Optimum Operating Pressure Research Articles

Cold sterilization of coconut water by membrane technology and UV-C

Coconut water contains amino acids, vitamins, antioxidants, and mineral, which are beneficial for human health. However, rapid degradation of coconut water due to the presence of protein, fat, and microbes has led to short shelf life and coconut water’s rancidity. Sterilization of coconut water by heat treatment has been proven to be effective in microorganism elimination, but results in major changes of coconut water’s sensory attributes. In this research, cold sterilization of coconut water was conducted by using ultrafiltration membrane and UV-C to preserve the sensory properties and nutritional components in coconut water. The radiation dose of UV-C and operating pressure of ultrafiltration membrane was varied to obtain the optimum operating condition. The sterilization process by UV-C did not remove fat and protein, which are the rancidity-causing components. In ultrafiltration sterilization, fat and protein can be removed by 74% and 31.37%. Superior microorganism elimination by ultrafiltration was obtained at 99.9999%, compared to that by UV-C at 90%. The ultrafiltration also retained the coconut water’s pH, total soluble solid, and flavor, while improved its clarity. At optimum operating pressure of 0.25 bar, the coconut water’s shelf life of 3 days, according to the Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI), can be achieved.

Modeling and investigation of the performance of a solar-assisted ground-coupled CO2 heat pump for space and water heating

The rise in the popularity of heat pumps should be accompanied by the increase in the utilization of environmentally-safe working fluids. To push for wider uptake of hybrid heat pump systems that use natural working fluids, information about their performance and operating characteristics should be made available. This study models a CO2 solar-assisted ground-coupled heat pump (SAGCHP) system and investigates its performance for space and water heating. Sensitivity analysis, parametric study, and long-term performance simulation were implemented, with the system’s seasonal performance factor (SPF), levelized cost of heating (LCOH), and ground temperature change (GTC) considered as performance indicators. It was seen that ensuring a good combination of design and operating specifications can result in an SPF (∼3.5) and LCOH (0.184 USD/kWh) that are comparable with those of SAGCHP systems that use conventional working fluids. The heat pump’s high-side pressure and output temperature exhibited notable effects on all the performance indicators. Below the optimal operating pressure, a 5% increase in the heat pump’s high-side pressure brought about a ∼7–10% improvement to the SPF, a ∼3–5% reduction to the LCOH, and a ∼6–10% increase to the GTC. Reducing the output temperature by 5% increased the SPF by ∼7–8%, decreased the LCOH by ∼3%, and increased the GTC by ∼6%. Parametric studies identified the presence of optimal heat pump discharge pressure and heat source circulation rate that should be used for operations. Long-term simulation shows that managing the GTC ensures the longevity of the system. Rather than oversizing the borehole heat exchangers (BHEs), it is more practical to reduce ground temperature decline by increasing the BHE spacing or by adding solar collectors.

Full three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation and optimization of a swirling jet-induced cavitation reactor

Hydrodynamic cavitation is an efficient method in terms of energy consumption that can be used to intensify the pollutant degradation processes in wastewater treatment. Among various kinds of cavitation reactors, a swirling jet-induced cavitation reactor that has been less studied was investigated in detail for the first time in this work. Recently, researchers have focused more on investigating the parameters that affect the process and control its intensity. In the present work, the efficacy of the operating pressure on the performance of the cavitating device was investigated by calculating the cavitational efficacy ratio (CER) using full three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations. Also, preliminary studies were carried out for the first time to optimize the curvature correction coefficient of the shear stress transport k–ω viscous model to sensitize it to streamline curvature to obtain convergence and stability of the simulations. The optimum operating pressure was found by solving the cavity dynamics equations and calculating the CER parameter. The Rayleigh–Plesset cavity dynamics equation was applied to the cavity trajectory obtained from solving the discrete phase model to track the cavity radius and inside pressure variations. Finally, the validation of the simulation and estimated optimum operating pressure were done by the experimental data reported in the literature that there was reasonable agreement between them.

Thermodynamic advantages of flash intercooling in natural gas liquefaction’s precooling cycle

This paper evaluates flash intercooling (FIC) in the precooling cycle to enhance the liquefaction process efficiency. Utilizing FIC reduces the precooling refrigerant temperature at the compressors inlet from a superheated to saturated vapor state. Both propane and ammonia are examined as precooling refrigerants. Energy and exergy analyses are adopted to evaluate the propane pre-cooled mixed refrigerant (C3MR) and the ammonia pre-cooled mixed refrigerant (NH3MR) process efficiency of eight case studies at two different ambient temperatures of 25 °C and 40 °C. The liquefaction process was modeled to minimize the specific energy consumption (SEC) and determine optimal operating pressure for compressors. The results obtained using FIC show that at the nominal ambient temperature of 25 °C, the SEC of C3MR and NH3MR is reduced by 12.6% and 4.0%, respectively. On a hotter day with an ambient temperature of 40 °C, the FIC enhances the process efficiency at a greater rate in which the NH3MR process SEC reduces by 5.7%, while C3MR process SEC reduces by 5.0%. Moreover, the findings from the exergy analysis reveal that compressors and heat exchangers are two major contributors to exergy destruction which are responsible for 76% of the cycle exergy destruction. Moreover, employing FIC shows that the largest impact in exergy destruction saving occurs for the C3MR at 25 °C by reducing the exergy destruction by 19%, in which combination of compressors and heat exchangers exergy destruction reduces by 121 kJ/kg.LNG.

Effect of pressure on heat and mass transfer performance in spray drying tower with low inlet temperature

• Pressure effect on spray-drying tower used in wastewater treatment is studied. • A three-stage single droplet model is developed and used in spray drying simulation. • Wastewater treatment using spray-drying tower under low pressure is tested. • Guidance on selection of optimal operating pressure for spray drying is provided. • The optimum pressure is due to increased mass transfer and reduced residence time. The spray drying tower is an important device of the air circulation evaporation-separation electroplating wastewater treatment system based on Brayton refrigeration cycle, which can acquire the optimum system performance by controlling the operational pressure. In order to explore the optimum pressure in the tower, the heat and mass transfer performances of the spray drying tower under different pressures are investigated. The experimental results show that the evaporation rate increases with the decrease of the pressure. The effect of pressure on tower height and inlet air temperature required for droplet to be completely dried is simulated to use the model verified by experimental data. A three-stage heat and mass transfer model for single-droplet is developed in the simulation. The simulation results show that there is an optimal pressure corresponding to the lowest required tower height. The optimal pressure is increased with the increase of inlet air temperature. When the tower height is fixed, the inlet air temperature required for drying droplet firstly decreases and then increases with the increase of pressure. In addition, through analyzing heat and mass transfer, it is found that the decrease of pressure results in the increase of not only the mass transfer driving force but also the air velocity, thus the droplet residence time is decreased, which leads to the existence of optimal pressure. It is feasible to achieve complete drying in spray drying process by reducing the pressure in the tower with low inlet temperature.

Performance comparison of lithium fractionation from magnesium via continuous selective nanofiltration/electrodialysis

Although selective nanofiltration (SNF) and selective electrodialysis (SED) have been widely adopted in the field of Mg2+/Li+ separation, their differences have not been illustrated systematically. In this study, for the first time, SNF and SED processes in continuous mode were studied for Li+ fractionation from the same brine with high Mg/Li ratios and their differences were discussed in detail. For a fair analysis of the two processes, typical factors were optimized. Specifically, the optimal operating pressure and feed flow rate for SNF were 2.4 MPa and 140 L·h−1, respectively, while the optimal cell-pair voltage and replenishment flow rate for SED were 1.0 V and 14 L·h−1, respectively. Although the Li+ fractionation capacity of the two processes were similar, the selectivity coefficient of SNF was 24.7% higher than that of SED and, thus, the Mg/Li ratio in purified stream of the former was 19.0% lower than that of the latter. Due to higher ion driving force, SED had clear advantages in recovery ratio and concentration effects. Meanwhile, the specific energy consumption of SED was 20.1% lower than that of SNF. This study provided a better understanding and guidance for the application and improvement of the two technologies.

Preparation and characterization of nanofiltration (NF) polyethersulfone and its preliminary studies on beta-carotene concentration from crude palm oil

The enrichment of beta-carotene concentration from crude palm oil (CPO) using nanofiltration polyethersulfone (NF-PES) membrane was studied. This work begins with preparing the NF-PES membrane via the phase inversion method as the first stage. PES polymer was used as base membrane material and N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent. Then, the process concentration of beta-carotene was conducted by filtration of the red palm methyl ester as feed solution using dead-end mode filtration. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of separation pressure (3; 4; and 5 bar) on beta-carotene concentration from the feed solution. SEM results showed that the NF PES membrane had an asymmetric structure. It consisted of two layers: the thin top layer had a dense structure, while the support layer had a sponge-like structure. Besides, the pure water permeability of NF PES membrane was about 2-18 L/m2.h.bar was fitted within the range of NF membranes. The optimum operating pressure that gives the highest beta-carotene concentration was achieved at 3 bar. As a result, the beta-carotene concentration has improved about 1.14 times compared to the initial beta-carotene concentration in the feed solution.

Evaluation of the Use of Different Dedicated Mechanical Subcooling (DMS) Strategies in a Water Source Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump for Space Heating Applications

In this work we analyze numerically different design configurations to be used in a R1234yf DMS cycle coupled with a water source, transcritical CO2 heat pump for heating applications in the building sector. Specifically, we study the temperature range proposed by a European standard for heating with inlet/outlet water temperatures of: 30 °C/35 °C, 40 °C/45 °C, 47 °C/55 °C and 55 °C/65 °C. Moreover, 25 °C/30 °C is also analyzed which is the range expected for indoor swimming pool water pool heating applications. A water inlet temperature of 10 °C at the evaporator was considered in all of the cases. Results show that depending on the coupling strategy between the DMS cycle and the CO2 heat pump, optimal COP values obtained can vary up to 30% whereas the optimal operating pressure of the CO2 cycle can vary up to 8%. A configuration based on splitting the water flow to be heated into the DMS condenser and the gas cooler in a system with IHX was the best option for all the temperature ranges studied. The improvement in the maximum COP values obtained with this configuration ranges between 5% (for swimming pool applications) and 25% (for space heating with 40 °C/45 °C) when compared with the base cycle depending on the water temperature range considered. When this configuration is not considered, the basic transcritical CO2 with IHX and without DMS was found the best option.

Artificial neural network-based model predictive control for optimal operating conditions in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

In the large-scale commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), efficient control of the dynamic operation requires the consideration of complex nonlinearities in current, temperature, pressure, and membrane hydration. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed and integrated with model predictive control (MPC) to provide optimal conditions for operating the PEMFC system under different current load changes. For this purpose, after modeling a 1.2 kW PEMFC in a MATLAB/Simulink environment, the accuracy of the model was validated within a maximum relative error of 2.30% compared to the experimental data. Next, the power production, temperature, and internal relative humidity of the model were extracted under all feasible operating conditions. The extracted data were used to train the nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX), and hyperparameters of neural networks were selected through Bayesian optimization. The NARX model trained with optimal parameters had a mean square error (MSE) of 2.14 × 10−4 and was integrated into the MPC to obtain neural network model predictive control (NNMPC). The developed NNMPC provides the optimal operating temperature and pressure for the PEMFC model at 10-s intervals through iterative simulation of the NARX under Bayesian optimization. To verify the performance of the control system, the developed NNMPC and fixed-setpoint scenario were compared. Each control scenario consisted of three current load profiles: low, medium, and high current. The NNMPC yielded improved system power by maintaining the optimal stack temperature, cathode pressure and membrane hydration for current changes at a low computational cost. The optimized power of the PEMFC system showed an average increase of 10.9% compared to fixed-setpoint condition.

Theoretical investigation and comparative analysis of the Linde–Hampson refrigeration system using eco-friendly zeotropic refrigerants based on R744/R1234ze(Z) for freezing process applications

The theoretical simulation and thermodynamic analyses of the Linde–Hampson refrigeration system using multiple eco-friendly zeotropic refrigerants are conducted to compare the optimal COP, volumetric refrigerating capacity and irreversibility distribution at the cold space temperature of -45 °C to -25 °C. The genetic algorithm is employed on the global optimization of Linde–Hampson refrigeration system to find out the optimal operating pressures and proportions of mixed refrigerants. By comparison, the most potential binary and ternary refrigerants are selected as R744/R1234ze(Z) and R744/R1234ze(E)/R1234ze(Z), respectively. The temperature glide of ternary refrigerant is mainly regulated by the proportions of the middle-boiling-point and high-boiling-point components. The temperature glide of zeotropic refrigerants should well match the temperature span between heat reservoirs, since the matching degree plays an essential role in system performance, and it can be regarded as an important basis for the selection of mixed refrigerants. The results of comparison with the R744 two-stage compression transcritical refrigeration system and the cascade refrigeration system using R744 and R1234yf show that the Linde–Hampson system using suitable mixed refrigerants can obtain the greatest COP and can be considered as a supplement and alternative. The research results will provide a reference to the applications of the Linde–Hampson refrigeration system using eco-friendly zeotropic refrigerants for freezing process in considerations of environmental protection, safety, and efficiency.

A membrane-based green and low-cost system for ensuring safe drinking water in a selenium-affected region

Towards an efficient, low-cost solution to the problem of contamination of groundwater by selenium leached out from earth's mineral crust, a new system is developed using a novel graphene-based nanocomposite membrane. The system not only purified selenium-contaminated groundwater with high degree but also ensured safe disposal of the rejected selenium through algorithmic chemical stabilization in a mineral matrix. All experiments were conducted with live contaminated water from selenium affected area rather than using synthetic solution in a semi-pilot unit involving a largely fouling-free flat sheet cross-flow membrane module. Pure water flux of up to 190 Lm−2h−1(LMH) with 96–97% selenium rejection at an optimum operating pressure of only 14 bar could be achieved. Rejected selenium was stabilized in mineral matrix through chemical coagulation-precipitation using suitable coagulants following prior optimization of the critical operating parameters by Model-based calibration toolbox (MATLAB R2020a). A high degree of stabilization efficiency (99.8%) could be achieved as reflected in an error-index of only 1.13%. For selenium-affected region, the membrane-integrated hybrid treatment system proved to be a potential candidate technology offering safe drinking water at an approximate cost of only 1.77 $/m3 which was found to be affordable to the consumers in subsequent willingness to pay survey.

Impact of an internal heat exchanger on a transcritical CO2 heat pump under optimal pressure conditions

Transcritical R744 (CO2) heat pumps are a low-GWP high-efficiency alternative for domestic hot water generation and space heating. For high set-point temperatures, however, the COP drops and the optimum operating pressure increases. For this reason, the effect on system performance achieved by the inclusion of an Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX) is analyzed in depth. This is carried out by means of a numerical-experimental approach in which the effectiveness of the IHX and other characteristic parameters of the heat pump cycle are studied as a function of the IHX heat transfer area. The numerical modeling of the heat pump components is implemented for transient simulations of system heating-up process. Experimental tests with and without IHX are carried out with a water-to-water heat pump that feeds an accumulator tank, to assess its influence on the system’s COP and the electrical consumption. Simulations reveal that improving the efficiency of the IHX, by increasing the exchange area, improves the system’s performance. For the cases with higher IHX exchange area, the optimum pressure in the system is lower. For the heating experiments, the resulting thermodynamic COP is 7.55 % higher in the case with IHX, while the effective COP increases by 4.26 %. In consequence, the use of the IHX is recommended for the conditions analyzed.

Process simulation and optimization of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid production plant

The aim of work is to design sulfonating plant on the basis of a hydrophilic sulfonate head-group and a hydrophobic alkyl benzene tail-group reaction mechanism, study of kinetics and thermodynamics followed by a steady-state simulation for the process was done by ASPEN HYSYS (V8.8) through using Peng-Robinson fluid package. Then heat integration of the process, done by using Aspen Energy Analyzer and studies of the influence parameters on the simulated process of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid. Alkyl benzene sulphonate is produced due to the sulphonation reaction of an alkylbenzene (LAB) plus a sulphonating agent in a falling film sulphonator to produce sulfonic acid (LABSA).The modeling of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid plant depends on : Air drying, Sulphur melting and proportioning, Sulphur combustion and SO3 production, Film sulfonation. Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid production rate is influenced by changing of the following factors: the sulfur molar flow rate, molar flow rate of air and pressure of dodecyl benzene, the results of optimization shows that : The optimum operating Molar flow rate of sulfur is lies in the range of [3:3.5] Kg.mol/h, The optimum operating Molar flow rate of Air is 25 Kg.mol/h, The optimum operating Molar flow rate of Dodecyl Benzene is 3.1 Kg.mol/h and The optimum operating Pressure of Dodecyl Benzene is 70 KPa. For heat integration, a proposed heat exchanger network is generated which made the process functional without external heating. Generation of the top 10 heat exchanger network (HEN) leads to: the best case scenario from the top 10 scenarios from the point of cost and also from the point of cooling and heating required was design (9). After heat integration, the total amount of cooling demand decreased from 912620.50 KJ/h to 890261.56 KJ/h and the total amount of heating demand decreased from 22358.94 KJ/h to 0KJ/h.

Operating characteristics of a 15 W free-piston Stirling generator

Free-piston Stirling generators (FPSGs) show great potential in portable power sources for the advantages of high reliability, high efficiency, low noise, compact structure, long lifetime, etc. An FPSG aimed at 15 W electric power output is numerically and experimentally studied. By adopting the second method of Lyapunov, the onset characteristics of the FPSG are analyzed based on a thermodynamic model. The effects on the onset conditions of the interaction between the displacer and power piston are explored. It is shown that the optimal operating pressure and spring stiffness corresponding to the lowest onset heating temperature are 6.2 MPa and 5500 N/m, and the FPSG is easier to start when the damping of the displacer and power piston is smaller and the mass of the displacer and power piston is well matched. The experimental results of the effects of the pressure and spring stiffness on the onset temperature agree well with the calculated results. The FPSG can generate 15.5 W electric power with a thermal-to-electric efficiency of 16.0% in the experiment when the heating and chilling water temperatures are 820 K and 300 K, respectively. And the relative errors between the calculated and experimental PV power and their efficiencies are about 2.1%–6.8% and 24.4%–26.9%, respectively. This work can lay a good foundation for studying the onset characteristics and stable operating characteristics of FPSGs.

Determining Optimum Oil Separator Size and Optimum Operating Pressure

The optimum separators operating pressure is determined by using flash calculations and equilibrium ratios. In this study, the optimum separator size for Jambur field is calculated by using equations introduced by Arnold and Stewart and API12J Specification [1]. Because Jambur field has a high production rate two conditions are taken in the study to determine separator size, first based on production rate 80,000 bbl/day and second based on split the production between two banks A and B (40,000 bbl/day for each bank). The calculation resulted in optimum separator pressure for the first stage of 700 psi, and the second stage of 300 psi, and the third stage of 120 psi. The results show that as the number of stages increased above three-stage for Jambur field less incremental liquid recovery achieved and this will not cover the cost of adding an extra stage.

Design Simulation Analysis and Enhancement of Nigeria Biogas to Connect That of Natural Gas Netting Capacity and Model

Abstract: In Nigeria, biogas is a viable renewable energy source. This study's goal was to filter raw biogas of acidic gases CO2 and H2S before connecting it to the natural gas netting standard. The biogas acidic gas treatment plant was designed and numerically modelled using Aspen HYSYS 8.6. The simulation's primary goal is to find the optimal operating pressure that can make Nigerian biogas as pure as natural gas. The biogas treatment was carried out in a 20 stage PSA with a tray diameter of 1.7 m and a CO2 content of 0.25, H2S content of 0.0004, temperature of 30 C, pressure of 1.1 bar, flow rate of 13 m3 /h, and DEA concentration of 0.3. A PSA operating pressure of 5 bars is necessary to achieve 95% pure methane biogas. Keywords: Nigerian biogas; Methane enhancing; Aspen HYSYS; Biogas purification

The Impact of Carbon Capture Storage and Utilization on Energy Efficiency, Sustainability, and Production of an Offshore Platform: Thermodynamic and Sensitivity Analyses

Abstract Oil and gas production in FPSOs (floating, production, storage, and offloading) faces a dual challenge: meeting variation in energy demand while decreasing its negative environmental impact. The present article integrates thermodynamic analysis of oil and gas processing plants and screening analysis to determine the most important operational parameters to lower energy demand and increase efficiency and production. Therefore, the main goals of this study are to identify the contribution of the total effect of the operating parameters in an FPSO with CCUS (CO2 capture, utilization, and storage). Twenty-seven thermodynamic and structural design variables are selected as input parameters for the sensitivity analyses. Four machine learning-based screening analysis algorithms such as smooth spline-analysis of variance (SS-ANOVA), PAWN, gradient boosting machine (GBM), and Morris are adapted to achieve the following objectives: (1) overall power consumption of FPSO, (2) CO2 removal efficiency of carbon capture and storage (CCS), (3) power consumption of CCS, and (4) total oil production. The influence of three real crude oil compositions with variations in gas–oil ratio (GOR) and CO2 content is assessed. The combination of thermodynamic and screening analyses showed that the optimal operating pressure parameters of CCS significantly reduce the energy consumption and exergy destruction of the key main and utility plants. Furthermore, the results indicated that total power consumption, CCS efficiency, and CCS power consumption are much more sensitive to the CO2 content of the fluid reservoir than GOR, while the total oil production is influenced only by the GOR content. Finally, for scenarios with high CO2 or GOR content, the effect of design variable interactions is decisive in changing the separation efficiency and/or the compression unit performance.

Fractionation of monovalent ions from seawater brine via softening nanofiltration and selective electrodialysis: Which is better?

In this study, a direct and systematic comparison of softening nanofiltration (SNF) and selective electrodialysis (SED) processes was made for the first time. First, the effects of key operating parameters of the two processes were investigated regarding monovalent-ion separation performance. The optimal operating pressure and feed flow rate for SNF were 2.4 MPa and 1000 L/h, while the optimal cell-pair voltage and replenishment flow rate for SED were 0.8 V and 6 L/h, respectively. Subsequently, two-stage SNF and two-stage SED were conducted based on their optimization. The concentration and purity of NaCl in two-stage SNF permeate were 32.03 g/L and 93.38%, while those in two-stage SED mixed concentrate were 183.04 g/L and 95.20%, respectively. Finally, a valid and fair metric was established to make a thorough comparison of the two membrane processes for the seawater brine reclamation. The results indicated that the SNF process was more suitable for only NaCl fractionation from seawater brine due to its relatively low specific energy consumption of NaCl in the purified brine and its high monovalent-ion separation capacity. However, SED should be recommended preferentially if the NaCl concentration effect is considered simultaneously. This investigation could provide insight and guidance for applications of each technology.

Simultaneous optimization of hybrid extraction-distillation process based on rigorous models considering the effect of operating pressure

Hybrid extraction-distillation process has shown its strength in energy saving over pure distillation process; however, the widely used sequential iterative optimization method and the ignorance of optimizing distillation column operating pressure would miss a better optimal design. In this work, a rigorous pseudo-transient (PT) tray model and a steady-state optimization algorithm assisted by PT model were applied to realize the simultaneous optimization of column structural parameters and operating conditions. Two case studies were optimized to validate the correctness and the effectiveness of the proposed method. The optimal results revealed that it is more economically favorable to treat design specifications of product purity as inequality constraints to expand the search space of optimization. In the water/PM separation case study, the optimal operating pressures that facilitate separation in strippers help reduce the TAC by 14.64%, thanks to smaller reboiler duties per unit feed and smaller circulating stream flow rates. In addition, a heat integration design is feasible which reduces the TAC by 35.43%. This case study emphasizes the importance of optimizing operating pressures for such type of process.

Flexible operation strategy for formic acid synthesis providing frequency containment reserve in smart grids

The demand-side contribution to grid frequency regulation is becoming increasingly important due to the growing penetration of renewable energy in the power system. Among energy-intensive industrial loads, chemical plants have a high potential to offer grid balancing services due to their existing control infrastructure and storage capabilities. However, applying fast ramp rates and providing time-critical grid services is not straightforward due to strict constraints and the nonlinear dynamics of chemical systems. Therefore, adaptive operating approaches are required to increase the process’s flexibility and facilitate the fast demand response operation. This work proposes a flexible operating strategy for the cooperative operation of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) electrolyser and multi-stage compression systems in a chemical process to provide Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR). This strategy aims to realise the desired power regulation dynamics on the grid side while maintaining the reactor’s optimal operating conditions, i.e., temperature, pressure and flow rate ratio. A techno-economic analysis is performed to obtain optimal operating points. The techno-economic analysis shows that operating the process at a baseload of 73% while offering the remaining capacity as a power reserve can create additional revenue and improve the economic profit by around 10%. The proposed approach is validated by dynamic simulations of a Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) process for formic acid production. The results show that the proposed strategy can enhance the process’s operational flexibility and enable FCR provision with a limited impact on reactor efficiency (<1%).