Optimal Concentration Of Chitosan Research Articles

EFFECT OF CHITOSAN CONCENTRATION ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTRACT ETHANOLIC OF BAY LEAF (Syzygium polyanthum) NANOPARTICLE PREPARED BY CROSS-LINKING METHODS

Chitosan is a natural cationic polysaccharide that could form bonds with negatively charged polyanions like sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as a crosslinker. One of the important factors to develop nanoparticles is the concentration of polymer. The increased polymer concentration will increase the viscosity of the solution formed, and the size of the nanoparticles created will increase. However, if the amount of polymer is too small, the particles formed are smaller, and aggregation could be formed. In this study, the ethanolic extract of bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) was used as a drug that has a potent anti-dyslipidemia effect by lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Studies on the ethanolic extract of a bay leaf as an anti-dyslipidemia are still limited. The objective of this research was an investigate effect of the chitosan concentration used 0.6 mg/ml (F1); 1mg/ml (F2); and 1.4 mg/ml (F3) on the physical characteristics of ethanolic extract of bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) nanoparticles (NSPs) prepared by cross-linking methods. The result of particle size evaluation showed that the particle size was 665.1 nm ± 14.71 (F1); 180.1 nm ± 0.5; and 221.35 nm ± 1.91 (F3), while the polydispersity index F1, F2, and F3 were 0.773 ± 0.152; 0.220 ± 0.016; and 0.212 ± 0.024 respectively. The results of this study found F2 was the most optimal chitosan concentration with particle size under 200 nm, and polydispersity index under 0.5 with positive ζ-potential value. In conclusion, chitosan concentration showed has an effect on the physical characteristics of the nanoparticles.

Optimizing gefitinib nanoliposomes by Box-Behnken design and coating with chitosan: A sequential approach for enhanced drug delivery.

This study aimed to improve the stability and prolonged gefitinib release from the nanoliposomes. Nanoliposomes were prepared by reverse-phase evaporation and optimized using Box-Behnken design to investigate the influence of sonication time (X 1), tween 80 / soya phosphatidylcholine ratio (X 2), and cholesterol/soya phosphatidylcholine ratio (X 3) on nanoliposomes. Optimized nanoliposomes were quasi-spherical shaped, with a mean dimension of 93.2 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 87.56±0.17 %. Surface decoration of the optimized batch was done using different concentrations of chitosan. The optimal chitosan concentration required to adorn the nanoliposome surface was 0.01 %. In comparison to unadorned nanoliposomes (82.16±0.65 %), adorned nanoliposomes (78.04±0.35 %) released the drug consistently over 24 h via Fickian diffusion. The IC50 values for surface-adorned nanoliposomes in A549 and H1299 cells were 6.53±0.75 and 4.73±0.46 μM, respectively. Cytotoxicity of the surface-decorated nanoliposomes may be due to their higher zeta potential and prolonged drug release. At the end of the sixth month, the samples stored at 4 °C were more stable than those stored at 25 °C and 45 °C. The stability of plain nanoliposomes has increased after chitosan coating. Thus, by using different concentrations of chitosan solution as coating material, we can develop a suitable sustained drug-release surface-adorned nanoliposomal formulation. The developed nanoliposomes may offer a new path for melanoma clinics.

Encapsulation of Bacillus thuringiensis using sodium alginate and chitosan coacervates for insect-pest management

The study investigates the complex coacervation process of sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CS), aiming to optimize the yield of coacervates formed from these marine polysaccharides. Structural interactions between SA and CS were analyzed across varying chitosan concentrations (0.01 mg to 20 mg/mL) using turbidimetric analysis. The optimal chitosan concentration for maximum coacervate formation was determined to be 10 mg/mL. Under these conditions, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) strain Bt-127 was successfully microencapsulated, achieving an entrapment rate of 56 %. Boric acid was selected as the cross-linking agent due to its compatibility with Bt and the SA-CS coacervates. Microscopic analysis confirmed the formation of coacervates/microcapsules and effective entrapment of Bt within them, with an entrapment efficiency of 98 %. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy verified the chemical interactions between SA and CS within the coacervates. Bioassays against Spodoptera litura larvae using the leaf dip method demonstrated the efficacy of the encapsulated Bt formulation, showing an LC50 of 0.51 g/L. These findings highlight the potential of SA-CS coacervates for effective Bt microencapsulation and application in pest control.

The influence of chitosan on plant growth and -sitosterol content in adventitious roots of Talinum paniculatum in NFT hydroponic cultivation system

Beta-sitosterol is the most abundant type of phytosterol found in nature and it offers numerous health benefits for humans including anticancer, antidiabetic, and blood cholesterol-lowering properties. One biomass with a significant beta-sitosterol content is the Javanese ginseng root (Talinum paniculatum). However, Javanese ginseng has not been fully exploited and is often perceived as a mere wild plant. This research was conducted by cultivating Javanese ginseng using the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) hydroponic method along with the addition of chitosan elicitors at various concentrations: 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 ppm. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimal chitosan concentration for the growth of Javanese ginseng, the beta-sitosterol content, and the productivity of -sitosterol in Javanese ginseng roots. The research revealed that a 12.5 ppm chitosan concentration could increase the root weight by 8.785 g and the shoot weight by 88 g. The growth rate increased to 3.457 g/day and the productivity of -sitosterol in the roots reached 25.084 mg/m2/month. On the other hand, the addition of chitosan led to a decrease in the root-to-shoot ratio, indicating an improved cultivation environment compared to cultivation without chitosan. Furthermore, the results of the research also indicated that the addition of chitosan did not affect the β-sitosterol content in the Javanese ginseng adventitious roots. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimal chitosan concentration that positively impacts Javanese ginseng cultivated using the NFT hydroponic method is 12.5 ppm because chitosan generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which causing plant damage and cell death when threshold exceeded.

Optimisation of Chitosan as A Natural Flocculant for Microplastic Remediation

The objective of this study is to determine the optimal concentration of chitosan for microplastic remediation using the coagulation-flocculation method. The chitosan concentrations employed in this study include 10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm. The process of coagulation was conducted for one minute, with a rotational speed of 120 rpm. The process of flocculation was performed for 30 minutes with a rotational speed of 60 rpm. The findings of the study indicate that chitosan demonstrates a high efficacy in microplastic removal, resulting in a removal rate of 68.3%. Furthermore, the research findings indicate that the optimal concentration of chitosan for microplastic remediation was determined to be 30 ppm. The concentration of chitosan has a direct impact on the pH, TDS, COD, and BOD values. In general, an increase in chitosan concentration leads to a drop in pH and TDS values; conversely, an increase in chitosan concentration results in a rise in COD and BOD values.

Optimum Conditions for Enhancing Chitosan-Assisted Coagulation in Drinking Water Treatment

Coagulant aids are useful chemicals that enhance the efficiency of coagulation sedimentation treatment. For this purpose, it is necessary to choose safe chemicals to avoid various risks to the health of those who use the treated water. The use of chitosan, an abundant natural polysaccharide, as a coagulant aid is significant not only for safe water treatment but also for the effective utilization of unused natural water resources, which are mostly wasted. We experimentally determined the optimal treatment conditions for using chitosan as a coagulant aid in water treatment. The most efficient use was identified as adding chitosan at the stage of rapid stirring after the addition of coagulant accelerated initial dispersion. When used with the main coagulant polyaluminum chloride (PACl), the optimal concentration of chitosan was 0.8 mg L−1, as estimated using the ζ potential showing isoelectricity at the optimal chitosan concentration. Determining the chitosan concentration using the minimum ζ potential was also valid for estimating the optimum concentration of chitosan, which is an extension of the method used at much higher turbidity, as seen in wastewater. Thus, the ζ potential-based prediction of the optimum chitosan concentration was effective even when the effect of sweep coagulation, which is normally induced at higher turbidity, was negligible. The superiority of using the coagulant PACl in combination with chitosan as the coagulant aid was demonstrated by comparing the in situ-observed coagulation process to cases with other coagulants and coagulant aids using direct time-series observation of the coagulation process. The use of chitosan with PACl was found to make the flocs easier to remove because it resulted in the largest mass fraction of the resultant floc sedimentation on the bottom of the vessel. In this study, using the PACl coagulant in combination with chitosan as the coagulant aid was found to be as viable as using the current popular combination of aluminum sulfate and polyacrylamide. Replacing polyacrylamide with chitosan contributed to reducing the potential risk to the health of those to use the treated water.

Influence of Chitosan Concentration on Characteristic of Microspheres Delivery System Prepared from Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. Extract

Background: Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. (E.palmifolia) is a medicinal plant containing naphthoquinone, isoliquiritigenin, and oxyresveratrol compound. This study aims to formulate and characterize the E. palmifolia microspheres delivery system using chitosan variation as the polymer. Methods: The preparation method was the solvent evaporation method. The microspheres delivery system was performed by variation of chitosan concentration in each formulation 0.637% (F1), 1.275% (F2), and 1.912% (F3). The physical and chemical characterizations include Entrapment Efficiency (EE), yield percentage, particle size, particle morphology, FTIR analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) had been evaluated. Results: The results showed that chitosan concentration variation affected the microsphere's physical and chemical characteristics. Variations in the concentration of chitosan polymer (0.637%, 1.275% and 1.912%) had an effect on the physical characteristics of the microspheres of the resulting Dayak onion bulb extract. The higher the concentration of chitosan used, the higher the entrapment efficiency and the yield yield will increase. Meanwhile, in observing the particle size, the higher the concentration of chitosan used, the smaller the particle size produced. The optimal concentration of chitosan as a polymer at concentration variations of 0.637%, 1.275% and 1.912% to provide good physical characteristics of the Dayak onion bulb extract microspheres was shown in formula 3 with a chitosan concentration of 1.912%. Conclusion: The better characteristic was obtained upon higher chitosan concentration. The best physical characteristics of E.palmifolia extract microspheres were obtained from chitosan concentration at 1.912% (F3).

Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Chitosan Sebagai Bahan Penghancur Terhadap Sifat Fisik Sediaan Orally Disintegrating Tablet (ODT) Paracetamol

An antipyretic analgesic drug called paracetamol is used in children to treat mild to moderate pain and fever. Orally Disintegrating Tablet (ODT), a medicine that dissolves in seconds, was created to help children who have difficulty swallowing tablets. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of changes in the concentration of chitosan as a disintegrant in the formulation of ODT paracetamol. These ODT tablets are made using a wet granulation process. Paracetamol ODT tablets were produced in three formulations with 3.5% chitosan concentration; 7% and 14%. The findings showed that the optimal concentration of chitosan was 3.5%, which had an impact on the physical characteristics and dissolution of tablets. The results showed that paracetamol F1 ODT preparation with 3.5% chitosan concentration was the best formula. This was caused by chitosan with an average weight uniformity test value of 202.65±2.00 mg; uniformity of diameter and thickness 0.831±0.008 cm and 0.343±0.008 cm, hardness 5.4±0.34 kg; brittleness 0.23±0.02; disintegration time 24 seconds; da dissolution 99.56%. The findings for hardness (p= 0.011), friability (p= 0.046), and disintegration time (p= 0.000) all showed significant variation (p 0.05). It was concluded that the disintegration time of the tablets increased with the increase in the chitosan content. It is recommended that further research be conducted for analgesic and antipyretic tests to determine whether the tablets have an effective analgesic and antipyretic effect.

Glucose test strips with the largest linear range made via single step modification by glucose oxidase-hexacyanoferrate-chitosan mixture

We report on the amperometric second-generation glucose test strips with the linear calibration range covering blood glucose concentrations. Chitosan membrane was used for immobilization of both enzyme and mediator in a single step. Optimal chitosan concentration in membrane-forming mixture corresponds to the highest enzyme activity and dramatically improved mediator adsorption in final membrane. On one hand, the immobilized glucose oxidase activation with an increase of the chitosan polymer content in the membrane has been noticed. On the other hand, positively charged chitosan matrix retains mediator (hexacyanoferrate (III) ion) in the membrane, due to its negative charge. Additionally, the excessive adsorption of the mediator on screen-printed electrodes coated with membranes was proved by means of cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Glucose test strips have been elaborated via single-step modification of the sensor support with the enzyme-mediator-polymer mixture. Apparently, the record linear calibration range from 1 mM to 50 mM glucose was achieved recording amperometric response at 5th second after potential was applied. The elaborated test strips have been validated through analysis of standard serum and blood samples. In whole blood test strips keep 84–98% of their sensitivity in buffer solution.

Utilization Of Chitosan As A Natural Preservative Against Catfish

Shrimp in Indonesia are generally exported abroad after removing the head, tail, and skin. One alternative to the use of shrimp shell waste that has high economic value is processing shrimp shells into chitosan. The purpose of this study was to determine the shelf life of catfish using chitosan and to determine the optimal concentration of chitosan in catfish preservation. Chitosan applied to catfish showed that in the addition of a 0% chitosan solution, it had a shelf life of up to day 2 for 48 hours for a 0.5 solution; 1; 1.5 and 2% shelf life up to day 5 or for 120 hours. The most optimal concentration of chitosan for use in catfish is a 2% chitosan solution, and the total plate number (ALT) test meets the requirements of the SNI standard so that it can still be consumed.

Development of a Curcumin-Loaded Lecithin/Chitosan Nanoparticle Utilizing a Box-Behnken Design of Experiment: Formulation Design and Influence of Process Parameters.

Curcumin (CUR) has impressive pharmacologic properties, including cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity. However, the pharmaceutical application of CUR is limited due to its poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. The development of novel formulations has attracted considerable attention to the idea of applying nanobiotechnology to improve the therapeutic efficacy of these challenging compounds. In this study, CUR-loaded lecithin–chitosan nanoparticles (CUR/LCSNPs) were developed and optimized by the concentration of chitosan, lecithin, and stirring speed by a 3-factorial Box-Behnken statistical design, resulting in an optimal concentration of chitosan (A) and lecithin (B) with a 1200 rpm stirring speed (C), with applied constraints of minimal average particle size (Y1), optimal zeta potential (Y2), and maximum entrapment efficiency (%EE) (Y3). The mean particle size of the checkpoint formulation ranged from 136.44 ± 1.74 nm to 267.94 ± 3.72, with a zeta potential of 18.5 ± 1.39 mV to 36.8 ± 3.24 mV and %EE of 69.84 ± 1.51% to 78.50 ± 2.11%. The mean particle size, zeta potential, %EE, and % cumulative drug release from the optimized formulation were 138.43 ± 2.09 nm, +18.98 ± 0.72 mV, 77.39 ± 1.70%, and 86.18 ± 1.5%, respectively. In vitro drug release followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas model with Fickian diffusion (n < 0.45). The optimized technique has proven successful, resulting in a nanoformulation that can be used for the high loading and controlled release of lipophilic drugs.

Determination of The Best Concentration of Chitosan as a Recirculation Filter for Growth and Survival of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a cultivated commodity that is widely developed because of its economic value and high nutritional content. However, in aquaculture activities, problems such as water pollution reduce water quality. This problem means continuous water changes to maintain water quality. A recirculation system can be a solution by reusing water. The use of filters is an important factor in a recirculation system. One alternative filter is chitosan derived from crab and shrimp shell waste. This study aims to determine the optimal concentration of chitosan as a recirculation filter. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. Each treatment is a variation of the concentration of chitosan as a filter. Analysis of measurements carried out was absolute weight growth, specific growth rate, survival, and water quality. Based on the ANOVA results, each treatment had a significant effect on the absolute weight growth of tilapia, P&lt;0.05, with P3 being the most significantly different. At the same time, the specific growth rate and survival of tilapia did not significantly affect P&gt;0.05. The water quality measurements showed that the temperature, pH, ammonia, and DO values ​​were still by the quality standards of tilapia aquaculture, with P3 treatment, which gave better water quality results. Based on the study results, the optimal concentration of chitosan as a filter in supporting tilapia growth was in the P3 treatment, which was 50 mg.

Growth and physiological effects of chitosan on heat tolerance in creeping bentgrass (&lt;i&gt;Agrostis stolonifera&lt;/i&gt;)

High temperature is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting growth and development of cool-season grass species, but chitosan could effectively enhance heat tolerance and improve plant growth. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of chitosan that could alleviate heat stress in creeping bentgrass (<italic>Agrostis stolonifera</italic>) and investigate the effects of exogenous chitosan on photosynthesis and cell membrane stability under heat stress. Under heat stress (38/28 °C, day/night), different chitosan concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 500 mg·L⁻¹ were applied on the leaves of creeping bentgrass (cv. 'Penn-A4'). Foliar application of chitosan exhibited the positive effects on plant growth and the optimal concentration was 100 mg·L⁻¹ which significantly improved turf quality, root length, root-shoot ratio as well as shoot and root biomass. Chitosan-treated plants subjecting to high temperature stress had a lower decline in photosynthetic rate and photochemical efficiency as well as less increase in electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content. The results demonstrate that chitosan-improved heat tolerance as reflected by the superior growth performance of both shoot and root, photosynthesis and cell membrane stability in creeping bentgrass under heat stress.

UJI PELAPISAN CHITOSAN PADA BUAH NAGA ‘SUPER RED’ (Hylocereus costaricensis) UPAYAMEMPERTAHANKAN KESEGARAN BUAH DAN MEMPERPANJANG MASA SIMPAN

Chitosan coating on dragon fruit, until now has not been widely carried out, so research is needed using various concentrations of chitosan solution, in order to obtain optimal results. The aims of this research are to: 1). get the optimal concentration of Chitosan coating solution to maintain fruit freshness and extend shelf life, 2). Knowing the changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of super red dragon fruit with chitosan coating at room temperature storage. The experimental design used one factor RAK, namely the chitosan coating factor. Chitosan coating treatment consisted of 5 levels, namely without Chitosan coating (P0), Chitosan coating 1.0% (P1), Chitosan coating 2.0% (P2), Chitosan coating 3.0% (P3) and Chitosan coating 4.0% (P4). Each treatment was repeated 3 times and obtained 15 experimental units, each experimental unit consisted of 5 pieces (2 pieces were used for non-destructive observations, 3 pieces were used for destructive observations). The results of this study are 1). The chitosan coating treatment was effective in delaying the ripening phase of the fruit at room temperature so that the physical and chemical quality of the fruit was much better until storage of 10 HSP compared to the control, 2) The 2% chitosan coating treatment (P2) was an effective treatment that could maintain the quality of super red dragon fruit up to 10 HSP seen from the visual quality, namely a) changes in skin color dark red and slightly shiny, b) skin texture slightly wrinkled, c) has a fairly fresh condition, d) lowest weight loss (22.34 g), e) smallest decrease in skin hardness (1.09 kgf), f) has better chemical quality such as TPT content 12.73oBrix, TAT 0.64% and vitamin C content 10.27%, 3) Treatment without chitosan (P0) and too high concentrations (3.0% and 4.0% ) is not effective on dragon fruit because it produces poor physical and chemical qualities.

Analysis of the potential application of chitosan to improve vegetative growth and reduce transpiration rate in Amaranthus hybridus

Various benefits have been attributed to chitosan in agriculture. This research is aimed at identifying the optimal concentration of chitosan to increase vegetative growth of Amaranthus hybridus L. (green amaranth) and also to determine the effectiveness of chitosan to enable A. hybridus cope with drought stress by acting as an antitranspirant agent. The concentrations of chitosan used to amend the growing medium were 0, 10, 30, 50 and 70 ppm. Results showed that chitosan significantly increased the height of A. hybridus by up to 19.59 % and also significantly increased the number of leaves at 10 ppm. However, chitosan treatment had no effect on chlorophyll content and fresh or dry weight although dosage response was highest at 10 ppm. In addition, chitosan reduced the transpiration rate by 36.66–66.26 %. Therefore, chitosan treatment could be an alternative way to reduce drought stress.

Application of Chitosan as Antibacterial for Pangasius Fillet at Low Temperature Storage

&lt;p&gt;Abstract&lt;br /&gt;This research were to obtain the optimal concentration of chitosan as an antibacterial material wich had the longest of storage period of pangasius fillet at low temperature storage (5-10oC). The method used is an experimental method with a completely randomized design, four treatments and three replications. Pangasius fillet was soaked with chitosan 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% for 3 minutes, then packed with styrofoam and plastic wrap and stored at low teperature. The observation were made on day 1st, 3rd, 5th, 6th ,7th, 9th,10th, 11th and 12th. The parameters observed total bacterial colonies, the degree of acidity (pH), weight loss, and antibacterial activity of chitosan using disc diffusion methods. The conclusion of research was that the 2% chitosan is optimal concentration for pangasius fillet storage at a low temperature until day 11th, with a total 6.7 X105 cfu/g of bacterial colonies, pH 6.67 and total 6,78 % of weight loss.Chitosan also has a higher antibacterial capability against Escherichia coli (Gram negative bacteria) than Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis (Gram positive bacteria).&lt;/p&gt;

Optimizing indomethacin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle size, encapsulation, and release using Box–Behnken experimental design

Indomethacin chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) were developed by ionotropic gelation and optimized by concentrations of chitosan and tripolyphosphate (TPP) and stirring time by 3-factor 3-level Box–Behnken experimental design. Optimal concentration of chitosan (A) and TPP (B) were found 0.6mg/mL and 0.4mg/mL with 120min stirring time (C), with applied constraints of minimizing particle size (R1) and maximizing encapsulation efficiency (R2) and drug release (R3). Based on obtained 3D response surface plots, factors A, B and C were found to give synergistic effect on R1, while factor A has a negative impact on R2 and R3. Interaction of AB was negative on R1 and R2 but positive on R3. The factor AC was having synergistic effect on R1 and on R3, while the same combination had a negative effect on R2. The interaction BC was positive on the all responses. NPs were found in the size range of 321–675nm with zeta potentials (+25 to +32mV) after 6 months storage. Encapsulation, drug release, and content were in the range of 56–79%, 48–73% and 98–99%, respectively. In vitro drug release data were fitted in different kinetic models and pattern of drug release followed Higuchi-matrix type.

Dissolution and utilization of chitosan in a 1‐carboxymethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydrochloride ionic salt aqueous solution

ABSTRACT1‐Carboxymethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydrochloride ([IMIM–COOH]Cl), a new ionic salt, is proposed as a green, promising solvent for dissolving chitosan. However, because of the optimal dosage of chitosan dissolved in [IMIM–COOH]Cl, a 12 wt % [IMIM–COOH]Cl aqueous solution was selected as an optimum solvent system for dissolving chitosan. The structures of the original and regenerated chitosan were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the morphological features of the reconstituted chitosan membranes. Meanwhile, the absorbance, tensile strength, and breaking elongation of the chitosan membranes were measured. The results reveal that 10–11 wt % was an optimal chitosan concentration for preparing membranes. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity for Cu(II) ion of the chitosan membranes was increased with the chitosan concentration decreased from 12 to 8 wt %. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41965.

The effectiveness of chitosan as coagulant aid in turbidity removal from water

Aims: In this study, the effectiveness of chitosan as a coagulant aid in the removal of turbidity from surface water was investigated. Materials and Methods: A conventional jar test apparatus was used to evaluate the coagulation process. Coagulation of turbidity in river water using chitosan as coagulant aid and ferric chloride as coagulant was studied in the pH range 4-9 and initial turbidity concentrations in the range of 20-200 mg/l. Results: The findings showed that the optimum pH for FeCl 3 as a coagulant on turbidity removal was seven. About 95% removal of turbidity is achieved at this pH, without filtration and the residual turbidity drops below 5 NTU. The optimum dosage of FeCl 3 was achieved 10 mg/l. The optimal chitosan concentration required to effect coagulation is 0.5 mg/l. Restabilization of the turbidity is observed at higher concentrations of chitosan. When chitosan (0.5 mg/l) used as a coagulant aid, efficiency removal turbidity was increased and optimal dosage of FeCl 3 turbidity removal was reduced to 50% of initial dosage of FeCl 3 .Conclusion: Chitosan as natural coagulant aid improved turbidity removal efficiency by coagulation process. And FeCl 3 concentration as coagulant was reduced then residual iron decreased in treated water. Also by using natural coagulant considerable savings in chemicals and sludge handling cost may be achieved.

Influence of Chitosan Finishing on Dyeing Effect

Treatment methods of silk fabric with chitosan and the dyeing of tussah silk fabric on low-salt condition were the subject of this study. The different treatment methods were used to find the influence of treatment methods on the dye ability. It was clear from the results that the color depth of the dyed fabric, the fixation ratio and dyeing rate of reactive dyes on silk fabric could be improved efficiently by the crosslinkling after the fabric was treated with chitosan.The optimal concentration of chitosan was 0.7% (w/v). The finishing effect of pretreatment was the best and the effect of post treatment was better than simultaneous treatment. The salt concentration could be reduced when the fabrics were treated with chitosan, but the degree of salt concentration reduction was not obvious.