Optimal Parameters Research Articles

Improvement of horizontal streak on disparity map thru parameter optimization for stereo vision algorithm

In this paper, an improved local based stereo vision disparity map (SVDM) algorithm is proposed. The proposed local based SVDM algorithm include four stages and they are matching cost computation, cost aggregation disparity optimization and disparity refinement. The matching cost computation started by combining pixel to pixel matching techniques, which are absolute difference (AD) and gradient matching (GM) in producing the initial disparity map. Next, the cost aggregation uses minimum spanning tree (MST) segmentation, which equipped with edge preserving properties and noise filtering. Then, disparity optimization uses local approach with winner-take-all (WTA) technique. At the final stage, disparity refinement uses bilateral filter (BF) with weighted median (WM), which can improve the disparity map through noise removing and edges preserving. Then, the research continues to optimize the proposed local based SVDM algorithm through parameters optimization in obtaining the final disparity map. Here, multiple parameters from the proposed SVDM algorithm are manipulated and they are constant values for GM and several constant parameters in BF. By selecting the optimum parameter values, the performance of the proposed SVDM algorithm increased, especially robustness towards the horizontal streaks.

Optimization of process parameters in laser cladding multi channel forming using MVBM-NSGA-II method

ABSTRACT Laser cladding multi-channel forming is a complex, nonlinear process characterized by multi-parameter coupling. To determine the technology parameters, an optimization method of multivariate black-box prediction model (MVBM) matching non-dominated sequential genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was constructed. Multi-channel LC orthogonal experiments were designed. The MVBM was established with process technology parameters as inputs and characteristic parameters reflecting the quality (surface hardness, dilution rate) as responses. The set of optimal solutions for technology parameters by the NSGA-II. The experimental results showed that, under the optimum parameters, the average hardness of the optimized increased by 6.1%, and the dilution rate was reduced by 49.8%. The dilution rate was maintained within the optimal range. The study’s findings can provide theoretical support for optimizing LC multi-objective technology parameters and improving coating quality control.

Regulating the microstructure and catalytic activity of metal selenides via calcination strategy for lithium-sulfur battery

Metal selenides obtain a series of advantages such as high electronic conductivity, excellent catalytic activity and facile fabrication approach, which are considered as promising catalysts in lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery. Traditional research based on metal selenides focuses on designing novel/complex microstructures or composites, however, the catalytic ability can be greatly affected by internal properties such as defect or vacancy. In this work, hollow nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide (NiCo-LDH) is first fabricated and applied as a precursor to fabricate NiCoSe, and Se vacancy accompanied with crystal phase, microstructure and catalytic activity can be regulated by simply adjusting selenization atmosphere and temperature. Involving the application of NiCoSe in Li-S battery, the optimum fabrication parameter is perform the selenization at 600 °C under argon/5 % hydrogen, and the battery can exhibit a high discharge specific capacity of 1042.8 mAh g−1, excellent cycling performance of 500 cycles with a decay rate of 0.083 % at 1 C. This work highlights the importance of calcination process and also provides reference for further modifying the microstructure and performance of metal selenides in Li-S battery.

Promising CO2 gas sensor application of zinc oxide nanomaterials fabricated via HVPG technique

Highly effective gas sensors for detecting a range of hazardous and toxic gases were successfully applied in the present study using Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials. In this work, the horizontal vapor phase growth (HVPG) technique was perfectly capable of the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials. The effect of the growth time with different dwell times was discussed by comparing the SEM-EDX analysis and photoluminescence characterization of the samples. Magnetic field (AMF) was also incorporated to determine the effect of AMF on the synthesis of ZnO nanomaterials. The results showed that the ZnO nanorods and root-like shapes are formed with more than 5 μm length and a few nm diameters. The optimum parameter showed the sensors are shiner than the less effective sensor when applied. The introduction of an external magnetic field led to a reduced energy band gap by a maximum of 15 %. The non-AMF band gap energy value is observed to be between 3.51 and 3.58 eV, while the value obtained using AMF is found to be between 2.94 and 3.22 eV. During the CO2 gas sensor test, AMF ZnO nanomaterial samples exhibited higher voltage and gradient compared to non-AMF samples.

Ultrahigh pressure enhances the extraction efficiency, antioxidant potential, and hypoglycemic activity of flavonoids from Chinese sea buckthorn leaves

Ultrahigh pressure extraction (UHPE) is an emerging non-thermal extraction technology, but whether this technology can be used for extracting flavonoids from sea buckthorn leaves remains unelucidated. This study optimized the processing conditions for flavonoid extraction from Chinese sea buckthorn leaves through UHPE and compared the results obtained with those of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional solvent extraction (CSE). The optimum parameters for UHPE were as follows: ethanol concentration, 50%; liquid-solid ratio, 41:1; pressure, 143 MPa; temperature, 44 °C; and holding time, 3 min. Compared with the UAE and CSE extracts the UHPE extracts had a higher content of total flavonoids and flavonol monomers, and the advantages of UPHE were primarily observed in the extraction of flavonoid monosaccharide chain glycosides and flavonoid aglycones. In total, 36 flavonoids were identified in the three extracts, with 33, 30, and 28 flavonoids identified in UHPE, UAE and CSE, respectively. Additionally, the UHPE extracts had a greater ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), α-amylase inhibitory activity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. In conclusion, the efficiency of UHPE to extract flavonoids from sea buckthorn leaves was significantly higher than those of UAE and CSE.

Design and optimization study of all inorganic based double-absorption- layer CsPbI3/MoS2 heterojunction perovskite solar cells by SCAPS-1D

In recent years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) continue to be a popular issue due to their high-power conversion efficiency (PCE%) and cost-effective production process. The CsPbI3 absorber layer used to produce PSCs limits the efficiency of the structure because it can absorb low-energy photons. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, CsPbI3 and CsPbI3/MoS2 single and double absorber based inorganic heterojunction PSCs were studied in detail, compared and optimized by using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) software package. We discussed how the photovoltaic efficiency changed based on the open-circuit voltage (Voc), circuit current density (Jsc), quantum efficiency (QE), PCE% and fill factor (FF) relies on layer thickness, operating temperature, defect density (Nt), acceptor (NA) and donor density (ND), and heterojunction design. CuSbS2 and PCBM were chosen as the HTL and ETL layers, respectively. Depending on the results obtained from the SCAPS-1D, the optimum parameters for the Au/HTL/CsPbI3/ETL/FTO single layer device were determined as Thickness = 300 nm, Nt = 1011 cm-3, NA = 1013 cm-3, and T = 310 K. Then, the optimum parameters of MoS2 for the Au/HTL/CsPbI3/MoS2/ETL/FTO double layer-based device were determined as Thickness = 600 nm, Nt = 1010 cm-3 and ND = 1018 cm-3. It has been observed that MoS2 increases the light absorption capacity of the PSC device. As a result, the solar cell efficiency of the device with MoS2 has improved from 20.44 % to 40.66 % compared to the single-layer device. Additionally, in this study, presented a new approach for the future development at highly efficient, stable and completely inorganic PSCs integrated with transition metal dichalcogenide(TMDs; MoS2) materials.

Optimization and Kinetic Study of Manganese Leaching from Pyrolusite Ore in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions with Oxalic Acid

AbstractThe leaching behavior of pyrolusite minerals was examined in hydrochloric acid solutions, including oxalic acid, to evaluate the influence of various experimental conditions. The optimum parameters for the leaching process were found in the first stage, and the process's kinetics were assessed in the second. The concentrations of oxalic acid, hydrochloric acid, and temperature were chosen as independent variables in the optimization experiments, with the central composite design used to analyze the experimental data. The optimum concentrations for oxalic acid, hydrochloric acid, and temperature were determined to be 0.75 mol/L, 1.2 mol/L, and 60 °C, respectively. The leaching rate was determined to be 97.4% for 120 min of response time in optimum situations. The kinetic assessment experiments studied the effects of solid/liquid ratio, particle size, stirring speed, and temperature on the manganese leaching rate from pyrolusite. In the studies, the leaching rate was shown to rise with increasing temperature and stirring speed, as well as with decreasing particle size and solid/liquid ratio. The kinetic analysis revealed that the leaching kinetics matched the mixed kinetic model, and a mathematical model for the leaching process was developed. This process's activation energy was determined to be 29.05 kJ/mol. Graphical Abstract

Performance optimization of an air-assisted electrostatic spraying unit using response surface methodology

An air-assisted electrostatic spraying unit along with a set-up to measure the spray current was developed. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the performance of the developed electrostatic spraying unit. The optimum parameters such as electrode diameter, electrode voltage, electrode position and target distance for maximizing charge-to-mass ratio (CMR) were determined to be 30 mm, 2000 V, 0 mm and 400 mm, respectively Predicted CMR under optimal conditions was experimentally validated. Furthermore, charged spray demonstrated 1.5 to 4.6 times higher droplet deposition with lower uniformity coefficient (2.13–2.14) and relative span factor (0.84–0.9) compared to uncharged spray.

Process Optimization for Biosurfactant Production by Bacillus aryabhattai SPS1001 using Taguchi Method.

This study employs Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) to optimize biosurfactant yield by analyzing the impact of various input parameters. Signal-to-noise ratio analysis was utilized for optimization, corroborated by ANOVA findings. Regression equations depicted response behaviour and are validated through a confirmation test. Taguchi methodology identified optimal conditions for maximum biosurfactant yield: agitation (180rpm), inoculum size (2%), beef extract (5g/L), diesel (20ml/L), peptone (5g/L), NaCl (7g/L), incubation time (4days), pH (7.9), and yeast extract (6g/L). This yielded an 8.33% increase to 1.53g/L, with initial optimum parameters projecting 1.41g/L. ANOVA ranked and quantified control factor contributions, revealing agitation's significant (31.41%) impact on yield. The study underscores the viability of Taguchi's optimal conditions for substantial yield improvement within specific ranges. The strong alignment between expected and experimental yields affirmed the reliability of developed models for optimal yield selection. This study underscores the power of statistical techniques like Taguchi DOE and ANOVA in systematically enhancing biosurfactant production by Bacillus aryabhattai SPS1001 and paves the way for future advancements in bioprocess optimization.

Effect of Y2O3 on high temperature thermal compression performance of Cu-10W composites and microstructure analysis

In this study, Cu-10W and 2wt%Y2O3/Cu-10W composites were successfully prepared via mechanical ball milling and spark plasma sintering. Hot compression experiments on the two materials were carried out in the temperature range of 300°C–600°C and in the strain rate range of 0.01 s-1–10 s-1. The hot deformation activation energy of the two materials was calculated and a constitutive equation was established. The optimum hot deformation process parameters were obtained according to a hot processing map. The effects of Y2O3 on the thermal deformation behavior of the Cu-10W composites and their microstructures were investigated, and the results showed that Y2O3 could enhance the stability of Cu-10W at high temperatures. The activation energies of thermal deformation of Cu-10W and 2wt%Y2O3/Cu-10W were 159.56 KJ/mol and 129.85 KJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, Y2O3 improved the interfacial bonding strength of Cu and W in the Cu-10W material, effectively preventing the generation of microcracks and pores during the high-temperature compression process; Y2O3 provides more nucleation sites in the recrystallization process, which is favorable for the excitation of recrystallization. A low strain rate at high temperatures favors the occurrence of recrystallization, and the 2wt%Y2O3/Cu-10W composites tend to exhibit discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) under high-Z-value conditions and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) under low-Z-value conditions.

Comparative study of electrogas and shielded metal arc welding processes on steel A537 welded joints

In this research, the electro-gas welding process was compared with a shielded metal arc welding process for welding steel A573 from a mechanical properties point of view. Visual and radiographic inspections confirmed the soundness of weldments produced by electro-gas welding and shielded metal arc welding techniques. Various assessments were performed, including hardness, tensile strength, V-notch impact toughness, macrostructure, microstructure, and electrochemical tests. The mechanical properties of the two welding processes were closely matched, with an average tensile strength of 590 MPa for electro-gas welding and 585 MPa for shielded metal arc welding. Furthermore, the influence of welding variables, such as groove design and heat input, on the welded joints’ quality, mechanical properties, and electrochemical behavior was thoroughly examined. Dilution estimates, particularly for the electro-gas welding process, were around 35%, and a significant similarity was observed between the chemical composition determined through dilution calculations and that obtained from chemical analysis using an arc spark emission spectrometer. Notably, the electro-gas welding process demonstrated exceptional productivity, surpassing the shielded metal arc welding process by more than elevenfold. The optimum welding parameters for the electro-gas welding process were identified to achieve superior mechanical properties, low corrosion rates, and reduced consumption of the welding electrodes. This included adopting a single V type and groove angle of 30° instead of 60°, resulting in a 23% reduction in economic costs. Selecting an appropriate heat input within the range of 12 to 14 kJ/mm further contributed to enhancing overall welding efficiency.

Synthesis, structural characterization and in vitro digestion stability of a soluble soybean polysaccharide‑zinc chelate

The chelation reaction of soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) with zinc was investigated. Using response surface methodology, the optimum parameters for SSPS-Zn synthesis were obtained: pH 5.3, SSPS-ZnCl2 mass ratio of 9.44:1, reaction temperature 50.44 °C, and reaction time 1.5 h, with the highest zinc content of 24.73 %. Compared with SSPS, SSPS-Zn increased in rhamnogalacturonan content and decreased in that of neutral monosaccharides (Fuc, Ara, Gal, Glu and Xyl). UV–vis spectra indicated that SSPS-Zn was lower than SSPS in protein content. FTIR spectra indicated that CO group of SSPS was bonded to Zn2+. X-ray diffraction spectra demonstrated that SSPS-Zn had higher crystallinity. Congo red reactions showed that SSPS possessed a triple-helix conformation while SSPS-Zn formed an irregular free-coiled conformation. EDX confirmed SSPS-Zn synthesis successfully. TGA curves exhibited that SSPS-Zn required higher temperature to undergo degradation. AFM revealed that SSPS-Zn was clustered while SSPS was filamentous. SEM micrographs showed the cracked fragments on the surface of SSPS-Zn. By in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal digestion, Zn2+ release reached 68.87 % after 2 h digestion. Consequently, the chelation of SSPS with zinc could change structure and provide a basis for research and application of novel zinc supplements.

Machinability of gas metal arc based 3D printed Al-Mg 5356 alloy using wire-EDM

Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured (WAAM) is relatively new method of metal 3D printing in which the raw material is heated by the gas metal arc and the molten metal pool is deposited layer-by-layer using a computer numerically controlled axis drive system. Since WAAM needs a finishing process for attaining the final dimensions of the components, there is a need to investigate the machinability aspects of WAAM fabricated materials. This work investigates the machinability of Al-Mg 5356 alloy test samples fabricated by WAAM process using wire-electric discharge machining (Wire-EDM). The test samples were subjected to Wire-EDM and the obtained material removal rate (MRR), kerf width (KW) and surface roughness (Ra) were investigated at different Wire-EDM process settings of voltage, current, pulse-on time (Ton), pulse-off time (Toff) and wire speed (Ws). Statistical analysis revealed that current had a significant influence on MRR. Ton had a strong influence on KW and Ra, whereas Toff exhibited a considerable impact on all these responses. Notably, Ws demonstrated a significant impact on Ra. However, voltage was found to have statistically negligible impact on all the machining responses. Microstructural investigations and compositional analysis were conducted providing valuable information on the cut surfaces. The results derived from the present investigation are useful for predicting the optimum process parameter settings for machining of WAAM-based 3D printed Al-Mg alloy in various manufacturing industries.

Reviewing the Optimal Conditions for Efficiently Harnessing the Phytotherapeutic Potential of the Invasive Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br Plant Threatening Plant Diversity

Within the scope of this study, the study conducted by Pereira et al. on the examination of the plant species Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br, known as Hottentot-fig, is examined. This plant poses a great threat to biodiversity in coastal areas with its invasive feature. Pereira and his colleagues aimed to reveal the phytotherapeutic potential of the Hottentot-fig plant to turn this crisis situation into an opportunity. By evaluating the bioactive components and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the plant, which vary depending on harvest time and location, the usability of this plant in the food and nutraceutical industries has been demonstrated. In the methodology and results of this valuable study conducted by Pereira et al., methods such as extraction and total phenolic content HPLC-DAD were compared with other literature studies in order to determine the optimum parameters. By comparing the results of the study on Hottentot-fig, the shortcomings and strengths of the study were determined. Within the scope of our study, it is stated that alternative methods should be taken into consideration in addition to the known methods used in the literature, the results of these methods should be examined, and efficient results can be obtained with different method strategies.

Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles via Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) leaf extract for efficient adsorptive removal of doxycycline hydrochloride from aqueous solution

Due to significant consumption and improper disposal, the increase in emerging broad-spectrum antibacterial pharmaceutical contaminants in water bodies leds to degradation of quality of water resources and aquatic life, causes water availability issues. Doxycycline hydrochloride belongs to the tetracycline antibiotic class of drug, exhibits a significant persistence of toxicity in the aquatic environment. In the present study, eco-friendly CuO nanoparticles were biosynthesized using ocimum sanctum leaf waste extract and an investigation was carried out for the efficient adsorptive removal of doxycycline hydrochloride from pharmaceutical waste with harmful impacts on the environment. UV–visible spectra, XRD, FTIR, EDX, BET, HRTEM and FESEM analysis were used to characterize surface modification of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Drug concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent dosage were among the main adsorption parameters that were examined in order to optimize the most effective removal results. Maximum adsorption capacity of 8.56 mg/g was achieved at optimum process parameter; 100 mg/L, 170 min., pH 6 at 298 K. Moreover, various isotherm models were examined in order to accurately describe the adsorption equilibrium experimental results. Although, the thermodynamic data and kinetic study showed that the sorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, followed second order kinetic model. The outcomes showed that green synthesized CuO nanoadsorbent can be effectively employed for the removal of antibiotic medications from actual wastewater.

Analysis and optimization of machining parameters of AZ91 alloy nanocomposite with the Influences of nano ZrO2 through vacuum diecast process

The magnesium alloy composite is a vital material for automotive applications due to its features like high stiffness, superior damping resistance, high strength, and lightweight. Here, the motto of research is to establish the AZ91 alloy nanocomposite with the exposures of 0, 1, 3, and 5 volume percentages (vol%) of nano zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) particles (50nm) through fluid stir metallurgy route associated with 1x105 Pa vacuum die cast process. Exposures on structural morphology, hardness, and impact toughness of composite are analyzed and identified as the nano AZ91 alloy composite enclosed with 5vol% is homogenous particle dispersion, enhanced hardness (97.6HV), and optimum toughness of 21.2J/mm2. However, composite faces machining difficulties due to the hard abrasive particles with higher hardness, resulting in tool wear. This experiment predicts the optimum mill parameters during the end mill operation of magnesium alloy nanocomposite (AZ91/5vol%) by using a tungsten carbide coated end mill cutter to attain the maximum metal removal rate with low surface roughness and tool wear analyzed via the general linear model (GLM) ANOVA approach. The input conditions for end milling operation vary, like feed rate (0.1 -0.4mm/rev), depth of cut (0.05 -0.2mm), and spindle speed (250-1000rpm). During the ANOVA GLM approach, the L16 design experiment is fixed for further interaction analysis. The results predicted by the depth to cut and feed rate were dominant and played a major role in deciding the tool wear, surface roughness, and MRR.

Optimum Solar Cell Power Conversion Efficiency-Based Patterned Planar Solar Surface Morphology with Various Solar Cell Absorber Structures

This paper simulated the optimum solar cell power conversion efficiency-based planar solar surface morphology with various solar cell absorber structures. The spectral light intensity, reflected, absorbed, and transmission coefficients versus wavelength band spectrum varied from 300[Formula: see text]nm to 1300[Formula: see text]nm through the visible to near-infrared regions. The optimum solar cell performance parameters or key parameters are studied with different solar cell structure designs based on different surface contact and back contact layers. Cumulative generation current, cumulative electron–hole pair generation rate and electron–hole pair generation rate are clarified versus substrate depth for various solar cell structure designs. The absorbed current in substrate is optimized for various solar cell structure designs. Maximum power voltage and current are also optimized for the proposed solar cell structure design. The effective solar cell power efficiency is also demonstrated based on the optimized maximum power current and maximum power voltage.

Highly-efficient peroxymonosulfate activation by porous nano-MgO for tetracycline degradation: Surface hydroxyl groups and oxygen vacancies synergetic mediated nonradical process

Heterogeneous transition metal activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes is limited by low cycling efficiency, secondary contamination, and high toxicity. In this study, a non-transition metal porous nano-MgO catalyst from natural dolomite was synthesized and PMS activation was performed to degrade tetracycline (TC). The nano-MgO/PMS system could achieve TC degradation of 88.09 % within 20 min under the optimum parameters (nano-MgO dosage of 0.2 g·L−1, PMS concentration of 0.3 mM), exceeding the efficiency of the PMS-alone system (11.66 %) by 7-fold, which was related to large specific surface area (41.19 m2·g−1) and defect structure of porous nano-MgO catalysts. As revealed by the quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, different from transition metal activation PMS where radicals are generated, singlet oxygen (1O2) was essential in the nano-MgO/PMS oxidation process. Notably, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that nano-MgO with surface hydroxyl groups and oxygen vacancies exhibited the longer O-O bond length (1.47 Å), stronger adsorption energy of PMS (-4.07 eV), and faster electron transfer (0.91 e) than the only nano-MgO with surface hydroxyl groups, proving the surface hydroxyl groups and oxygen vacancies active sites in nano-MgO could synergistically mediate the PMS activation process. Furthermore, the proposed three TC degradation pathways and the toxicity evaluation of intermediates suggested that nano-MgO/PMS system have good ecological safety. This work offers an innovative approach for the cost-effective preparation of porous magnesium oxide with highly efficiency, offering a new perspective for understanding the PMS activation mechanism induced by non-transition metal.

Layup design and mechanical properties of an optimal dome profile

AbstractThe development of lightweight and high‐performance composite pressure vessels have become a popular research objective. The purpose of this study is to the layup design and improve the mechanical properties of pressure vessel structure with optimal dome profile under an internal pressure of 70 MPa. First, the prediction equations of fiber thickness for the cylindrical and dome sections are provided. Second, the influence laws of linear parameters on fiber layer thickness distribution are analyzed. Third, the optimal dome profile is used as the pressure vessel structure for the layup design, and the variable polar hole process is applied to solve the fiber thickness accumulation problem near the polar holes. Finally, the composite pressure vessel is modeled using Abaqus finite element software, and the stress and strain distributions of the liner and the composite layer under different internal pressure loads are analyzed under self‐tightening pressure. Results show that the variable polar hole process reduces the maximum thickness value by nearly 50.16% at the maximum fiber thickness of the dome. Under working pressure, the maximum stress of the liner is reduced by 43.41% after applying self‐tightening pressure. In addition, the variable polar hole process can effectively realize the lightweighting of composite pressure vessels while self‐tightening pressure can effectively improve the mechanical properties of the liner. This research provides a valuable reference for the design of composite pressure vessels.Highlights Fiber accumulation occurs in two bandwidth regions near the polar hole. The variable polar hole process can solve the fiber accumulation problem. The optimum dome profile geometric parameters are m = 0.8 and rc = 0.4R. The self‐tightening pressure improves liner loading capacity.

The role of cavity shapes in improving the performance of a heat sink incorporating nano-enhanced phase change material

Improving the cooling performance of heat sink is critical for providing better thermal management to compact electronic devices. Thus, analyzing various cavity shapes for a heat sink containing Nano-enhanced Phase Change Material is of utmost necessity. The present study focuses on a two-dimensional conjugate heat propagation in a Heat sink with Rectangular (HRC), Trapezoidal (HTC), and Wavy (HWC) cavities. Various cavity shapes are examined to identify the ideal shape for a heat sink containing nano-enhanced Phase Change Material (Ne-PCM). The copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticle enhanced paraffin is considered as Ne-PCM. The analysis encompasses identification of the potent cavity shape, its optimum geometric parameters, the dominant mode of heat transfer and ultimately the desirable thermophysical properties of the Ne-PCM. Among HRC, HTC, and HWC, the heat sink with HRC performs the best by maintaining the lowest base temperature. The HTC, has a better initial performance than the HRC, though HTC has low PCM content. Nevertheless, as time progresses, HTC fails to inhibit the base temperature rise. In contrast, due to increased contact surface area, PCM in HWC experiences a stronger opposing viscous force. Consequently, HWC has conduction-dominated heat transfer and the slowest melting of PCM that elevates the base temperature, accumulating heat near cavity walls. Shortening the relative pitch distance and elongating the relative height of the HRC further lowers the base temperature of the heat sink. Notably, the heat transfer mode analysis reveals that in the cavity with maximum height, heat diffusion dominates convective heat transfer. Heat diffusion increases away from the cavity walls towards the middle of the cavity. Ultimately, it is noted that a denser PCM with high thermal conductivity and low viscosity effectively maintains a low heat sink base temperature. A denser PCM imparts more sensible and latent heat absorption capability and maintains a lower base temperature. On complete melting, the convective heat transfer is much higher in a denser PCM. A PCM with higher thermal conductivity marginally lowers the base temperature with a small increase in PCM melting rate.