Optimal Exposure Time Research Articles

Optimal duration of whole-body cryostimulation exposure to achieve target skin temperature: influence of body mass index—a randomized cross-over controlled trial

BackgroundThe efficacy of whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) may be influenced by individual characteristics. The aim of this study is to determine the optimal exposure time required to reach the analgesic threshold of 13.6 °C, which has been proposed to be a target temperature to be reached at skin level. Our objective is also to follow the skin temperature changes during and after WBC considering the participants body mass index (BMI).MethodsThirty healthy men were assigned into 2 groups based on their BMI [normal weight (n = 15; BMI = 21.53 ± 1.63 kg·m−2) and overweight (n = 15; BMI = 27.98 ± 1.16 kg·m−2)]. In a random order, each participant experienced a 4-min WBC exposure, as well as a control session with no cold exposure. Skin temperature was measured using a thermal imaging camera during and after cold exposure.ResultsNormal weight participants reached the threshold in 4 min, whereas overweight participants reached it in 3 min 30 s. Following WBC, a rapid mean skin temperature (MsT°) increase was observed for both groups, immediately after exposure. However, after 30 min, MsT° remained significantly lower than at baseline.ConclusionOur findings suggest that appropriate WBC dosage may differ according to BMI. Understanding the impact of such variable on cold exposure outcomes can help to optimize WBC treatments and maximize potential benefits.

Effective control of citrus green mold using plasma-activated water with hydrogen peroxide vapor: A non-thermal approach

In this study, a novel approach for controlling Citrus sinensis Salustiana green mold disease in oranges was developed using plasma-activated water (PAW) generated by a Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (SDBD) system reinforced with H2O2 cold vapor. Penicillium digitatum, the primary cause of orange mold, was the target of the treatment. The efficiency of the setup was investigated in three stages. First, a suspension of P. digitatum spores was directly treated with Ar/H2O2 plasma to estimate the optimal plasma exposure time required for maximum fungal inactivation. Second, the impact of Argon/H2O2 plasma-treated water (PTW), generated from various plasma exposure times, on mold growth on orange peels was examined. For this, orange peels were placed in Ar/H2O2-PTW for different durations, and mold occurrence was monitored. Finally, the effect of PTW, generated from various Ar/H2O2 plasma exposure times, on mold growth on whole oranges was investigated. Oranges were treated with Ar/H2O2-PTW for different durations, and mold occurrence was analyzed. The results demonstrated that a 20-min treatment of oranges with PTW produced from a 420-s Ar/H2O2 plasma exposure time led to complete inactivation of P. digitatum. This study showed that this hybrid scenario can be effectively used for fungal decontamination in the food industry.

3D shape measurement method for high-reflective surface based on a color camera

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) has been widely utilized in many fields due to its non-contact, high accuracy, high resolution and full-field measurement capabilities. However, the limited dynamic range of the camera sensor can result in overexposure of high-reflective parts in industrial production measurement. To effectively solve the above issue, this paper proposes a 3D shape measurement method for the high-reflective surface based on a color camera. Firstly, the optimal exposure time for the low-reflective region is estimated using the relationship between the standard variance of the phase error and the modulation. Twelve blue phase-shifted fringe patterns and a uniform blue image are utilized to obtain 3D shape of high-reflective surface. Secondly, captured images are separated into red, green and blue components. The fused Gaussian low-pass filtering method with different cut-off frequencies is used to filter and denoise the green or red components and the true intensity of the blue component in the saturated regions is calculated by the unsaturated intensity of the green or red components based on the calibrated crosstalk matrix. Then the image in saturated regions is fused and normalized with the unsaturated region. The absolute phase obtained from the fused normalized fringe patterns is converted into 3D data. Finally, experiments have been carried out on measuring. The experimental results show that the proposed method is capable of obtaining the 3D shape of the surface of a high-reflective object with fewer patterns and high measurement accuracy.

Large-scale screening identifies enzyme combinations that remove in situ grown oral biofilm

Bacteria in the oral cavity are responsible for the development of dental diseases such as caries and periodontitis, but it is becoming increasingly clear that the oral microbiome also benefits human health. Many oral care products on the market are antimicrobial, killing a large part of the oral microbiome but without removing the disease-causing biofilm. Instead, non-biocidal matrix-degrading enzymes may be used to selectively remove biofilm without harming the overall microbiome.The challenge of using enzymes to degrade biofilms is to match the narrow specificity of enzymes with the large structural diversity of extracellular polymeric substances that hold the biofilm together. In this study, we therefore perform a large-scale screening of single and multi-enzyme formulations to identify combinations of enzymes that most effectively remove dental biofilm.We tested >400 different treatment modalities using 44 different enzymes in combinations with up to six enzymes in each formulation, on in vitro biofilms inoculated with human saliva. Mutanase was the only enzyme capable of removing biofilm on its own. Multi-enzyme formulations removed up to 69 % of the biofilm volume, and the most effective formulations all contained mutanase. We shortlisted 10 enzyme formulations to investigate their efficacy against biofilms formed on glass slabs on dental splints worn by 9 different test subjects. Three of the ten formulations removed more than 50 % of the biofilm volume. If optimal enzyme concentration and exposure time can be reached in vivo, these enzyme combinations have potential to be used in novel non-biocidal oral care products for dental biofilm control.

An experimental setup for studying conduction and radiation heat transfer in a rotary drum

This study presents the development of a novel heating system that aims to bridge the experimental gap for analyzing both radiation and conduction heat transfer in a rotary drum. The experiments were conducted by loading the drum with 4 mm silica glass beads at varying fill levels (10 %, 17.5 %, and 25 %) and rotation rates (2, 5, and 10 RPM), and monitoring the temperature evolution with an infrared camera. Higher fill levels resulted in lower average particle bed temperatures, while rotation rate influenced the contact time between particles and the drum wall and the exposure to radiative heat. A rotation rate of 5 RPM resulted in the highest average bed temperature due to optimal contact and exposure time for conduction and absorption of radiative heat, respectively. Thus, a balance between adequate particle mixing and optimal contact/exposure time is crucial for maximizing heat transfer efficiency in rotary drums exhibiting conduction and radiation.

Micro-particle-clay aided microporous support for removal of hydrocarbon toxicity from petroleum refinery wastewater in single-slope solar distillation

The removal of toxic hydrocarbon pollutants is not sustainable via conventional treatment technology. This research investigates the feasibility of a solar distillation (SSD) system to eliminate soluble hydrocarbon salts, stubborn organics, and separation of oil emulsion from petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW). The PRW collected from the petroleum refinery facility and hydrophilic micro-particle clay (MP-clay) samples were characterized following the ASTM and SEM techniques. The treatment process for the removal of total dissolved salts (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and separation of oil emulsion was monitored in the SSD still using MP-clay aided microporous filter support, at varying MP-clay concentrations (0.5–3.5 mg/L), pH (6.6–7.3), temperature (27–80 0C), and exposure time (1–18hrs) respectively. The results showed MP-clay as self-assembled monolayers on microporous support with a 98 % reduction in BOD concentration under optimum conditions: pH of 7.3, contact time of 9 hours, and MP-clay concentration of 3.2 mg/L. The TDS concentration decreased by 94 % at the optimal exposure time (15hrs) and temperature (48 0C) in SSD still. The investigation also examined the recyclability of MP-clay for oil content accumulation and water separation. The findings demonstrated MP-clay on reuse retained 90.5 % of its activity in water separation and established MP-clay can be operated to the optimum of 3 cycles, each lasting 60 minutes. After this period, reactivity loss becomes severe owing to lipase leakage and substrate obstruction. The research findings will help harness solar energy for environmentally friendly and cost-effective PRW remediation.

Impact of Exposure Duration on DNA Damage Scores in the Comet Assay Using Allium cepa L. and Lactuca sativa L.

The single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), or comet assay, is a simple method that uses microgel and electrophoresis to evaluate damage in the DNA of the cells. The first protocol adapted for plants was described in the 1990s, however, a universal standardized procedure is not available to date. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of exposure time in the comet assay in plant models Allium cepa L. and Lactuca sativa L. Root tips of both plant models were exposed to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), a known genotoxicant, for 2 h to 36 h. The alkaline version of the comet assay for plant samples was performed, and the DNA damage was assessed. Arbitrary units (AU) were calculated and compared to the negative control. MMS induced DNA damage (P < 0.05) after 2, 6, 10, 14, 28, 32 and 36 h of exposure in A. cepa, and at 2, 8, 10, 14 and 36 h for L. sativa. The highest AU values for A. cepa were observed after 4 h of exposure to MMS and for L. sativa, after 24 h of exposure. The optimal exposure times considering both genotoxic and mutagenic risk were indicated.

Optimisation of nitrogen plasma exposure time for surface modification of cotton fibre

Surface modification via plasma treatment is useful in improving textile-based wound dressing functionality. This study was conducted to optimise the nitrogen plasma exposure time and its effect on the cotton surface (CS) properties at a constant nitrogen flow rate of 20 sccm for 5 to 30 min. The optimisation was done by analysing the alteration in morphology, functional group composition, crystallinity phase, electrokinetic potential, and colour of CS as subjected to nitrogen plasma. CS experienced an etching effect due to the presence of microcracks on its surface, with its electrokinetic potential becoming less negative, ranging from -5.51 to –8.05 mV. Then, the nitrogen functional group was detected on CS ranging from 2.9% to 4.5%, with its whiteness index reduced to 8.67% compared to the pristine cotton. As a result, 20 min was selected as the optimum exposure time for surface treatment. An exposure time of 30 min showed an early sign of degradation, which reduced its crystallinity index by 11.1%. Apparently, the CS is activated as exposed to the nitrogen plasma and experiences slight changes in its molecular structure without affecting its bulk properties.

Effect Of Tem-Umw Ultraviolet Sterilization Box Radiation On Paper Money Bacteria

Background: TEM-UMW UVC sterilization cabinets have been designed using door safety systems and timers. Door security systems are designed to avoid exposure to UVC rays in users. Sterilization is carried out to improve the quality of public health and ensure the cleanliness of an object. Sterilization using exposure to UVC light can decide the survival of micrinorganisms or bacteria. This causes UVC light to be widely used as a sterilizer for non-living objects. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of UVC exposure time to bacterial colonies on banknotes. Exposure is done by making one sample as a cocontroller. Methods: This study banknotes are illuminated at intervals of 0, up to 30 minutes using a sterilization cabinet. The number of bacteria on the banknote is calculated by the bacterial culture method and then analyzed using a counter colony. Results: Based on the results of the analysis of known samples without exposure to light, the number of bacteria was about 250 colonies when the first minute of exposure bacteria was reduced to 38 colonies. The number of colonies on banknotes is constantly reduced if the length of exposure is increased. By the 30th minute the number of colonies becomes 6 Conclusions: The results shown Exposure using UVC through strilization cabinets can kill bacteria on banknotes. The optimal exposure time of UVC rays affecting the number of bacterial colonies on the Rp. 2000 banknote is 25 -30 minutes.

Effective concentration of herbal anaesthetics Origanum vulgare L. oil and its effects on stress parameters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Using anaesthetics is an important application in aquaculture especially where the fish transportation, vaccination, grading, sorting activities and many other handling operations have been conducted during the different stages of production periods in the farms or hatcheries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oregano essential oil (OO) as an anaesthetic for Nile tilapia and to determine the optimal concentration and post-application stress effects compared to clove oil (CO). Nile tilapia juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of OO (20-40-60-80-100mgL-1) and CO (50mgL-1) for different time periods to determine the optimal concentration and exposure time. After the effective concentration of OO was determined, in the second experiment, stress parameters (glucose, plasma cortisol) were analysed after 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24h of application. The results compared to the control group and CO results. The study found that OO which has carvacrol compound higher than 78% was an efficient anaesthetic for Nile tilapia, and the effective concentration was found to be 60mgL-1. No significant differences were found between opercular beats in any concentration of OO and CO. Basal glucose level in blood without anaesthesia application and recorded at 39.33mgdL-1 and significantly lower than OO and CO at first two sampling points, 0 and 2h (p<0.05). According to plasma cortisol level results, although CO experimental group showed secondary stress response at 12h (17.91±4.21ngmL-1), OO and CO group cortisol levels decreased at 24h after anaesthesia application 7.13±0.14and 7.01±0.54ngmL-1, respectively, below the control group cortisol concentration (12.28±1.81ngmL-1). These findings have important implications for the aquaculture industry as the use of OO as an anaesthetic could reduce the stress and mortality associated with traditional anaesthetics. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of OO as an anaesthetic agent for other fish species and to determine the optimal concentration and exposure time for different species.

Assessment of optimal blood exposure time at 37 °C during in vitro tsetse flies feeding for quality production in mass-rearing colonies.

Control of African animal trypanosomosis is implemented through an integrated control strategy, with the sterile insect technique (SIT) as one of its components. The SIT requires mass rearing of tsetse fly colonies using an in vitro feeding system. The exposure of blood at 37 °C on heating plates over time can have an impact on the quality of fly productivity. In this study, we investigated the survival and fecundity of adult tsetse flies fed at 37 °C on 8 blood exposure times ranging from 30 min to 4 h with increments of 30 min (treatment 1, flies were fed 30 min after exposure to blood at 37 °C; treatment 2, 1 h and so on until treatment 8 [4 h after]) in order to determine the optimal exposure time. In addition, bacterial growth in blood from each treatment was assessed by agar culture at 37 °C for 72 h. The results showed that the adult female survival rates were similar regardless of the treatment. For males, only those of treatment 1 (30 min) showed a marginal lower survival than those of treatments 7 and 8 fed after 3 h 30 min and 4 h of blood exposure, respectively. Over the 4-h interval of blood exposure at 37 °C, the results showed that the number of pupae produced per initial female and pupal weight tended to increase with exposure time, but the differences were not significant. We discuss the implications of these results on tsetse mass rearing for the SIT program.

Development and Characterization Pioglitazone Hydrochloride Loaded Nanoparticle for Management of Diabetes Mellitus

The potential applications of nanoparticles as oral drug delivery systems for diabetes treatment are discussed in this research article. This paper discusses polymeric nanoparticles, polysaccharides, and polymeric nanoparticles in the oral administration of anti-diabetic drugs. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin deficiency. Diabetes treatments are numerous, and nanoparticles have several advantages. Several studies and research reports based on nanotechnological approaches in the formulation of anti-diabetic drugs have highlighted the fact that research in the formulation of nanodrugs improved diabetes-fighting strategies based on plausible molecular mechanisms of action of the drugs. Additionally, efforts have been made to determine the optimal drug concentration and time of exposure in order to recommend a scientifically validated drug dose response in the development of various therapeutic strategies for anti-diabetic drugs, various types of nanoparticles are available; polymeric nanoparticles are one of the most commonly used nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles range in size from 10-1000 nm. Polymeric nanoparticles created by combining a drug and a polymer. The main advantages of polymeric nanoparticles are their ease of preparation, targeted delivery, dose minimization, and high therapeutic efficiency.

Evaluation of Mosaic Image Quality and Analysis of Influencing Factors Based on UAVs

With the growing prominence of UAV-based low-altitude remote sensing in agriculture, the acquisition and processing of high-quality UAV remote sensing images is paramount. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of various parameter settings on image quality and optimize these parameters for UAV operations to enhance efficiency and image quality. The study examined the effects of three parameter settings (exposure time, flight altitudes and forward overlap (OF)) on image quality and assessed images obtained under various conditions using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and BRISQUE algorithms. The results indicate that the setting of exposure time during UAV image acquisition directly affects image quality, with shorter exposure times resulting in lower SNR. The optimal exposure times for the RGB and MS cameras have been determined as 0.8 ms to 1.1 ms and 4 ms to 16 ms, respectively. Additionally, the best image quality is observed at flight altitudes between 15 and 35 m. The setting of UAV OF complements exposure time and flight altitude; to ensure the completeness of image acquisition, it is suggested that the flight OF is set to approximately 75% at a flight altitude of 25 m. Finally, the proposed image redundancy removal method has been demonstrated as a feasible approach for reducing image mosaicking time (by 84%) and enhancing the quality of stitched images (by 14%). This research has the potential to reduce flight costs, improve image quality, and significantly enhance agricultural production efficiency.

Method for optimizing imaging parameters to record neuronal and cellular activity at depth with bioluminescence.

Optical imaging has accelerated neuroscience in recent years. Genetically encoded fluorescent activity sensors of calcium, neurotransmitters, and voltage are commonly used for optical recording of neuronal activity. However, fluorescence imaging is limited to superficial regions for in vivo activity imaging, due to photon scattering and absorbance. Bioluminescence imaging offers a promising alternative for achieving activity imaging in deeper brain regions without hardware implanted within the brain. Bioluminescent reporters can be genetically encoded and produce photons without external excitation. The use of enzymatic photon production also enables prolonged imaging sessions without the risk of photobleaching or phototoxicity, making bioluminescence suitable for non-invasive imaging of deep neuronal populations. To facilitate the adoption of bioluminescent activity imaging, we sought to develop a low cost, simple in vitro method that simulates in vivo conditions to optimize imaging parameters for determining optimal exposure times and optical hardware configurations to determine what frame rates can be captured with an individual lab's imaging hardware with sufficient signal-to-noise ratios without the use of animals prior to starting an in vivo experiment. We developed an assay for modeling in vivo optical conditions with a brain tissue phantom paired with engineered cells that produce bioluminescence. We then used this assay to limit-test the detection depth versus maximum frame rate for bioluminescence imaging at experimentally relevant tissue depths using off-the-shelf imaging hardware. We developed an assay for modeling in vivo optical conditions with a brain tissue phantom paired with engineered cells that produce bioluminescence. With this method, we demonstrate an effective means for increasing the utility of bioluminescent tools and lowering the barrier to adoption of bioluminescence activity imaging. We demonstrated an improved method for optimizing imaging parameters for activity imaging in vivo with bioluminescent sensors.

Comparative assessment of direct and indirect cold atmospheric plasma effects, based on helium and argon, on human glioblastoma: an in vitro and in vivo study

Recent research has highlighted the promising potential of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) in cancer therapy. However, variations in study outcomes are attributed to differences in CAP devices and plasma parameters, which lead to diverse compositions of plasma products, including electrons, charged particles, reactive species, UV light, and heat. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the optimal exposure time, duration, and direction-dependent cellular effects of two CAPs, based on argon and helium gases, on glioblastoma U-87 MG cancer cells and an animal model of GBM. Two plasma jets were used as low-temperature plasma sources in which helium or argon gas was ionized by high voltage (4.5 kV) and frequency (20 kHz). In vitro assessments on human GBM and normal astrocyte cell lines, using MTT assays, flow cytometry analysis, wound healing assays, and immunocytochemistry for Caspase3 and P53 proteins, demonstrated that all studied plasma jets, especially indirect argon CAP, selectively induced apoptosis, hindered tumor cell growth, and inhibited migration. These effects occurred concurrently with increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and decreased total antioxidant capacity in the cells. In vivo results further supported these findings, indicating that single indirect argon and direct helium CAP therapy, equal to high dose Temozolomide treatment, induced tumor cell death in a rat model of GBM. This was concurrent with a reduction in tumor size observed through PET-CT scan imaging and a significant increase in the survival rate. Additionally, there was a decrease in GFAP protein levels, a significant GBM tumor marker, and an increase in P53 protein expression based on immunohistochemical analyses. Furthermore, Ledge beam test analysis revealed general motor function improvement after indirect argon CAP therapy, similar to Temozolomide treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that CAP therapy, using indirect argon and direct helium jets, holds great promise for clinical applications in GBM treatment.

Study of the kinetics of accumulation and distribution of the photosensitizer photoditazin in the oral mucosa in patients with lichen planus

Was to explore the accumulation and distribution of the photosensitizer Photoditazine in the oral mucosa when applied to pathological lesions in patients with severe forms of lichen planus. A clinical and laboratory examination was carried out in 50 patients with severe forms of lichen planus (bullous and erosive-ulcerative) aged 18 to 70 years, including 6 men and 44 women. For autofluorescent imaging a LED device with a wavelength in the violet region of the spectrum (400±10 nm) was used. Quantitative registration of the kinetics of accumulation and distribution of the photosensitizer was carried out using the method of local fluorescence spectroscopy by measuring the fluorescence spectra. The measurements were made before applying the photosensitizer, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after application. The study showed that in most patients with erosive-ulcerative and bullous forms of lichen planus, the accumulation of the photosensitizer in the lesions on the oral mucosa increased as the exposure time increased from 20 to 30 minutes. The fastest accumulation of the photosensitizer occurred in the areas of mucosal lesions with the most pronounced vascularization, namely, in the area of the tongue and the bottom of the oral cavity. Using the method of local fluorescence spectroscopy, the kinetics of accumulation and destruction of photosensitizer in pathological areas of the oral mucosa was determined, and therefore the optimal time of laser exposure to the lesion was determined.

Anodic Aluminum Oxide-Based Chemi-Capacitive Sensor for Ethanol Gas.

Alcohol ingested by humans can be analyzed via breath tests; however, approximately 1% can be excreted via the skin. In this paper, we present a capacitive sensor using hydrophobically treated anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) capable of detecting alcohol excreted through the epidermis. The degree of hydrophobicity based on the duration of exposure to 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane vapor comprising a small number of Si-NH2 functional groups on the AAO surface was confirmed and the optimal exposure time was confirmed to be 60 min. The hydrophobized AAO showed a 4.8% reduction in sensitivity to moisture. Simultaneously, the sensitivity of the sensor to ethanol decreased by only 12%. Lastly, the fabricated sensor was successfully operated by attaching it to an ankle-type breathalyzer.

Augmentation of tumour perfusion by ultrasound and microbubbles: A preclinical study

BackgroundHypoperfusion and the resulting hypoxia in solid tumours are critical causes of treatment resistance. Ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles (USMB) enhance tumour perfusion in a mechanism named the “sononeoperfusion” effect, which may relieve tumour hypoperfusion and hypoxia. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal mechanical index (MI) and therapeutic ultrasound exposure time for the sononeoperfusion effect and preliminarily explore the mechanism of sononeoperfusion and its effect on tumours. MethodsA total of 155 mice bearing MC38 tumours were included in this study. A modified diagnostic ultrasound and microbubbles (Zhifuxian) was used for USMB treatment. Tumour perfusion was evaluated by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and Hoechst 33342. The therapeutic pulse was operated with MIs of 0.1 to 0.5. The ultrasound exposure time was set from 150 s to 600 s. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibition and NO, ATP, and phospho-eNOS (p-eNOS) detection were performed to explore the mechanisms of sononeoperfusion. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and tumour oxygen partial pressure (pO2) represent hypoxic tumour conditions. ResultsTumour perfusion was increased after USMB treatment at MIs of 0.1–0.4 and ultrasound exposure times of 150 s to 600 s, with optimal augmentation achieved at an MI of 0.3 and ultrasound exposure time of 450 s. The mean fluorescence intensity of Hoechst 33342 after USMB treatment was stronger than that of the control group. Biochemical assays showed a significant increase in ATP, p-eNOS and NO after USMB treatment. PO2 in tumour tissue increased significantly after USMB treatment and was maintained for more than 20 min. ConclusionsThe best sononeoperfusion effect was obtained with an MI of 0.3 and an ultrasound exposure time of 450 s. The effect is most likely related to NO and ATP increases. The sononeoperfusion effect might be a novel way to ameliorate tumour hypoperfusion and hypoxia.

High dynamic range 3D shape measurement based on crosstalk characteristics of a color camera.

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) has been widely used in many fields due to its fast speed, high accuracy and full-field characteristics. However, it is still a challenging problem to deal with high dynamic range (HDR) objects for traditional FPP, which utilizes a single exposure time or a single projection intensity. Overexposure will occur in areas with large reflectivity, which exceeds the maximum capturing capacity of camera sensors, resulting in the failure to obtain the accurate intensity, absolute phase and three-dimensional (3D) data. In this paper, a uniform blue image is projected to divide object surface into three areas with different reflectivity by using different intensity responses of RGB channels of color images. Crosstalk coefficient function is applied to obtain intensity of overexposed areas, and then the optimal exposure time of areas is calculated by the linear photometric response of the camera. Finally, three sets of blue fringe patterns with optimal exposure time are synthesized into the fused HDR images to calculate the absolute phase. Experimental results confirm that the proposed method can accurately measure HDR objects with large variation range of reflectivity.

Investigation of the effect of ultrasonic exposure on polymer solutions in the production of biodegradable packaging materials

One of the options for improving the structure and properties of films obtained from polymer solutions is ultrasonic exposure to solutions of various chemical nature. The use of this effect on polymer solutions with various additives and agents showed not only an improvement in physical and mechanical properties, but also antibacterial properties, which contributed to an increase in the shelf life of food products. The main components of the compositions whose studies are presented in scientific articles were: polyvinyl alcohol, proteins and pullulan, they were mixed with various additives and agents, with different duration of exposure to ultrasonic treatment of solutions. The studied compositions had the following compositions: polyvinyl alcohol and hemicellulose with an antioxidant agent of tea; polyvinyl alcohol, sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose, zinc oxide nanoparticles, as well as multilayer graphene nanoplates; polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan; fish scale collagen, polyvinyl alcohol and potassium sorbate; egg white; quinoa protein and chitosan; pea protein; rice protein hydrolysate and chitosan; whey protein hydrolysate; aqueous soy extract with bee wax and essential oil of cloves; oat protein with pullulan and nizin; pullulan with the addition of nanoemulsion with cinnamon essential oil; pullulan and trehalose with tea polyphenols saturation. Some of the films made from these formulations were tested on food products such as strawberries, apples, pears and cupcakes. Based on the considered scientific data, it can be concluded that in order to improve the properties of films from polymer solutions, it is necessary to have an optimal time of ultrasound exposure to solutions, since longer ultrasonic exposure can worsen the physical and mechanical properties, namely, to reduce the tensile strength and elongation at break, in contrast to moderate exposure.