmeans of labor. In the process of agricultural production, depending on their functional purpose,they can be divided into fixed assets for production and non-production purposes.The purpose of this study is to systematize and substantiate the concepts that determine the economicessence of the concepts of fixed assets, fixed capital, fixed assets in agricultural organizations.The scientific novelty of the study is to develop and substantiate the distinctive features of economicdefinitions: fixed assets, fixed capital, fixed assets of agricultural organizations in terms of interaction inthe reproduction process in agriculture in order to develop production, increase the efficiency of fixedcapital.

Intelligent Technologies in the Oil and Gas Industry

The article is devoted to the discussion of improving the quality of oil and gas production, through the introduction of new technologies for the extraction and processing of natural resources. As well as to the procedure, which aims to ensure the increase in the volume of mineral resource (liquid hydrocarbons) and to optimization of production costs in modern enterprises of oil and gas industry. The development of “smart” technologies in the oil and gas industry is mainly associated with a reduction in proven oil and gas resources in the Russian Federation. However, there are oil and gas reserves in places with an unfavorable climate, which significantly increases the cost of developing such deposits. For solving this problem, the “smart” technology “Smart Field” development is proposed.

METHODOLOGICAL BASES OF ESTIMATION OF EFFICIENCY OF AGRO-LANDSCAPE ORGANIZATION ON THE TERRITORY OF THE AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The article is devoted to research and improvement of methodical approaches to the evaluation of the efficiency of organization of the territory of agricultural enterprises. It is determined that today in Ukraine there is no normatively fixed methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of the projects of organization of territory in agriculture. An analysis of international experience has shown the need to create criteria that characterize the current model of land use organization and the balance of environmental and economic factors. The stated vision of the effectiveness of the organization of the territory and land management shows the need to distinguish the effectiveness of the agricultural landscaping organization of the territory of agricultural enterprises, which should be considered in several aspects: environmental, social and economic. Taking into account that the efficiency of territorial regulation is manifested in these three aspects, the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the agro-landscape organization of the territory has been improved, and criteria and indicators have been proposed to determine the level of this efficiency. The criteria and indicators of the justification of the effectiveness of the agro-landscape organization of the territory of agricultural enterprises are systematized, which, in contrast to the existing ones, characterize the potential possibilities for the effectiveness of agro-landscapes, taking into account the ecological conditions and anthropogenic possibilities of the territory. In order to objectively and ease the procedure for analyzing environmental efficiency, it is proposed to combine these indicators and to calculate an integral indicator of the ecological status of the territory — an index of ecological sustainability of the territory. The application of the proposed methodological principles provides an opportunity to choose the optimal variant of the agricultural landscaping organization of the territory of agricultural enterprises and, as a result, increase production volumes, as well as optimize production costs.

ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНО-СТОИМОСТНОЙ АНАЛИЗ КАК МЕТОД ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ БИЗНЕС-ПРОЦЕССОВ НЕФТЕГАЗОДОБЫВАЮЩИХ КОМПАНИЙ

High rates of development of the world economy, unstable dynamics of demand and prices for hydrocarbon raw materials in the international market cause the need to search for domestic reserves to optimize production costs. The modern method of management aimed at solving this problem is the functional cost analysis of business processes, which allows not only to estimate the cost of the business process, but also to identify priority areas and sub-processes that require rationalization. The article highlights the history of the value analysis, its detailed characteristics. As a feature of the value method that differentiates it from the other methods of economic analysis there is given a systematic and complex approach to the studied object. It has been stated that earlier there was not conducted a complex research to find reserves for increasing the efficiency of oil and gas companies. This fact explains the need for the full consideration of the problem. There have been considered the stages of a logical realization of the value method. The algorithm of functional-cost analysis in relation to the oil and gas company is considered on the example of the business process “Exploration”, as a result of which its functional model is built. There have been shown the evaluating criteria of business processes for oil and gas producing companies: efficiency, productivity, cost of the process, operating capacity, duration and adaptability. The value diagram of cost coefficients of functions (sub-processes) has been presented. Detailed calculations of the cost factor for the function-subprocess “Oil and gas forecast” allowed to identify priority areas of cost optimization and to offer indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of functional cost analysis in the implementation of project-oriented management in oil and gas companies.

Effect of feeding frequency on growth and survival in juvenile gar Atractosteus tropicus Gill, 1863, in culture conditions

The gar, Atractosteus tropicus is a native fish distributed in fluvial systems of the Mexican southeast, which presents aquaculture potential in the food industry and as ornamental species. However, it is necessary to deepen the knowledge for the optimization of its culture. The present study examined the effect of three feeding frequencies on the growth, survival, and condition of juveniles. The fish (90) were placed in nine 35 L tanks, (n = 10; three replicates per treatment). The feed (44% protein, 15% fat) was supplied to 2% of the biomass, divided into 2, 4 and 6 servings throughout 10 h for eight weeks. After eight weeks the standard length, wet weight, survival, Fulton K, specific growth rate, nitrogen carbon rate, the coefficient of variation and size heterogeneity were recorded, which were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA. There were no significant differences among treatments for any of the response variables. The overall results indicated that in general both the culture conditions and the three food frequencies tested were adequate for the species. The results indicate the high flexibility of the species to be cultured with minimum requirements of the food supply, which can translate into the optimization of production costs.

The Influence of Process Parameters of Injection on Nano-mechanical Properties of Polypropylene

Injection of polymers is one of the most widely used technology in the production of plastic parts. During injection moulding it is important to analyse the individual factors of the injection process so that the optimal injection parameters can be set from these established process conditions. When injecting, it is important to achieve the optimal production process to reach optimal production costs, increasing the quality of the product and eliminating possible defects in the products. The presented work deals with the investigation of the influences of the process parameters of the injection process (holding pressure and mould temperature) on resulting nano-mechanical properties. To measure nano-mechanical properties by the DSI method, a polypropylene sample was chosen. Measurements were performed on the Nano-Combi-Tester. From the results of this study it is clear that optimal nano-mechanical properties are required to optimize the process parameters of the whole injection moulding process.

Analisis Kepuasan Pelanggan Terhadap Bauran Pemasaran Menggunakan Integrasi Importance Performance Analysis dan Model Kano (Studi Kasus : L’societe Dine and Bar Bandung)

<p>The city of Bandung has a variety of culinary places that feature their own characteristics, ranging from luxury culinary venues, traditional uniqueness hangout, to the roadside hangout is available in this city. Amid the rapid development of culinary tourism in the city of Bandung, L'societe Dine and Bar is one restaurant that wrestle in culinary tourism business competition. However, according to sales data, L'societe experienced a decrease in total sales from 2014 to 2016. L'societe requires effective improvement on its marketing mix performance. The study aims to analyze customer satisfaction with L'societe marketing mix. The research was conducted using descriptive statistics method, measuring customer satisfaction index and integration of Importance Performance Analysis and Kano Model.</p><p>Based on the result of research, there are some attributes of L'societe marketing mix that need to be improved. For price attributes, L'societe should review product prices. This review is conducted through further research on product pricing by analyzing product prices with competitor product price comparison or optimizing production costs. For promotional attributes, L'societe can hold live music on an ongoing basis. In addition to this, it can be proposed packages with attractive discounts to the customer, group or family. This is important to consider because L'societe puts forward a convenient facility to its customers to feel different from its competitors.</p><p> </p><pre><strong>Keywords</strong>: marketing mix, importance performance analysis, integration of importance performance analysis and canoe model, customer satisfaction, Kano model</pre>

Value chain and production cost optimization by integrating additive manufacturing in injection molding process chain

Additive manufacturing (AM) can create considerable value when integrated into conventional manufacturing process chains. Tooling for new molded product development as pilot case of integration of AM in the injection molding process chain is investigated. The study shows that injection molding based on AM for fabrication of polymer tool inserts is economically advantageous allowing 80–90% production costs reduction as compared with a conventional tooling process chain based on machining. Fabrication of soft tools with AM results in a production lead time reduction in the range of 60–70% compared to the time required to machine mold inserts in brass or aluminum.

Metoda analizy produktywności z innowacyjnym modelem potencjału roboczego obiektu w ciele ( C ) dla nowego podziału zasobów na inherentne i nieinherentne

The aim of the article is to develop new methods of analysis, estimation and optimal selection of quantitative resources (inherent and non-inherent) in the planning of the product effect for specific environmental conditions. The required iterative approach in the construction of the mathematical model and analysis of its possible practical applications and search for how to figure those opportunities. As the testing method has been applied method intuitive, allowing you to use the experience of expert analysis from ongoing opportunities to make full use of the sustainability properties and customize to their processes. The results were presented in the form of mathematical models in the collection of complex numbers and graphically on the plane of complex numbers. Method to estimate changes inherent and non-inherent resources objects (machines, systems, organizations) on their productivity (Po). The method uses the original, innovative, model potential workspace object (PrO) in the form of a complex binding numerically inherent (Zi O) and non-inherent (ZniO) resources objects. Evaluation of value Po it was proposed with the PrO. The values of the Zi O and ZniO was adopted as two independent resources constituting the whole of resources in the required in the production (or in the service). Method evaluation Po illustrates for the resources object described model Ro =│PrO = f (ZpO, ZoO)│, where Zi O is a work resource (ZpO), ZniO is extracted from the operation of the resource service (ZoO), and the generating capacity of the object Po is described using a pointer named R object (Ro). Illustrated in the complex plane analysis results and the results obtained from the calculation PrO and Ro, for contract values of the ZpO and ZoO, indicate the application capabilities developed method. Method allows a very clear description of the productivity changes objects (or processes, or production organization), in the context of the selection of manufacturing resource structure, through the separation of the factors causing these changes. Method can be adapted for optimal production costs (or services) through design changes object and/or design changes of the process exploitation. Developed the method brings new opportunities for theoretical and application in relation technical and economic sciences.

Trace species investigations for integrated steel plants in m.simtop

Iron and steel making requires a wide range of different raw materials which are significantly influencing process performance and demands a continuous optimisation of process routes also with respect to energy efficiency as well as environmental emissions. Steadily changing raw material prices and qualities, market situations and product variations are challenging integrated steel plant operators in production planning and cost optimization. To successfully counter this global market situation by the use of a simulation platform, the effort was taken to develop a holistic model library for optimization of integrated steel plants. This simulation platform – “m.simtop” is capable of a sophisticated depiction of any integrated steel plant setup and a wide range of calculation functionalities including optimization routines. In a detailed process analysis with m.simtop of a central European iron making route – consisting of a sinter plant, two blast furnaces including hot blast stoves and a hot metal desulphurisation ladle – simulation results were compared to operation data and showed highly accurate accordance. The special task of this process analysis was to specifically trace sulphur in the iron making production route – an environmentally and operationally crucial element. Due to this study generated simulation results delivered more insight on the sulphur distribution throughout the production process and robust figures which can be used for strategic operation planning are thus now available. In this summary the process chain, its depiction in m.simtop and related results are described.