Optimal Injection Location Research Articles

Numerical simulation of co-firing LRC and ammonia in Pangkalan Susu 3 & 4 coal-fired steam power plant (CFSPP) capacity 210 megawatts

The effort to reduce CO2 and NOx emissions plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change, improving air quality, complying with environmental regulations, and promoting clean technology innovation. Ammonia, as an emission-free fuel, shows significant potential as a co-firing agent with Coal in coal-fired steam power plants (CFSPP). Previous studies have demonstrated promising results in emission reduction through ammonia co-firing. This research presents a numerical analysis based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate the co-firing of ammonia with low-calorific Coal (LRC) in the CFSPP Pangkalan Susu Units 3 and 4, with a capacity of 210 MW. The study employs fluid flow modelling and chemical reaction analysis using the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) to provide accurate predictions of temperature distribution and pollutant concentrations in pulverized coal boilers. Cofiring simulations were conducted with ammonia additions of 5 % and 15 % on a calorific basis. Injection experiments from each burner (A-D) were performed to identify the optimal injection location. The simulation results indicate changes in combustion characteristics, particularly in temperature distribution. The main finding reveals a temperature decrease when ammonia is added as a co-firing material, attributed to the higher H2O content, which leads to increased moisture losses. In terms of efficiency, co-firing showed a decline compared to the baseline combustion of 100 % LRC coal due to the more significant moisture losses. The highest reduction in CO2 emissions was observed when 15 % ammonia was injected from burner B in case #6, with a mass fraction value of 0.171 at the boiler outlet. Similarly, the most significant reduction in NOx emissions occurred with a 15 % ammonia co-firing from burner B, yielding a mass fraction value of 8.81E-04 at the boiler outlet. This co-firing technology is expected to enhance decarbonization efforts and optimize the use of renewable energy in the future.

Fast approximation of fiber reinforced injection molding processes using eikonal equations and machine learning

Injection molding is a popular production process for short fiber reinforced components. The mechanical properties of such components depend on process-induced fiber orientations which are commonly predicted via numerical simulations. However, high computational costs prevent process simulations from being used in iterative procedures, such as topology optimization or finding optimal injection locations. We propose a fast approximation method that extracts nodal features and train a regression model to predict fill states, cooling times, volumetric shrinkage, and fiber orientations. The features are determined by solving eikonal equations with a fast iterative method and computing spatial moments to characterize node-adjacent material distributions. Subsequently, we use these features to train feed forward neural networks and gradient boosted regression trees with simulation data of a large dataset of geometries. This approach is significantly faster than conventional methods, providing 20x speed-up for single simulations and more than 200x speed-up in gate location optimization. It generalizes to arbitrary geometries and injection locations.

A practical guide to botulinum neurotoxin treatment of teres major muscle in shoulder spasticity: Intramuscular neural distribution of teres major muscle in cadaver model.

Botulinum neurotoxin treatment typically focuses on the teres major muscle as a primary target for addressing shoulder spasticity. The muscle is located deep within a large muscle group and optimal injection locations have not been identified. To identify the preferred location for administering botulinum toxin injections in the teres major muscle. Teres major specimens were removed from 18 cadaveric models and stained with Sihler's method to reveal the neural distribution within the muscle. The muscles were systematically divided into equal lengths from origin to insertion. The neural density in each section was evaluated to determine the location that would be likely to increase effectiveness of the injection. The greatest density of intramuscular nerve endings was located in the middle 20% of the muscle. The tendinous portion was observed at the ends of the muscle. The results suggest that botulinum neurotoxin should be delivered in the middle 20% of the teres major muscle.

Effects of key parameters on water film properties and temperature field distribution inside transpiring wall reactor

Transpiring wall reactor (TWR) can efficiently weaken corrosion and salt deposition problems during supercritical water oxidation. Its corrosion and salt deposition resistance are mainly affected by water film properties and temperature field distribution. Therefore, the effects of crucial parameters on water film properties and temperature field distribution are investigated via numerical simulation in this work. The results indicate that the upper supercritical oxidation zone is mainly affected by the second layer of transpiration water instead of the third layer. The second, third layer optimal injection locations are at 0.036 m, 0.060 m in this study, respectively. Excessively thick transpiring wall decreases water film coverage rate thereby damaging TWR, conversely makes supercritical zone shrink and thus weakening degradation ability. Annular gap primarily affects the temperature distribution near the transpiring wall. Under the conditions of the work, transpiring wall thickness of 0.002 m and annular gap of 0.004 m are recommended.

Influence of contrast enhancement at the contrast injection location for the arm or leg in neonatal and infant patients during cardiac computed tomography

Introduction and ObjectivesObtaining CCTA images with optimal injection location such as the arm or leg is important to avoid the artifacts caused by the CM. This study compares the computed tomography (CT) numbers and visualization scores of the three-dimensional (3D) images of the lumens of the blood vessels in the arm or leg during cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in neonatal and infant patients. Patients or Materials and MethodsBetween January 2017 and January 2020, 253 consecutive patients were considered for inclusion. We used the estimated propensity scores as a function of the demographic data, including age, body weight, and injection location (right or left side) in the arm (n = 58) and leg (n = 58) of neonatal and infant patients. We compared the mean CT numbers of the pulmonary artery, ascending aorta, and left superior vena cava; contrast–noise ratios (CNR); and visualization scores between the arm and leg as the injection locations. ResultsThe mean CT numbers during CCTA for the arm and leg were 479.4 and 461.3 HU in the ascending aorta, 464.2 and 448.1 HU in the pulmonary artery, and 232.8 and 220.1 HU in the left superior vena cava, respectively. The mean image noise (SD) and CNR values, respectively, were 38.9 HU and 12.1 for the arm as the injection location and 39.1 HU and 12.3 for the leg as the injection location. The median visualization scores of volume rendering of the 3D images were 3.0 and 3.0 for the arm and leg injection sites, respectively. There were no significant differences in the mean CT numbers of the ascending aorta, pulmonary artery, and left superior vena cava; SD value; CNR; and visualization scores between the arm and leg injection locations. ConclusionsThe CT numbers of the lumen of the blood vessel and visualization scores of the 3D images of the arm and leg injection locations are equal during CCTA in neonatal and infant patients with congenital heart disease.

Fast Optimization of Injector Selection for Waterflood, CO2-EOR and Storage Using an Innovative Machine Learning Framework

Optimal injector selection is a key oilfield development endeavor that can be computationally costly. Methods proposed in the literature to reduce the number of function evaluations are often designed for pattern level analysis and do not scale easily to full field analysis. These methods are rarely applied to both water and miscible gas floods with carbon storage objectives; reservoir management decision making under geological uncertainty is also relatively underexplored. In this work, several innovations are proposed to efficiently determine the optimal injector location under geological uncertainty. A geomodel ensemble is prepared in order to capture the range of geological uncertainty. In these models, the reservoir is divided into multiple well regions that are delineated through spatial clustering. Streamline simulation results are used to train a meta-learner proxy. A posterior sampling algorithm evaluates injector locations across multiple geological realizations. The proposed methodology was applied to a producing field in Asia. The proxy predicted optimal injector locations for water and CO2 EOR and storage floods within several seconds (94–98% R2 scores). Blind tests with geomodels not used in training yielded accuracies greater than 90% (R2 scores). Posterior sampling selected optimal injection locations within minutes compared to hours using numerical simulation. This methodology enabled the rapid evaluation of injector well location for a variety of flood projects. This will aid reservoir managers to rapidly make field development decisions for field scale injection and storage projects under geological uncertainty.

Influencia del realce de contraste al inyectar un medio de contraste en el brazo o la pierna en pacientes neonatos y lactantes durante la angiografía por cardiotomografía

Introduction and ObjectivesObtaining CCTA images with optimal injection location such as the arm or leg is important to avoid the artifacts caused by the CM. This study compares the computed tomography (CT) numbers and visualization scores of the three-dimensional (3D) images of the lumens of the blood vessels in the arm or leg during cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in neonatal and infant patients. Patients or Materials and MethodsBetween January 2017 and January 2020, 253 consecutive patients were considered for inclusion. We used the estimated propensity scores as a function of the demographic data, including age, body weight, and injection location (right or left side) in the arm (n=58) and leg (n=58) of neonatal and infant patients. We compared the mean CT numbers of the pulmonary artery, ascending aorta, and left superior vena cava; contrast–noise ratios (CNR); and visualization scores between the arm and leg as the injection locations. ResultsThe mean CT numbers during CCTA for the arm and leg were 479.4 and 461.3 HU in the ascending aorta, 464.2 and 448.1 HU in the pulmonary artery, and 232.8 and 220.1 HU in the left superior vena cava, respectively. The mean image noise (SD) and CNR values, respectively, were 38.9 HU and 12.1 for the arm as the injection location and 39.1 HU and 12.3 for the leg as the injection location. The median visualization scores of volume rendering of the 3D images were 3.0 and 3.0 for the arm and leg injection sites, respectively. There were no significant differences in the mean CT numbers of the ascending aorta, pulmonary artery, and left superior vena cava; SD value; CNR; and visualization scores between the arm and leg injection locations. ConclusionsThe CT numbers of the lumen of the blood vessel and visualization scores of the 3D images of the arm and leg injection locations are equal during CCTA in neonatal and infant patients with congenital heart disease.

Guidelines for botulinum neurotoxin injections in piriformis syndrome.

The piriformis muscle is normally involved in piriformis syndrome and can be treated with botulinum neurotoxin using several different injection methods. However, definitive injection guidelines for the muscle have not been reported previously. This study aimed to determine the ideal area for injections based on the intramuscular nerve distribution as obtained using a modified Sihler's staining technique. A modified Sihler's method was applied to the piriformis muscle in 15 specimens. The intramuscular arborization areas were identified based on two anatomical landmarks: (a) the lateral border of the sacrum bone and (b) the greater trochanter. The nerve entry point for both piriformis muscles was found in the area between the lateral border of the sacrum and one-fifth of the distance toward the greater trochanter. The intramuscular nerve distribution for the piriformis muscle had the largest arborization patterns between one-fifth and two-fifths of the distance from the sacrum to the greater trochanter. The piriformis muscle was tendinous from two-fifths of the distance to the greater trochanter. This study has yielded suggested optimal injection locations for the piriformis muscle relative to external anatomical landmarks. Clinicians can use these guidelines to ensure the effectiveness of not only botulinum neurotoxin injections but also other agents such as steroids, anesthetics, and normal saline. These guidelines will also help to avoid adverse outcomes of injection treatments.

Tumor ablation due to inhomogeneous anisotropic diffusion in generic three-dimensional topologies.

In recent decades computer-aided technologies have become prevalent in medicine, however, cancer drugs are often only tested on in vitro cell lines from biopsies. We derive a full three-dimensional model of inhomogeneous -anisotropic diffusion in a tumor region coupled to a binary population model, which simulates in vivo scenarios faster than traditional cell-line tests. The diffusion tensors are acquired using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging from a patient diagnosed with glioblastoma multiform. Then we numerically simulate the full model with finite element methods and produce drug concentration heat maps, apoptosis hotspots, and dose-response curves. Finally, predictions are made about optimal injection locations and volumes, which are presented in a form that can be employed by doctors and oncologists.

Investigation of mixing and slag layer behaviours in the RH degasser with bottom gas injection by using the VOF–DPM coupled model

ABSTRACTThe mixing time of molten steel has a decisive impact on the refining efficiency during the RH (Rheinsahl–Heraeus) degassing process. In the present work, a coupled volume of fluid method−discrete phase model has been developed to investigate the effect of bottom injection on mixing and slag layer behaviours in the RH degasser. The fluid flow, mixing characteristic, and the formation of slag eye in the RH degasser with bottom injection are well revealed. Numerical results show that X = −0.75 m (under the up-snorkel) is the optimal injection location to obtain a shortest mixing time, as well as avoid the formation of slag eye in the RH degasser. At the same time, the result of industrial trial shows that the decarburisation efficiency can be accelerated remarkably when the bottom injection is located at X = −0.75 m.

Optimization of injection location based on simulations of CO2 leakage through multiple leakage pathways

AbstractAn optimization methodology is proposed to determine an appropriate injection location among potential candidates. The method identifies the optimal injection location by minimizing the total CO2 leakage from all leakage pathways present at a given site. The case of a single injection well and a single leakage pathway is used to quantify the relationships between CO2 leakage rate and major factors. A mathematical model is numerically solved and used to establish a correlation for each factor. The results are extended to the situation of a single injection well and multiple leakage pathways. An explicit expression correlating the asymptotic CO2 leakage rate to the major factors is proposed. Four case studies are illustrated. The results show that the optimal injection location is different in each case and is significantly influenced by the three factors. The proposed approach provides a quantitative tool for minimizing CO2 leakage risk at sites with multiple leakage pathways. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract 14229: Accurate Infarct Identification by Combined Electromechanical Mapping and Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Improve the Targeting of Intramyocardial Injections in a Porcine Model of Chronic Myocardial Infarction

Introduction: For optimal success of cardiac regenerative therapy intramyocardial catheter guided stem cell transplantations are performed in infarct border zone areas i.e. the closest region of viable myocardium in the vicinity of the infarct area. To optimize the therapeutic effect this area should be accurately identified. The gold standard technique to determine the infarct size and location is late gadolinium enhanced (LGE) MRI. Nevertheless, the NOGA®XP electromechanical mapping (EMM) system is used to guide injections to the infarct border zone. Since EMM is expensive, time consuming and has a low spatial resolution, we have developed a practical and accurate technique to fuse the NOGA®XP electromechanical maps with LGE-MRI to guide injections based on high resolution MRI data. Methods: LGE-MRI and EMM were obtained in 17 pigs with chronic myocardial infarction. MRI and EMM datasets were registered using our in-house developed 3D CartBox image registration software toolbox. Comparisons between MRI and EMM were performed to assess: 1) feasibility of the 3D CartBox fusion technique, 2) the EMM values measured in the areas with a distinct infarct transmurality (IT). Results: Registration was successful in all datasets, and resulted in a mean error of 3.01±1.94mm between the MRI mesh and EMM points (Fig 1A). The highest sensitivity and specificity to identify infarct border zone of 50% IT was found for bipolar voltage between 1.2 and 1.7mV (Fig 1B). Conclusions: Our new 3D CartBox image registration toolbox enables real time registration of the EMM on MRI during the injection procedure. The optimal spatial resolution and the instant visualization of the MRI images enables users to easily guide injections to the most optimal injection location for cardiac regenerative therapy based on the gold standard infarct imaging technique. This technique allows physicians to harness the full therapeutic effect of the therapy.

Spill-point analysis and structural trapping capacity in saline aquifers using MRST-co2lab

Geological carbon storage represents a substantial challenge for the subsurface geosciences. Knowledge of the subsurface can be captured in a quantitative form using computational methods developed within petroleum production. However, to provide good estimates of the likely outcomes over thousands of years, traditional 3D simulation methods should be combined with other techniques developed specifically to study large-scale, long-term migration problems, e.g., in basin modeling. A number of such methods have been developed as a separate module in the open-source Matlab Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST).In this paper, we present a set of tools provided by this module, consisting of geometrical and percolation type methods for computing structural traps and spill paths below a sealing caprock. Using concepts from water management, these tools can be applied on large-scale aquifer models to quickly estimate potential for structural trapping, determine spill paths from potential injection points, suggest optimal injection locations, etc. We demonstrate this by a series of examples applied on publicly available datasets. The corresponding source code is provided along with the examples.

From geology to economics: Technico-economic feasibility of a biofuel-CCS system

This paper presents a method to estimate the technical and economic feasibility of capturing and geologically storing CO2 resulting from biomass fermentation. The methodology is applied to the case of bio-refineries in the Paris Basin, France. The first step is to build a 3D geological model of the area studied and to choose the optimal injection location from geological and environmental constraints. Then, based on this information, the design of the CCS system (pipeline length, number and type of wellbores, surface equipment …) and the estimation of the technical feasibility (sufficient storage capacity, risk analysis and management …) can be performed. The last step is the estimation of the environmental benefits of this system (through a carbon and energy footprint) and its economic long term feasibility thanks to a discounted cash flow analysis. The impact of geological constraints on the economic feasibility of the system is estimated through a sensitivity assessment on the number of required injection wellbores.

Geological investigations for CO2 storage: From seismic and well data to 3D modeling

Abstract This work is part of the CPER Artenay project that aims at quantifying the environmental benefits and the technico-economic feasibility of storing CO2 issued from a bio-ethanol distillery into a deep saline aquifer in the Paris Basin, France. This communication focuses on the geological investigations that ultimately lead to defining an optimal location for an injection site in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project. This paper presents a new approach for the pre-site characterization going from seismic and well data analyses to storage design. First, the general context of the area has been set follow by seismic interpretation. Those investigations leads to a geological surfaces modeling taking into account the basin border location of the project. The next step is the properties modeling made using sequence stratigraphy surfaces and Petrel software. This work will conduct to choose the optimal injection location regarding this geological investigation and the environmental constrains.

해안지역 지하수자원 확충을 위한 우기 인공주입정의 최적설계

대수층 바닥이 해수면보다 낮은 해안 지역에서는 관정에서의 적정양수량이 해수침투 여부에 의하여 결정될 수 있다. 이러한 지역에서 관정의 적정 양수량을 초과하는 수요를 만족시키기 위하여 과잉양수를 시행해야하면 우기의 잉여 지표수를 대수층에 주입함으로서 과잉 양수정을 연중 보호할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 최소의 주입으로 과잉 양수정을 보호할 수 있는 주입정의 위치와 우기의 주입량을 계산하는 전산모델을 개발하였다. 경계면모델과 최적화방법을 조합하여 개발된 수치모델에서 목적함수는 주입량의 최소화이며 제약조건으로 해수침투와 지하수 고갈을 고려하였다. 상태변수는 과잉양수량, 설계연한, 우기 기간, 그리고 양수정에서의 해수비율이다. 지하수 개발이 어려운 수리지질 특성을 가진 소규모 가상 도서에 대하여 본 기술의 적용성과 지하수 추가 개발의 가능성을 평가하였다. 적용결과 다양한 조건에서도 적정개발량을 초과하는 지하수 관정을 보호할 수 있는 주입정의 가동이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. Artificial injection of surplus surface water during wet seasons and recovery is one of possible solutions for conjunctive uses of surface water and groundwater. The methodology is especially attractive for regions of monsoon type weather. In this work a simulation-optimization model is developed to identify an optimal injection system to sustain an over-exploiting freshwater pumping well. The injection well is to be operated during wet seasons only while the pumping well is to be operated throughout an entire year. The objective function is the minimization of injected volume of freshwater. Saltwater intrusion and dry wells are considered as constraints. An example application is made on a small hypothetical island with poor hydrogeologic conditions. The optimization model is successful in determining optimal injection locations and rates for various cases.

Experimental Study on Effects of Fuel Injection on Scramjet Combustor Performance

In order to investigate the effects of fuel injection distribution on the scramjet combustor performance, there are conducted three sets of test on a hydrocarbon fueled direct-connect scramjet test facility. The results of Test A, whose fuel injection is carried out with injectors located on the top-wall and the bottom-wall, show that the fuel injection with an appropriate close-front and centralized distribution would be of much help to optimize combustor performances. The results of Test B, whose fuel injection is performed at the optimal injection locations found in Test A, with a given equivalence ratio and different injection proportions for each injector, show that this injection mode is of little benefit to improve combustor performances. The results of Test C with a circumferential fuel injection distribution displaies the possibility of ameliorating combustor performance. By analyzing the effects of injection location parameters on combustor performances on the base of the data of Test C, it is clear that the injector location has strong coupled influences on combustor performances. In addition, an inner-force synthesis specific impulse is used to reduce the errors caused by the disturbance of fuel supply and working state of air heater while assessing combustor performances.

Use of Telazol to immobilize female northern sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska.

Twenty-nine female northern sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were immobilized using Telazol in dosages ranging from 1.8 to 8.1 mg/kg. Best results were achieved with Telazol dosages ranging between 1.8 and 2.5 mg/kg which resulted in smooth induction and recovery. Optimal injection location was in the muscle mass of the lower back and hip. Dosages greater than 3.5 mg/kg resulted in a tendency toward hypothermia. Six mortalities occurred which were partially caused by the location of drug injection and perhaps the high dosage.