Optimal Harvest Period Research Articles

Effects of Harvest Time and Acacia crassicarpa Age on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Apis mellifera L. Honey in Tropical Indonesian Forests

The comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical profile of monofloral honey derived from Acacia crassicarpa, specifically in the Indonesian tropical forest ecosystem, has not been fully explored. The physicochemical characteristics of honey significantly influence its quality and consumer acceptance. Harvest time and the age of Acacia plants, which are suspected to affect honey’s physicochemical properties, are this study’s focal points. Our objective is to analyze the impact of harvest time and Acacia age on the physicochemical characteristics of honey. Using a complete randomized block design, treatments were administered at 14, 21, and 30 days of harvest within three Acacia age groups: 3, 8, and 18 months. The honey composition was assessed following the Indonesian National Standard 8664:2018 procedure. The statistical analysis determined the optimal harvest period for honey by assessing its physicochemical properties and comparing them to the Indonesian National Standard 8664:2018 procedure (SNI 8664:2018 standards). One-way analysis of variance evaluated the effects of harvest time and plant age on composition, followed by a least significant difference tests to identify significant differences between harvest times. Results indicate a significant influence of harvest time and Acacia age on all honey composition variables, including diastase enzyme activity, hydroxymethylfurfural content, moisture level, sugar content, and acidity (P<0.01). Our findings suggest optimal honey harvest at 30 days, aligning with the 8th and 18th months of A. crassicarpa. Most variables met SNI 8664:2018 standards, except acidity levels. Further investigation is needed to discern the causes of acidity in Apis mellifera honey from Indonesian peat swamp forests.

Determination of Seed Physiological Maturity and Invigoration using Plasma-Activated Water and Ultrafine Bubble Water on Okra Seeds

Seeds physical and physiological qualities are primarily determined by seed physiological maturity. Seed enhancement technology has developed rapidly, including using ultrafine bubbles (UFB) and plasma-activated water (PAW) to increase seed viability. This study aimed to determine seed physiology maturity on okra seed to get the optimal harvesting period seeds and to examine the most effective seed enhancement plasma-activated water and ultrafine-bubble Water. The first experiment was arranged using completely randomized design with fruit maturity as the single factor, harvested at 3, 4, 5, or 6 weeks after anthesis (WAA), with three replications. The second experiment used factorial completely randomized design; the first factor is seed lots with different storage times (fresh seed and one-year storage seed), and the second factor seed invigoration using UFB (20 ppm dissolved oxygen) and PAW (10-, 20-, and 30-min exposure) as the second factor. Untreated seeds were used as control. Fifty seeds were used in each treatment. Okra seed physiological maturity was reached at 5 WAA based on seed dry weight, germination capacity, seedling vigor, and speed of germination. The pod color at 5 WAA is olive brown, and seed testa has dark greyish purple. Plasma-activated water at 10 minutes exposure increased the vigor index of seed lots stored for one year by 86% and PAW20 by 87%. Plasma activated water at 10-, 20- and 30-minutes exposures significantly increased the seedling vigor index and germination speed of fresh seeds harvested at 5 WAA.

An in-depth study of anthocyanin synthesis in the exocarp of virescens and nigrescens oil palm: metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a very important tropical woody oil plant with high commercial and ornamental value. The exocarp of the oil palm fruit is rich in anthocyanosides and proanthocyanidins, which not only give it a bright colour, but also mark the maturity of the fruit. The study of the dynamic change pattern of anthocyanoside content and important anthocyanoside metabolism-related regulatory genes during oil palm ripening is conducive to the improvement of the ornamental value of oil palm and the determination of the optimal harvesting period of the fruits. We analyzed the virescens oil palm (AS) and nigrescens oil palm (AT) at 95 days (AS1, AT1), 125 days (AS2, AT2) and 185 days (AS3, AT3) after pollination were used as experimental materials for determining the changes in the total amount of anthocyanins as well as their metabolomics and transcriptomics studies by using the LC-MS/MS technique and RNA-Seq technique. The results showed that the total anthocyanin content decreased significantly from AS1 (119µg/g) to AS3 (23µg/g), and from AT1 (1302µg/g) to AT3 (170µg/g), indicating a clear decreasing trend during fruit development. Among them, the higher flavonoids in AS and AT included anthocyanins such as peonidin-3-O-rutinoside (H35), pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside (H21), and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (H7), as well as condensed tannins such as procyanidin B2 (H47), procyanidin C1 (H49), and procyanidin B3 (H48). Notably, nine genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway exhibited up-regulated expression during the pre-development stage of oil palm fruits, particularly during the AS1 and AT1 periods. These genes include: Chalcone synthase (CHS; LOC105036364); Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H; LOC105054663); Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR; LOC105040724, LOC105048473); Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS; LOC105035842), UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT; LOC105039612); Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H; LOC105036086, LOC105044124, LOC105045493). In contrast, five genes demonstrated up-regulated expression as the fruits developed, specifically during the AS3 and AT3 periods. These genes include: Chalcone synthase (CHS; LOC105036921, LOC105035716); Chalcone isomerase (CHI; LOC105045978); UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT; LOC105046326); Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H; LOC105036086). Most of differentially expressed genes exhibited up-regulation during the early stages of fruit development, which may contribute to the elevated anthocyanin content observed in oil palm fruits of both types during the pre-developmental period. Furthermore, the expression levels of most genes were found to be higher in the AT fruit type compared to the AS fruit type, suggesting that the differential expression of these genes may be a key factor underlying the differences in anthocyanoside production in the exocarp of oil palm fruits from these two fruit types. The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for the identification and characterization of genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in oil palm fruits, as well as the development of novel variations using molecular biology approaches.

Transcriptome and Metabolome Based Mechanisms Revealing the Accumulation and Transformation of Sugars and Fats in Pinus armandii Seed Kernels during the Harvesting Period.

Pinus armandii seed kernel is a nutrient-rich and widely consumed nut whose yield and quality are affected by, among other things, harvesting time and climatic conditions, which reduce economic benefits. To investigate the optimal harvesting period of P. armandii seed kernels, this study determined the nutrient composition and seed kernel morphology and analyzed the gene expression and metabolic differences of P. armandii seed kernels during the harvesting period by transcriptomics and metabolomics. The results revealed that during the maturation of P. armandii seed kernels, there was a significant increase in the width, thickness, and weight of the seed kernels, as well as a significant accumulation of sucrose, soluble sugars, proteins, starch, flavonoids, and polyphenols and a significant decrease in lipid content. In addition, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of P. armandii seed kernels during the harvesting period screened and identified 103 differential metabolites (DEMs) and 8899 differential genes (DEGs). Analysis of these DEMs and DEGs revealed that P. armandii seed kernel harvesting exhibited gene-metabolite differences in sugar- and lipid-related pathways. Among them, starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis were associated with the synthesis and catabolism of sugars, whereas fatty acid degradation, glyoxylate and dicarboxylic acid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were associated with the synthesis and catabolism of lipids. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that these differences in genes and metabolites exhibited during the harvesting period of P. armandii seed kernels might be related to the accumulation and transformation of sugars and lipids. This study may provide a theoretical basis for determining the optimal harvesting time of P. armandii seed kernels, changes in the molecular mechanisms of nutrient accumulation, and quality directed breeding.

Nutritional Quality Analysis and Classification Detection of Buckwheat in Different Harvest Periods.

For buckwheat, the optimal harvest period is difficult to determine-too early or too late a harvest affects the nutritional quality of buckwheat. In this paper, physical and chemical tests are combined with a method using near-infrared spectroscopy nondestructive testing technology to study buckwheat harvest and determine the optimal harvest period. Physical and chemical tests to determine the growth cycle were performed at 83 days, 90 days, 93 days, 96 days, 99 days, and 102 days, in which the buckwheat grain starch, fat, protein, total flavonoid, and total phenol contents were assessed. Spectral images of buckwheat in six different harvest periods were collected using a near-infrared spectral imaging system. Four preprocessing methods (SNV, S-G, DWT, and the normaliz function) and three dimensionality reduction algorithms (IVSO, VCPA, VISSA) were used to process the raw buckwheat spectral data, and the full and eigen spectra were established as a random forest (RF). Random forest (RF) and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) classification models were used to determine the full and eigen spectra, respectively, and the optimal model for the buckwheat single harvest period was determined and validated. Through physical and chemical tests, it was concluded that the 90-day harvest buckwheat grain protein, fat, and starch contents were the highest, and that the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents were also high. The SNV preprocessing method was the most effective, and the feature bands extracted using the IVSO algorithm were more representative. The IVSO-RF model was the best discriminative model for the classification of buckwheat in different harvest periods, with the correct rates of the training and prediction sets reaching 100% and 96.67%, respectively. When applying the IVSO-RF model to the buckwheat single harvest period to verify the classification, the correct rate of the training set for each harvest period reached 96%, and that of the prediction set reached 100%. Near-infrared spectroscopy combined with the IVSO-RF modeling method for buckwheat harvest period detection is a rapid, nondestructive classification method. When this was combined with physical and chemical analyses, it was determined that a growth cycle of 90 days is the best harvest period for buckwheat. The results of this study can not only improve the quality of buckwheat crops but also be applied to other crops to determine their optimal harvest period.

Changes in Quality of Carya illinoinensis at Different Harvest Periods.

In order to determine the appropriate harvesting period of Carya illinoinensis planted in Nanjing city of China, this study analyzed the phenotypic characteristics and inclusions, including single fruit quality, fruit transverse and vertical diameter, kernel rate, water content, color, respiratory strength, crude fat, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and total phenols, of two cultivars 'Pawnee' and 'Wichita' during September and October, respectively. Results showed that the respiration intensity and IAD values of pecan fruits decreased as the harvest date was delayed. 'Pawnee' fruits exhibited the highest seed kernel fullness, ∆E value, fruit transverse diameter, shape index, kernel yield, crude fat, and total phenolic content in late September and early October, while the quality of 'Wichita' fruits reached its peak in late October. The appropriate harvest period is conducive to the material accumulation of Carya illinoinensis, which is of great practical significance for improving the commodity value of pecans. The optimal harvesting period for 'Pawnee' in Nanjing is from the end of September to the beginning of October, and the optimal harvesting period for 'Wichita' is from mid- to late-October to the end of October.

Insights into the physiology, biochemistry and ecological significance of the red seaweed Tricleocarpa fragilis in the Andaman Sea

The present study focused on the physiological and biochemical aspects of Tricleocarpa fragilis, red seaweed belonging to the phylum Rhodophyta, along the South Andaman coast, with particular attention given to its symbiotic relationships with associated flora and fauna. The physicochemical parameters of the seawater at the sampling station, such as its temperature, pH, and salinity, were meticulously analyzed to determine the optimal harvesting period for T. fragilis. Seaweeds attach to rocks, dead corals, and shells in shallow areas exposed to moderate wave action because of its habitat preferences. Temporal variations in biomass production were estimated, revealing the highest peak in March, which was correlated with optimal seawater conditions, including a temperature of 34 ± 1.1 °C, a pH of 8 ± 0.1, and a salinity of 32 ± 0.8 psu. GC‒MS analysis revealed n-hexadecanoic acid as the dominant compound among the 36 peaks, with major bioactive compounds identified as fatty acids, diterpenes, phenolic compounds, and hydrocarbons. This research not only enhances our understanding of ecological dynamics but also provides valuable insights into the intricate biochemical processes of T. fragilis. The established antimicrobial potential and characterization of bioactive compounds from T. fragilis lay a foundation for possible applications in the pharmaceutical industry and other industries.

3D positioning of Camellia oleifera fruit-grabbing points for robotic harvesting

Camellia oleifera is an oilseed crop with high economic value. The short optimum harvest period and high labour costs of C. oleifera harvesting have prompted research on intelligent robotic harvesting. This study focused on the determination of grabbing points for the robotic harvesting of C. oleifera fruits, providing a basis for the decision making of the fruit-picking robot. A relatively simple 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) and stereoscopic vision replaced the complex 3D CNN to realise the 3D positioning of the fruit. Apple datasets were used for the pretraining of the model and knowledge transfer, which shared a certain degree of similarity to C. oleifera fruit. In addition, a fully automatic coordinate conversion method has been proposed to transform the fruit position information in the image into its 3D position in the robot coordinate system. Results showed that the You Only Look Once (YOLO)v8x model trained using 1012 annotated samples achieved the highest performance for fruit detection, with mAP50 of 0.96 on the testing dataset. With knowledge transfer based on the apple datasets, YOLOv8x using few-shot learning realised a testing mAP50 of 0.95, reducing manual annotation. Moreover, the error in the 3D coordinate calculation was lower than 2.1 cm on the three axes. The proposed method provides the 3D coordinates of the grabbing point for the target fruit in the robot coordinate system, which can be transferred directly to the robot control system to execute fruit-picking actions. This dataset was published online to reproduce the results of this study.

Wound Healing Potential of a Novel Sedum Species: S. album Murales.

Natural wound healing products are in increased demand. The potential for unexplored Sedum species in wound healing was discovered based on benefits of the genus reported in traditional medicine. The objectives were to screen ten Sedum species for wound healing, to ascertain the optimal harvest period using the five best, and finally to investigate effects of extraction protocols on wound healing using the most promising species. Different protocols were used to extract leaf polyphenol and mucilage content. Wound healing was assessed from L929 fibroblast migration. April was the optimal harvest month for wound healing efficacy, whereas the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were evident in September and November. S. album Murales (ALBU), the best candidate, was then compared with S. telephium (TELE), which is well recognized in skin care. The mucilage-containing aqueous extract of ALBU was shown for the first time to induce the highest fibroblast migration after 24 h, not evident in TELE. Moreover, functional constituents contained within the absolute acetone- and isopropanol-containing polyphenol pools from ALBU induced significantly higher migration compared to TELE. A prototype cream, containing the water- and solvent-extracted bioactive compounds was effective at inducing fibroblast migration at 24 h in ALBU. The potential of ALBU in wound healing was evidenced and warrants further investigation.

Optimal harvest period and quality control markers of cultivated Flos Chrysanthemi Indici using untargeted/targeted metabolomics, chemometric analysis and in vivo study

Ethnopharmacological relevanceFlos Chrysanthemi Indici (FCI), the flower of Chrysanthemum Indicum L., is a popular traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treatment of inflammatory diseases in China. FCI is also a functional food, and is widely used as herbal tea for clearing heat and detoxicating. Aim of the studyTo explore quality control markers of FCI based on the optimal harvest period. Materials and methodsFirst, UPLC-Q-TOF/MS based untargeted metabolomics was applied to explore the chemical profiles of FCIs collected at bud stages (BS), initial stages (IS), full bloom stages (FS) and eventual stages (ES) from eight cultivated regions in China. Subsequently, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell inflammatory model and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model were used to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect of FCIs collected at IS/FS. Then, UPLC-PDA targeted metabolomics was used to quantitatively analyze 9 constituents with anti-inflammatory activity (7 flavonoids and 2 phenolic acids) changed significantly (VIP > 4) during flowering stages. Finally, ROC curves combined with PCA analysis based on the variation of 9 active constituents in FCIs from different flowering stages were applied to screen the quality markers of FCI. ResultsFCIs at IS/FS had almost same chemical characteristics, but quite different from those at BS and ES. A total of 32 constituents in FCIs including flavonoids and phenolic acids were changed during flowering development. Most of the varied constituents had the highest or higher contents at IS/FS compared with those at ES, indicating that the optimal harvest period of FCI should be at IS/FS. FCI extract could effectively suppress nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and regulate the abnormal levels of cytokines and PGE2 in carrageenan-induced paw edema model rat. The results of quantitatively analysis revealed that the variation trends of phenolic acids and flavonoids in FCIs were different during flowering development, but most of them had higher contents at IS/FS than those at ES in all FCIs collected from eight cultivated regions, except one sample from Anhui. Finally, linarin, luteolin, apigenin and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were selected as the Q-markers based on the contribution of their AUC values in ROC and clustering of PCA analysis. ConclusionsOur study demonstrates the optimal harvest period of FCI and specifies the multi-constituents Q-markers of FCI based on the influence of growth progression on the active constituents using untargeted/targeted metabolomics. The findings not only greatly increase the utilization rate of FCI resources and improve quality control of FCI products, but also offer new strategy to identify the Q-markers of FCI.

Exogenous regulation of macronutrients promotes the accumulation of alkaloid yield in anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) pascher

BackgroundAnisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher (A. tanguticus) is a valuable botanical for extracting tropane alkaloids, which are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Implementing appropriate cultivation methods can improve both the quality and yield of A. tanguticus. A two-year field experiment was conducted from 2021 to 2023 using a single-factor randomized complete block design replicated three times. The study examined the effects of different nutrient levels (nitrogen: 0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375 kg/ha; phosphorus: 0, 600, 750, 900, 1050, 1200 kg/ha; potassium: 0, 75, 112.5, 150, 187.5, 225 kg/ha) on the growth, primary alkaloid contents, and alkaloid yield of A. tanguticus at different growth stages (S-Greening, S-Growing, S-Wilting; T-Greening, T-Growing, and T-Wilting) in both the roots and aboveground portions.ResultsOur results demonstrate that nutrient levels significantly affect the growth and alkaloid accumulation in A. tanguticus. High nitrogen levels (375 kg/ha) notably increased both root and aboveground biomass, while phosphorus had a minimal effect, especially on aboveground biomass. For alkaloid content (scopolamine, anisodamine, anisodine, atropine), a moderate nitrogen level (225 kg/ha) was most effective, followed by low potassium (75 kg/ha), with phosphorus showing a limited impact. Increased phosphorus levels led to a decrease in scopolamine content. During the T-Growing period, moderate nitrogen addition (225 kg/ha) yielded the highest alkaloid levels per unit area (205.79 kg/ha). In the T-Wilting period, low potassium (75 kg/ha) and low phosphorus (750 kg/ha) resulted in alkaloid levels of 146.91 kg/ha and 142.18 kg/ha, respectively. This indicates nitrogen has the most substantial effect on alkaloid accumulation, followed by potassium and phosphorus. The Douglas production function analysis suggests focusing on root biomass and the accumulation of scopolamine and atropine in roots to maximize alkaloid yield in A. tanguticus cultivation.ConclusionsOur findings show that the optimum harvesting period for A. tanguticus is the T-Wilting period, and that the optimal nitrogen addition is 225 kg/ha, the optimal potassium addition is 75 kg/ha, and the optimal phosphorus addition is 600 kg/ha or less.

Study on optimal harvesting period and rational medicinal parts of Zanthoxylum nitidum based on statistics of main effective components

To determine the optimal harvesting period and rational medicinal parts of Zanthoxylum nitidum, the main effective components of cultivated Z. nitidum samples, which originate from various growth years, harvesting months, and different parts were analyzed and compared with the wild samples. HPLC was performed on a Kinetex C18 column(4. 6 mm×100 mm, 2. 6 μm) with the gradient elution of 0. 3% phosphoric acid solution-acetonitrile(80 ∶ 20) containing 0. 2% triethylamine. The flow rate was 1. 0 m L·min-1, and the detection wavelength was 273 nm. The column temperature was 30 ℃. Nitidine chloride and chelerythrine, the main effective components, were determined as the markers. The results showed there was no significant difference in the contents of the main effective components among the roots of wild and cultivated Z. nitidum, as well as the roots and roots + stems of cultivated Z. nitidum. The statistical results of HCA and PCA indicated that the roots and stems could be clearly distinguished, but no distinction could be made between wild and cultivated products, which was consistent with the results of the significance analysis. The total contents of nitidine chloride and chelerythrine in roots and stems of Z. nitidum of 1-6 years old were 0. 114%-0. 256% and 0. 030%-0. 133%, respectively. These results suggested a positive correlation between the content of the main effective components and the growth years. No significant difference was observed between the contents of samples harvested in different seasons, indicating that the harvest season had no effect on the content of the main effective components of the Z. nitidum samples. The total contents of nitidine chloride and chelerythrine of the dried Z. nitidum samples(excluding branches) from three plantation bases were 0. 308%±0. 123% in Yunfu, 0. 192%±0. 025% in Maoming, and 0. 197%±0. 052% in Nanning, respectively, and they were all not less than 0. 15%, or in other words, the roots(including fibrous roots, taproots, and underground stems) and stems(aboveground stems) of Z. nitidum transplanted for more than 2. 5 years can meet the medical requirements. This study demonstrates that the cultivated Z. nitidum could be used as a valid substitute for the wild Z. nitidum, which provides a guarantee for the sustainable development and the application of Z. nitidum resources. The stems and roots could be considered medicinal parts of Z. nitidum. It is recommended to revise the medicinal parts of Z. nitidum to dried roots and stems in the next edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the medicinal parts can be harvested all year round. In order to ensure the content of effective components and clinical effectiveness, the root and stem should be harvested for medical use after the seedlings of Z. nitidum have been transplanted for more than three years.

Analysis of quality evaluation and optimal harvest period of Aurantii Fructus from different sources using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS.

The active constituents in Aurantii Fructus sourced from different regions within Hunan Province exhibit variations, with certain samples demonstrating substandard quality. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the chemical composition and quality of Aurantii Fructus from various sources, establish a robust methodology for quality evaluation, and determine the optimal harvesting period. The components of Aurantii Fructus were qualitatively analyzed using a non-targeted metabolomics approach. Multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to identify potential markers, enabling qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the quality and optimal harvest period of Aurantii Fructus. Overall, 155 compounds were identified in Aurantii Fructus, with Huangpi exhibiting the highest number of components. Eleven potential markers were selected to assess the quality of Aurantii Fructus. The average content of Huangpi was the highest, indicating a high level of similarity. The samples' overall scores were ordered as follows: Huangpi > Xiangcheng > Choucheng > Daidai. Anren and Changde's Huangpi exhibited high contents, being rich in chemical components, resulting in favorable scores. Similarly, Changde's Xiangcheng displayed significant medicinal value. As the harvest time was delayed, there was an increase in fruit size, accompanied by thinner peels and a continuous decrease in the contents of potential markers. The best harvest period of Aurantii Fructus was within 1week before and after the Lesser Heat. The present study establishes a precise and efficient method for evaluating the quality of Aurantii Fructus, thereby providing more comprehensive insights into its composition. This research lays the foundation for subsequent development and utilization of Aurantii Fructus.

Farklı rakımlarda kivinin (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) meyve kalite özelliklerindeki zamansal değişim ve optimum hasat döneminin belirlenmesi

Bu araştırmada, Mersin ekolojisinde Hayward kivi çeşidinin farklı rakımlarda (370 m ve 1193 m) meyvelerdeki fiziksel ve biyokimyasal kalite özelliklerinin dönemsel değişimi ve optimum hasat zamanının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Rakım arttıkça meyve ağırlığı (110.07 g - 99.09 g), meyve eni (57.97 mm - 52.42 mm), meyve boyu (73.19 mm - 69.07 mm), SÇKM değeri (%8.43 - %5.45), meyve kabuk rengi a* değeri (6.30 - 4.14) ve kuru madde miktarının (%13.01 - %12.20) azaldığı; meyve eti sertliği (1.36 kg/kuvvet - 2.28 kg/kuvvet), TEA değeri (%1.36 - %1.46), pH değeri (3.21 - 3.,39), meyve kabuk rengi L*değeri (32.96 - 36.62), b* değeri (27.02 - 28.50) ve C vitamini (82.67 mg/100g - 92.09 mg/100g) değerlerinin arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada, örnek alma süresince meyve ağırlığı (79.39 g - 119.68 g), SÇKM değeri (%4.34 - %10.52), pH değeri (2.67 - 3.37), a* değeri (1.05 - 8.03), kuru madde miktarının (%9.69 - %14.55) değerlerinin arttığı; meyve eti sertliği (2.66 kg/kuvvet - 0.88 kg/kuvvet), meyve kabuk rengi L*değeri (42.24 - 28.74), b* değeri (31.18 - 24.59) ve C vitamini (106.82 mg/100g - 64.87 mg/100g) değerlerinin azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, en uygun hasat zamanının düşük rakımlı Dağlı lokasyonunda 15 Eylül (SÇKM: %6.64), yüksek rakımlı Sıraç lokasyonunda 15 Ekim (SÇKM: %6.52) tarihleri olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Corn harvesting time based on growth curve and antioxidant enzyme activity

ABSTRACT China has a large population and is also a big agricultural country. Food security is an important strategic issue related to China’s national economy and people’s livelihood. Corn is one of the main food crops in China, its yield and quality are closely related to China’s growing grain demand. Improper field harvest, failure to dry out in time, and qualitative changes during the storage process will lead to yield loss. In this study, the issue of timely corn harvest, the growth curve, and the antioxidant enzyme activity of corn kernels were measured throughout the harvest process. The mathematical models of the change of moisture content, dry weight, and antioxidant enzyme activity were established, and the optimal harvest period was determined. The results showed that the moisture content of corn kernels decreased with the increase in harvest time. With the increase in harvest period, the dry weight of corn kernels accumulated in the early stage, when the dry weight of corn kernels entered the ripening period on October 3rd, the accumulation of dry weight tended to be a maximum and no longer increased. After that, there was even a decrease in dry weight which was called hidden loss, the trend of four varieties dry weight was different. The antioxidant enzyme activities of POD (peroxidase), CAT (catalase), and SOD (superoxide) of corn kernels were tended to rise first and then decline, there were significant differences between different varieties. The optimal harvest period for each corn variety was determined according to the change of moisture content, dry matter weight, and antioxidant enzyme activity.

Influence of Rheum taxa and harvesting date on the content of L-ascorbic acid and oxalic acid in the climatic conditions of South Moravia (Czech Republic)

ABSTRACT Rhubarb (Rheum L.) is a well-known medicinal and culinary plant. Apart from its rich nutritional value, rhubarb contains a higher concentration of oxalates. In this study, the content of L-ascorbic acid (AA) and oxalic acid (OA) within three rhubarb species (Rheum rhabarbarum, R. rhaponticum and R. palmatum × wittrockii) differentiated to 16 accessions in a gene bank rhubarb collection (Lednice, Czech Republic) in the condition of conventional production in the South Moravia region during the harvesting period was evaluated. While L-ascorbic acid is essential in human nutrition, oxalic acid is considered toxic, and high doses may cause serious health issues. AA and OA content, the morphology evaluation and ISSR (inter simple sequence repeats)-based genetic analysis were performed. The results of this study confirm the significant influence of taxonomy and harvesting time on the content of AA in Rheum accessions. The content of AA was determined from 6 mg · 100 g-1 to 10 g · 100 g-1 fresh weight (FW) at the beginning of the harvesting season (May) up to 25 mg · 100 g-1 FW at the end of the harvesting period. The content of OA strongly varied from 300 mg · 100 g-1 to 1800 mg · 100 g-1 FW. Regarding the antinutrient character of oxalate, the optimal harvest period of this region was estimated to be from May to early June, when the OA content was the lowest. The role of AA as a precursor of oxalate formation in rhubarb was not affirmed by the results of this study.

Metabolomics analysis of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus at different harvest times during the whole growing period based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry.

After medicinal market research, it was found that the harvest time of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (LLF) was chaotic in practice. In order to determine the optimal harvest period of LLF to ensure its pharmacological activity, metabolomics analysis of LLF at different harvest times based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-(linear ion trap)-tandem mass spectrometry was established. In this study, 166 differential metabolites (DMs) in 448 metabolites at different harvest times were screened out based on variable importance in projection value, and among them, 94 DMs with regular trends of change in relative content (59 increased and 35 decreased with the growth period) were chosen to further research. The result of the multivariate statistical analysis showed that November was the optimal harvest period of LLF. Additionally, 10-hydroxyligustroside, oleoside 11-methyl ester, and salidroside were screened out to be used as the evaluation indicators of immature LLF, while specnuezhenide, nuezhenoside G13, and neonuezhenide were the evaluation indicators of mature LLF. This study provides fundamental insight for metabolite identification and proposes the best harvest period of LLF to avoid confusion in the medicinal market.

A Real-Time Detection and Maturity Classification Method for Loofah

Fruit maturity is a crucial index for determining the optimal harvesting period of open-field loofah. Given the plant’s continuous flowering and fruiting patterns, fruits often reach maturity at different times, making precise maturity detection essential for high-quality and high-yield loofah production. Despite its importance, little research has been conducted in China on open-field young fruits and vegetables and a dearth of standards and techniques for accurate and non-destructive monitoring of loofah fruit maturity exists. This study introduces a real-time detection and maturity classification method for loofah, comprising two components: LuffaInst, a one-stage instance segmentation model, and a machine learning-based maturity classification model. LuffaInst employs a lightweight EdgeNeXt as the backbone and an enhanced pyramid attention-based feature pyramid network (PAFPN). To cater to the unique characteristics of elongated loofah fruits and the challenge of small target detection, we incorporated a novel attention module, the efficient strip attention module (ESA), which utilizes long and narrow convolutional kernels for strip pooling, a strategy more suitable for loofah fruit detection than traditional spatial pooling. Experimental results on the loofah dataset reveal that these improvements equip our LuffaInst with lower parameter weights and higher accuracy than other prevalent instance segmentation models. The mean average precision (mAP) on the loofah image dataset improved by at least 3.2% and the FPS increased by at least 10.13 f/s compared with Mask R-CNN, Mask Scoring R-CNN, YOLACT++, and SOLOv2, thereby satisfying the real-time detection requirement. Additionally, a random forest model, relying on color and texture features, was developed for three maturity classifications of loofah fruit instances (M1: fruit setting stage, M2: fruit enlargement stage, M3: fruit maturation stage). The application of a pruning strategy helped attain the random forest model with the highest accuracy (91.47% for M1, 90.13% for M2, and 92.96% for M3), culminating in an overall accuracy of 91.12%. This study offers promising results for loofah fruit maturity detection, providing technical support for the automated intelligent harvesting of loofah.

FORRAJE VERDE HIDROPÓNICO COMO ALTERNATIVA FORRAJERA EN LA ALIMENTACIÓN ANIMAL

<p><strong>Background. </strong>Animal feeding and nutrition constitute the main limitation in livestock farming in arid and semi-arid zones, because it depends to a large extent on imported concentrated feed. Hydroponic green fodder (FVH) represents an efficient and economical alternative to obtain food with high nutritional value for domestic animals. However, little has been used due to ignorance of the method to produce it and its benefits. <strong>Objective. </strong>To analyze the scientific information available on the agronomic, productive and nutritional attributes of HGF, and its potential as a forage resource in animal feed. <strong>Methodology. </strong>A bibliographic review was carried out based in the following databases: Scopus, NCBI, Springer, Science direct, Google Scholar, Redalyc, ResearchGate and other digital repositories, using keywords in Spanish and English, such as hydroponic green fodder, hydroponic technology, hydroponic food and alternative fodder. <strong>Results.</strong> The HGF production cycle is basically carried out in six stages: <em>i</em>) seed selection, <em>ii</em>) seed washing and disinfection, <em>iii</em>) seed hydration, <em>iv</em>) sowing and germination, <em>v</em>) growth, and <em>vi</em>) harvest. Biomass production increases progressively in relation to a higher seed sowing density. The optimum harvest period for forage is from 12 to 14 days after sowing. However, the volume and yield of production must be assessed in terms of the nutritional quality of harvested fodder. In prolonged harvest periods, the crude protein content increases, while the dry matter content decreases. In cattle and goats, partial diet supplementation with HGF improves milk production and composition, as well as the weight gain rate and feed ratio, due to increased feed intake and nutrients digestibility. In monogastrics, the total replacement of conventional feed with HGF affects feed intake and growth rate. <strong>Implications. </strong>More research is required to determine the adequate portion of HGF in the supplementation of animal diets, without affecting their productive performance, especially in the case of monogastrics. <strong>Conclusion. </strong>The HGF technology represents a viable and economical alternative to counteract the scarcity of fresh and nutritious food, especially in dry seasons of arid and semi-arid areas; as well as in urban or suburban areas where there is limited land area for conventional fodder production.</p>

Chemical composition, chemotypic characterization, and histochemical localization of volatile components in different cultivars of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. leaves.

Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim., an important spice plant, is rich in volatile components and has formed several cultivars in China. Genetic variation among different cultivars has significant effects on volatile components. In this study, a total of 52 volatile compounds were detected from 11 cultivars of Z. bungeanum, among which palmitic acid, (+)-limonene, phytol, β-caryophyllene, and terpinyl acetate were screened as characteristic compounds, with palmitic acid and phytol contributing the most to the volatile composition. Combined with the results of chemometric and content analyses, three Z. bungeanum chemotypes were identified: (+)-limonene, β-caryophyllene+terpinyl acetate, and palmitic acid+phytol. In addition, the dynamics of the accumulation of its main components were explored, and the optimal harvest period for Z. bungeanum leaves (late July or early August) was clarified. Moreover, histochemical analysis results showed that terpenoids were mainly accumulated in the oil cells of Z. bungeanum leaves, and there were some differences in the number of oil cells in different chemotypes of Z. bungeanum, which might affect the yield and quality of volatile components. The results showed that the differences of chemical composition among diverse chemotypes of Z. bungeanum might be an important factor leading to the quality differences of the same planting resources. Accordingly, the study on the classification of Z. bungeanum chemotypes and the accumulation patterns of major chemical components is of great theoretical significance and practical value as a favorable guarantee for the development and utilization of Z. bungeanum resources and quality control.