Optimal Evacuation Research Articles

Emergency Evacuation Route for the Passenger Ship

Emergency evacuation of a ship becomes an important issue in case of an accident. In order to present the TITANIC incident in 1912 from recurring again, IMO has stipulated International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). The main purpose of this study is to find an optimal personnel evacuation route in order to increase personnel's security at sea. Mathematical programming is the research methodology in this study. After formulating the model and exploring different evacuation scenarios, we compare the results from our minimum cost flow model with that of original evacuation plan. Some suggestions are provided.

Multi-objective fuzzy optimisation method for emergency evacuation based on hybrid intelligence algorithm under fuzzy environment

After a sudden public event, how to optimise emergency evacuation routings and enhance the response capability of emergency system is an important issue for emergency management agency. In this paper, we choose the optimal evacuation routing under fuzzy environment to make sure the injured reach the destination safely and quickly. Chance-constrained programming model of emergency evacuation routings and chance-dependent constraint programming models are setup respectively and a hybrid intelligence algorithm is designed to solve the model. The algorithm, which combines simulation technique and the genetic algorithm, produces chromosomes according to priority-based coding mode, uses simulation technique to calculate target values of chromosomes, produces a new group by using improved roulette wheel method to select chromosomes, crosses by adopting the partially matched crossover method, and uses reciprocal exchange mutation method to mutate. Finally, an example is presented to validate the feasibility of this model and the algorithm. The research result can help emergency decision-makers to find an optimal route after a sudden public event and reduce the casualties caused by transportation delays.

Calculation of Mixed Evacuation of Stair and Elevator Using EVACNET4

Elevator mode in EVACNET4 is used for mixed evacuation of stair and elevator in a high-rise building. It is shown that EVACNET4 always produces an optimal evacuation of the building. Each evacuation is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the total evacuation time and makes good balance of the usages between stairwells and elevators. Calculations in several scenarios are carried out to study the influences of different amounts of people on the evacuation time and usage percentages between these two escape methods. It is shown that elevator is a better choice due to its faster movement, while there are only a few people to be evacuated. When evacuees increase, the more evacuees are, the bigger costs of elevator usages are. Mixed evacuation is competitive. Double deployment is also considered to show potential abilities of elevators in safety evacuations.

Multiobjective Optimization of Evacuation Routes in Stadium Using Superposed Potential Field Network Based ACO

Multiobjective evacuation routes optimization problem is defined to find out optimal evacuation routes for a group of evacuees under multiple evacuation objectives. For improving the evacuation efficiency, we abstracted the evacuation zone as a superposed potential field network (SPFN), and we presented SPFN-based ACO algorithm (SPFN-ACO) to solve this problem based on the proposed model. In Wuhan Sports Center case, we compared SPFN-ACO algorithm with HMERP-ACO algorithm and traditional ACO algorithm under three evacuation objectives, namely, total evacuation time, total evacuation route length, and cumulative congestion degree. The experimental results show that SPFN-ACO algorithm has a better performance while comparing with HMERP-ACO algorithm and traditional ACO algorithm for solving multi-objective evacuation routes optimization problem.

A Location-allocation Model for School Emergency Evacuation

In this paper we aim to develop a location-allocation model for the school emergency shelter selection by using GIS.Through the studies of emergency shelter in recently years,a location-allocation model for school emergency shelter selection is proposed.Based on location-allocation model theory,the optimal evacuation model for school emergency shelter selection is made with constrains of the largest site service capacity and the shortest network distance.In the process of the model construction,we take school emergency shelter’s safety and suitability into full consideration.According to the characteristics of this model,the environmental constraints model is constructed to make spatial overlay analysis of six factors by using ArcGIS 9.3.The six factors are terrain slope,rivers and lakes,earthquake fault zone,flammable and explosive site,collapsed range of High-rise buildings,and protection range of cultural relics.The environmental constraints model respectively discusses the five factors influence range when the earthquake happens.And the actual capacity of the evacuation demand and site supply is calculated in this way.In order to reduce the error,the straight-line distance as the evacuation path is not chosen in this paper.Through the network analysis of the unaffected road,the shortest evacuation road is found.Considering the largest site service capacity and the shortest network distance,is the key to solve the problem.By introducing the location-allocation model theory,the solution of the optimal evacuation model is obtained to select the school emergency shelter.In this paper,school emergency shelter in Xicheng District of Beijing City is selected by using this technical method which can effectively solve the problem of school emergency shelter selection.This optimization method is an effective measure to prevent the school from disaster and provide safe site for the student.This academic technology is introduced as the references to relevant researchers on the school emergency shelter selection.

항만권역에서 지진해일 재해 DB구축

최근, 여러 차례 지진해일이 태평양지역 주변에서 발생하고 있다. 지진해일은 엄청난 수의 생명과 재산을 앗아갔다. 인명과 재산피해를 줄이기 위해서 지진해일 재해정보시스템의 구축은 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 Web 기반 Geographic Information System을 활용하여 지진해일 대피시스템을 개발하였다. 적용대상지역으로는 예상치 못한 지진해일로 인해 큰 피해가 예상되는 주요항만으로 선정하였다. 동해안 주요항만에 적용시킴으로써 최적의 대피경로, 지정대피소 그리고 임시대피소 등의 정보를 시스템에 포함시켰다. Recently, many catastrophic tsunamis have been occurred around the Pacific Ocean Area. They have deprived of a huge number of lives of human beings and property. A tsunami hazard-free information system is essential to mitigate casualties and property damage. In this study, a tsunami evacuation system has been developed through web-based geographic information system. The selected target area are major harbors vulnerable to unexpected tsunami attacks. The optimal evacuation routes, designated and temporary shelters and other keen information are included in the system for each major harbor along the coastline of the East Sea.

Метод расчета оптимальной откачной характеристики турбомолекулярного вакуумного насоса

Метод расчета оптимальной откачной характеристики турбомолекулярного вакуумного насоса

Evacuation Simulation Model for Large Hotel Based on GIS

To meet the requirements of emergency evacuation in a large hotel, this paper introduces design and implementation of emergency evacuation simulation model for a large hotel based on GIS in detail. Firstly, the design of the simulation model is introduced in the paper. Four-tier framework of the model is composed of user layer, application layer, underlying support layer and data layer. Secondly, the key technologies of the model are emphasized. The spatial analysis and attribute data analysis of GIS are used to determine evacuation zone of emergencies and disasters in a large hotel and achieve the optimal emergency evacuation plan for crowd. Finally, test results showed the model improves the simulation precision and can provide effective service for emergency evacuation in a large hotel.

An integrated model for evacuation routing and traffic signal optimization with background demand uncertainty

SUMMARYEmergency evacuation in congested urban networks can be influenced by uncertain background travel demands, but this issue has not been fully investigated. In this study, evacuation links are prepared for exclusive use by evacuees. Under this assumption, an integrated model is proposed for determining flows on emergency evacuation routes and traffic signals at intersections in the presence of uncertain background travel demands. The problem is formulated as a bi‐objective bi‐level programming model based on the concept of robust optimization. It is assumed that background travel demands belong to an ellipsoidal likelihood region whose parameters are determined by a singly constrained gravity model. With the aim of maximizing the background traffic impact degree in the lower‐level model with a logit‐based stochastic assignment constraint and background demands constraint (the aforementioned ellipsoidal likelihood region), background traffic corresponding to worst‐case demands is determined by the Lagrange multiplier method. In the upper‐level model, two objectives, minimizing both the total travel time of evacuation flows and performance index of the whole network flows, are constructed to determine optimal evacuation flows and traffic signals. The Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II is employed to determine the Pareto solutions of this optimization problem. An example using Sioux Falls networks illustrates the validity of the algorithm. A field case involving the Jianye network around the Nanjing Olympics Sports Center shows the applicability of this algorithm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

진주시 홍수재해용 대피소 적합성 평가

진주시는 과거 발생한 태풍 및 집중호우 등으로 피해를 입은 지역을 대상으로 홍수침수위험지구를 8곳 선정하고 이 지역에 대한 대피소를 지정하여 운영하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 침수위험지구 중 시가지에 위치하고 인구밀도가 높은 나불지구와 상평지구를 연구 대상지역으로 선정하였다. 침수재해가 발생할 경우 대피조건을 고려하여 아동, 일반성인, 노약자로 구분하고 이동속도와 도달시간을 계산하여 대피소의 위치에 대한 적합성 평가를 GIS의 네트워크분석을 적용하였다. 그 결과 아동과 노약자의 경우 대피시간이 많이 소요되어 대피소로 대피하는데 적정대피 계획시간을 초과하고 있으며 일부지역은 일반성인도 규정된 대피시간을 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 나불, 상평지구에 현재 지정된 대피소의 문제점을 보완할 수 있는 대피소를 1-2개 추가 지정하여 대피시간에 따른 문제점을 개선하였으며, 향후 대피경보발령과 연령별 대피계획을 보다 구체적으로 구축하여 재해발생 시 인적 물적 피해를 줄일 수 있는 대책 마련이 요구된다. Jinju city is operating by selecting 8 places as the flood inundation risk area and by designating shelters on this area targeting districts damaged by typhoon and heavy rain, in the past. This study selected the research area as Nabul district and Sangpyeong district where are located in the town and that has high population density out of districts with inundation risk. The network analysis of GIS was applied to the suitability assessment on location of shelter by calculating the moving speed and the arriving time after dividing it into children, general adults, and aged people in consideration of the evacuation condition in inundation disaster. As a result, it was indicated that optimal evacuation plan time for children and aged people exceeded in getting to the shelter because of evacuation time excess and that even general adults outrun the prescribed evacuation time in some districts. Accordingly, a problem for evacuation time was improved by additionally designating 1-2 shelters to existing shelters in Nabul and Sangpyeong districts. A countermeasure is needed to reduce life and property damage in disaster occurrence by implementing the evacuation warning and the age-based evacuation plan more specifically in the future.

Modeling and analyzing 3D complex building interiors for effective evacuation simulations

Efficient simulation approaches help managers develop effective evacuation plans in the event of an emergency. To determine the optimal routes for rescue and evacuation in a complex building, we introduce a data model to express the topological and geometrical relationships of the building's inner structures. Compared with the other related models, our approach represents the topological relations and geometric properties of the building features more efficiently. Based on the resulting model, we present a hierarchical route-planning algorithm to find the optimal evacuation paths for quickly guiding evacuees to the exits. At the macro-level, the route-planning algorithm dynamically schedules evacuation routes and evacuation sequences and updates real-time evacuation routes. At the micro-level, individuals' behaviors are simulated during the evacuation process using the social force model, which is based on parallel computation. The experiments show that our method can support large crowd evacuation simulation, and has evacuation efficiency. It simulates evacuee movement and evacuation in complex buildings as well.

A Multi‐Objective, Multi‐Criteria Approach to Improve Situational Awareness in Emergency Evacuation Routing Using Mobile Phone Data

AbstractEmergency services personnel face risks and uncertainty as they respond to natural and anthropogenic events. Their primary goal is to minimize the loss of life and property, especially in neighborhoods with high population densities, where response time is of great importance. In recent years, mobile phones have become a primary communication device during emergencies. The portability of cell phones and ease of information storage and dissemination has enabled effective implementation of cell phones by first responders and one of the most viable means of communication with the population. Using cellular location data during evacuation planning and response also provides increased awareness to emergency personnel. This article introduces a multi‐objective, multi‐criteria approach to determining optimum evacuation routes in an urban setting. The first objective is to calculate evacuation routes for individual cell phone locations, minimizing the time it would take for a sample population to evacuate to designated safe zones based on both distance and congestion criteria. The second objective is to maximize coverage of individual cell phone locations, using the criteria of underlying geographic features, distance and congestion. In summary, this article presents a network‐based methodology for providing additional analytic support to emergency services personnel for evacuation planning.

Double multiagent architecture for dynamic triage of victims in emergency scenarios

This paper introduces a double multiagent architecture allowing the triage of victims in emergency scenarios and the automatic update of their medical condition. Gathering updated information about the medical condition of victims is critical for designing an optimal evacuation strategy that minimizes the number of casualties in the aftermath of an emergency. The proposed scheme, currently under development, combines Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), an Electronic Triage Tag and a double multiagent system (Agilla-JADE) to achieve a low cost, no infrastructure-based, efficient system. Initial results of the WSN roaming done by Agilla agents are presented.

A Real-time Fire Evacuation System with Cloud Computing

An effective evacuation system can help people escape from building fire. Most evacuation systems consist of an indoor positioning system, a back-end database, and a display device with calculation and display software. However, very few of them can smartly determine which evacuation route is the best decision. If all the locations of the evacuating people can be simultaneously determined, the best evacuation routes can be decided to avoid congestion, and survival rate can increase. The previous radio frequency identification (RFID) based evacuation system focused on detecting the RFID tags using a mobile phone in order to determine the location of the mobile phone user so that an evacuation route can be displayed. However, the system is available for one person regardless of the number of evacuating people or exits. This study is based on the previous RFID based evacuation system investigating the best evacuation routes. The system introduces cloud computing that calculates for positioning the evacuating people and determining the optimum evacuation routes for each of them. The system will be implemented at Tamkang University on Lanyang campus.

A fully automated and integrated multi-scale forecasting scheme for emergency preparedness

In this paper, we present one multi-scale integrated simulation technology for emergency preparedness with a holistic approach in hurricane, related storm surge and flood forecasting; infrastructure assessment; and emergency planning. This is an emergency management tool to aid the decision-makers and first responders in preparation for the appropriate response to an impending hurricane disaster.Three primary models, hurricane forecasting, storm surge, and overland flooding, are executed in sequence to generate the necessary results for the proposed integrated emergency planning and preparedness tool. Two of these are open source codes in the public domain and the overland flooding model is an “in-house” code developed by the authors. Using the results of the primary models, two secondary models are executed to assess local infrastructure vulnerability and to determine the optimal evacuation routes for impacted inhabitants. The results from each model are post-processed and saved as Keyhole Markup Language (KML) files that are viewable in Google Earth for overlay analysis and decision-making. Hurricane Katrina (2005) in the Mississippi coastal area is chosen as a case study to validate the developed tool.The models are run in sequence to generate the layers of data necessary during an actual event. The sequence is fully automated using Python and Shell scripts, which allow users to interact with each model through a series of Graphical User Interfaces. The development of technology described here would not only satisfy the scope of the project, but also be of great significance to national homeland security in the area of emergency preparedness and response.

An optimization-based framework for modelling counter-terrorism strategies

This article introduces the subject of terrorism and counter-terrorism by means of a two-person bimatrix game that provides some insight into the behaviour of the two players. We then examine three important areas in counter-terrorism tasks: the detection of terrorist cells and how to render them inoperable, the fortification of assets in order to protect them from terrorist attacks and the optimal evacuation of people from an area affected by terrorism. Basic mathematical models are formulated and demonstrated. This article concludes with some thoughts on potential extensions of the models presented here.

Evacuation Path Selection for Firefighters Based on Dynamic Triangular Network Model

Path selection is one of the critical aspects in emergency evacuation. In a fire scene, how to choose an optimal evacuation path for firefighters is a challenging aspect. In this paper, firstly, a dynamic triangular network model formed by robots is presented. On the basis of this model, directed graph is established in order to calculate direct paths. Then multi-parameter information fusion which includes smoke density, temperature and oxygen density is discussed in detail for environment safety evaluation. Based on the discussions, a new way has been proposed for optimal path selection, taking into consideration the safety-factor of the path. The objectives of the method are to minimize the path lengths, at the same time, to protect firefighters from the dangerous regions. In the end, numerical simulation results prove the feasibility and superiority of this method.

Approximate Event-Based Optimization for Evacuation

Evacuation is of great practical importance. It is in general hard to find the optimal evacuation guidance policy due to the uncertainty in the evacuation process, the large state and action spaces, and the lack of accurate closed-form model to describe system dynamics. In this paper, we follow our previous work to formulate the problem as an event-based optimization. We make three contributions in this paper. First, we develop action elimination technique to exponentially reduce the action space while preserving the optimal action. Second, we develop sample-path reuse technique to improve the simulation efficiency. Third, we demonstrate the performance of this approximate event based optimization algorithm on an evacuation problem. We hope this work sheds insight to improve evacuation guidance in general.

707 アントコロニー最適化法によるリアルタイム最適避難経路の探索(情報・知能・精密機器I)

707 アントコロニー最適化法によるリアルタイム最適避難経路の探索(情報・知能・精密機器I)

Optimal evacuation scheme based on dam-break flood numerical simulation

The optimal evacuation scheme is studied based on the dam-break flood numerical simulation. A three-dimensional dam-break mathematical model combined with the volume of fluid (VOF) method is adopted. According to the hydraulic information obtained from numerical simulation and selecting principles of evacuation emergency scheme, evacuation route analysis model is proposed, which consists of the road right model and random degree model. The road right model is used to calculate the consumption time in roads, and the random degree model is used to judge whether the roads are blocked. Then the shortest evacuation route is obtained based on Dijstra algorithm. Gongming Reservoir located in Shenzhen is taken as a case to study. The results show that industrial area I is flooded at 2 500 s, and after 5 500 s, most of industrial area II is submerged. The Hushan, Loucun Forest and Chaishan are not flooded around industrial area I and II. Based on the above analysis, the optimal evacuation scheme is determined.