Optimum Binder Research Articles

Effect of Palm Oil Clinker (POC) Aggregate on the Mechanical Properties of Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) Mixtures

Aggregate composition has a pivotal role in ensuring the quality of pavement materials. The use of waste materials to replace the aggregate composition of asphalt pavement leads to green, sustainable, and environmentally friendly construction, which ultimately preserves nature by reducing the need to harvest materials from natural sources. Using the Marshall mix design, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of waste palm oil clinker (POC) as fine aggregates replacement on the properties of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture. Six groups of asphalt mixtures were prepared using different percentages of palm oil clinker content (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). To determine the Marshall properties and select the optimum binder content, asphalt mixture samples with different percentages of asphalt binder content (5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, and 7.0%) were prepared for each group. The results showed that the palm oil clinker was appropriate for use as a fine aggregate replacement up to 100% in SMA mixture and could satisfy the mix design requirements in terms of Marshall stability, flow, quotient, and volumetric properties. However, the percentage of palm oil clinker replacement as fine aggregate has merely influenced the optimum binder content. Furthermore, there were improvements in the drain down, resilient modulus and indirect tensile fatigue performances of the SMA mixture. In conclusion, the use of POC as fine aggregates replacement in SMA mixture indicates a good potential to be commercialized in flexible pavement construction.

Serviceability during asphaltic concrete production and leaching concerns of asphalt mixture prepared with recycled paper mill sludge

ABSTRACT The performance of an asphalt mixture does not only rely on its engineering properties. Yet, the service characteristics of an asphalt mixture do play an important role on the durability of pavements. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different aggregate types (granite and limestone) and the incorporation of recycled paper mill sludge (RPMS) on mixtures behaviour in terms of workability and compaction energy index (CEI). The effect of RPMS incorporation on the leaching potential was also assessed. A test was evaluated through the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) to identify the leaching behaviour of heavy metals with a possibility to contaminate the nearby water sources. Next, a surface morphological analysis was also conducted through the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to assess the relationship of fillers addition to the optimum binder content and water absorption. In this study, RPMS was used at rates of 0.5% and 1%. Based on the TCLP’s results, the leaching potential of RPMS incorporated mixture was addressed and proven to be less than the standardised requirements. The addition of different percentages of RPMS into limestone and granite asphalt mixtures had resulted in the increment of optimum binder content; however, still lower than control samples. Whereas their small increment in the combined water absorption percentage are relatively same to the control samples. The workability indices of asphalt mixtures peaked upon the usage of 0.5% RPMS but slightly reduced at 1% RPMS but nevertheless remained higher than the control specimen. This is due to the ability of RPMS reduce the surface tension, hence enabling less energy for compaction. The 0.5% RPMS addition was found to be the optimal content required to obtain a better service performance of asphalt mixture during mixing and compaction processes.

Influence of Coal Ash on Dense Bituminous Macadam

In the present study, dense graded bituminous mix specimens are prepared using natural aggregate as coarse aggregates, bottom ash as fine aggregates and coal ash as filler. Proportion of aggregate for dense graded bituminous macadam (DBM) grading has been considered as per MORTH (2013) having nominal maximum aggregates size (NMAS) 26.5 mm. The bitumen used is VG20. Firstly, bottom ash and fly ash was used as fine replacement in DBM mix. In this, the total coal ash content is taken as 35% by weight of the total mix, from which the percentage of fly ash as mineral filler is fixed, i.e. 5% of weight of the mix. The bottom ash content is varied according to the DBM gradation specified in MORTH (2013). Detailed study with Marshall test results were used to determine the Marshall characteristics, optimum binder content and also optimum use of coal ash. The maximum stability value of 11.826 kN was achieved when 14% of coal ash by weight of the mix was mixed for preparing DBM samples. It is finally observed that results are not only satisfactory, but also much improved engineering properties with coal ash as fine aggregate and filler. Utilization of non-conventional aggregate like coal ash may help to find a new way of bituminous pavement construction.

Using a Numerical Method for Designing an Asphalt Mix with Specific Aggregate Material Properties

Abstract Common approaches for designing asphalt mixes mainly deal with the determination of the optimal percentage of the binder content, which is performed according to the volumetric properties, durability index, and strength of the produced asphalt. In this regard, laboratory results of asphalt mix designs, considering the changes in physical properties of the aggregates from production to the distribution of hot mix asphalt, highlight the need for fabrication of cyclic control specimens. The approach presented in this study allows the reduction of human mistakes during samples preparation, easy control of optimum binder content with respect to the probable changes in the aggregate sizes in each step of fabrication, transportation and implementation of the hot asphalt mix, and provide a uniform ultimate surface of the distributed asphalt. By adjusting the numerical values of the factors effective on the optimum binder percentage and constructing some statistical regression models in statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS), we obtained a set of linear equations that give the optimum binder percentage as a function of aggregate size, binder absorption, specific gravity of the mix, and specific surface of the materials. According to the results of the SPSS 23 analysis, the optimum binder content of the aggregates from 30 different mines was evaluated with respect to their grain size. Based on the obtained results and Marshall Laboratory test data, we extracted some relations for estimating the optimum binder content for hot mix asphalt. Using this method, the optimal binder content is determined using the results of the sieve analysis of the aggregates without the need for repetitive fabrication of asphalt specimens or spending a long time. Consequently, the optimal binder content for the 0–19-mm binder and 0–13-mm topcoat asphalts was determined with high accuracy.

Study of marl stabilization with organic binders

Introduction. The paper considers marl used as the primary material for road embankments and multiple-well platforms at some oil fields of the Perm’ Territory. This ground has different strength parameters in dry and water-saturated conditions. Rather high values of the resistance to uniaxial compression in dry conditions abruptly fall when contacting atmospheric or ground water. Being damped and destroyed, marl is capable of transiting into the plastic state with abrupt reduction of strength and growth of deformability. Materials and methods. The optimal binder was selected. Strength tests were performed on samples made based on of various binder contents and hardening periods. The considered strength parameter is the ultimate uniaxial compression strength. A part of the laboratory tests was carried out with artificial marl, which was recreated by granulometric composition to expand the statistical data of the tests. Laboratory studies for non-stabilized marl were conducted to determine the optimal humidity, density of ground particles, yield limit, and plastic limit. The hardening of the samples occurred under different temperature conditions. Results. The study of both stabilized and non-stabilized ground samples is mainly focused on strength indicators, changes in plastic properties, compaction requirements, correlation of strength, and compressibility characteristics of the marl samples. There is a decrease in density and humidity, with an increase in the amount of binder in the sample. Significant improvement and stabilization of the studied samples were observed for 4-% binder content. Conclusions. The study proved many increases in the strength of marl during its stabilization. The optimal type of binder was proposed. Dependences of the strength of ground samples on the binder content were shown

The Impact of Teaching the Effects of Dextrin Binder Composition on Bamboo Fiber and Dried Clove Leaves Briquettes to High School Students

This study aims to determine the optimum binder composition and to teach students about the making of briquettes from a mixture of bamboo fiber with dried clove leaves. The methods are carbonization at 200-220�C for 7- 20 h, milling, sieving, stamping, and drying process with dextrin binder with concentrations of 20, 40, and 60%. The bamboo fibers and dried clove leaves are set at a composition ratio of 10:1. The particle size is mixed at the size of 600- 250 um; 250-89 um, and < 63 um. This research uses a learning video with an interesting subject about briquette production from bamboo fiber and dried clove leaves to analyze the effectiveness of learning video to 15 high school students, tested with 11 pre-test and post-test questions. To support the analysis, characterization of the briquettes is conducted. The experimental results show that briquettes made from bamboo fibers and dried clove leaves with a concentration of 60% have a good solidity, durability, fuel consumption, and moisture content, while the 20% have a good combustion ability. This research is important to reduce agricultural waste by recycling into briquettes for alternative fossil fuels, and the learning media through video enhances the comprehension of the subjects about biomass briquettes with dextrin binder.

Experimental investigation of modified bituminous concrete mix using nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)

Bitumen is the most widely used constituent in the construction of roads in India, but due to high vehicular traffic and variation of climatic conditions along the length and breadth of the country, the longevity of such road surfaces is always under criticism. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible use of Nitrile Butadiene Rubber as a partial replacement of bitumen in road construction. Characterizations tests on plain bitumen (i.e. VG30) and bitumen blended with NBR were conducted and the change in properties were observed. Bituminous Concrete mix design for marshal stability value to determine the optimum binder content was also navigated. Subsequently, SEM analysis has also been incorporated to check the change in properties of modified binder. A comparative analysis of marshal stability results from virgin blend and modified bitumen mix with varying percentages of NBR (i.e. 5%, 6%, 7% & 8%) was performed. Thereafter, the stripping studies and extraction test for each mix proportion was executed. Based on these results certain conclusions were drawn. It was found that the use of NBR with 6% gave the finest results having higher rut resistance i.e. permanent deformation, of pavement which is principally caused by repetitive deformation due to traffic loading. This study showed that NBR is a promising substitute which can be used commercially in road construction.

Effects of Crumb Rubber Size and Concentration on Marshall Parameters of Rubberized Asphalt Mixture

The depletion of natural aggregate sources which generally accounts for a huge percent of Hot Mixed Asphalts (HMAs) and the difficulty posed by disposal scrap tires are a major environmental concern for the future. The use of waste products like scrap tires in highway construction is considered a sustainable way of dealing with these issues. Crumb rubber is a material pulverized from waste polymer products like scrap tires which are then added to HMAs to improve their performance. This study focuses on the sensitivity of crumb rubber particle sizes (fine ≤1.18 mm), (coarse ≥1.18 mm and ≤3.35 mm) (and mix of 50% fine and 50% coarse) and partial replacement (1.5 and 2.5% of total weight) of aggregates on the Marshall test parameters of rubberized asphalt mixes. The Marshall test parameters: density, stability, VTM, VFB of both rubberized asphalt and conventional asphalt samples were compared and also the Asphalt Institute (AI) and National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) methods were used to obtain the optimum bitumen content (OBC). From the results, it suggests that; the utilization of dry process methodology of adding crumb rubber additives in different sizes and percentages had a considerable effect on Marshal test parameters and also influences the optimum binder content estimates. The results of this study can be used as a reference point for the use of crumb rubber in HMAs.

Дослідження структури композиційних теплоізоляційних матеріалів холодного спінювання

In the work the regularities of influence of components of liquid-glass composition on the formation of porous structure of composite thermal insulating materials, which include granulated blown liquid glass and binder, which is foamed with the help of gas-forming agent at ambient temperature, are investigated. The obligatory components of the binder are, apart from liquid glass, gas-forming agents, a surface-active substance and an active additive. As active additives in the production of these materials were used binder fillers alabaster and cement, which bind an excessive amount of water contained in the liquid glass in its crystal lattice and allow to increase the strength of insulation materials. Hydrogen peroxide and aluminium powder were used as gas-forming agents, which are easily dispersible in liquid glass. The formation of resistant foams is facilitated not only by the introduction of surfactants, but also by the use of polymer additives, which increase the viscosity of the system and mechanical strength of the foam, therefore OP-10 and polyvinyl acetate dispersion, which have good compatibility with liquid glass, were chosen as foam stabilizers. The structure of insulating materials was studied by means of electronic microscopy. As a result of the study, depending on the type and quantity of binder components, the following parameters of the structure of foamed materials were determined: transverse pore diameter, pore shape coefficient, the degree of inhomogeneity of the material structure, as well as its total porosity and volume content of closed pores. The conducted researches allowed to determine the optimal binder formulation for the production of these materials, which meets the main requirement — the occurrence of active centers should occur at the moment when gas dispersion in the matrix (liquid—glass composition) reaches the limit (saturation), thus achieving a homogeneous fine-pore material structure. The formation of uniform porous structure of thermal insulation materials provides low rates of their thermal conductivity and high strength, which allows their effective use for thermal insulation of various structures.

Experimental Investigation: the optimum asphalt content and grading for PFC mixtures using local materials

Permeable pavement is widely used to improve the water circulation systems in urban areas. The advantages of using permeable pavement include the storage of rainwater, reduction of runoff, out-flow delay and reduction of peak discharge. Permeable friction course (PFC) is mixed as a thin surface layer of asphalt pavement in order to achieve environmental and safety benefits. This mixture creates a surface course of a permeable compacted mix of aggregates, consisting of sand, binder, and asphalt, that is blended hot in the mixing stage. The aim of this research is to determine the best characteristics of such permeable mixtures. In this study, three aggregate distributions of minimum, medium, and maximum specifications are utilised to select the best proportions of asphalt cement for a porous asphalt surface. The results show that the medium gradation meets the requirements and can thus be considered the best gradient. The optimal binder content is found to be 6.3% for permeable asphalt mixtures

Assessment of Asphalt Binders and Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Nanomaterials

In the recent times, asphalt binder modification has emerged an inevitable alternative in the paving industry to ensure better performing pavements against the distresses caused by common factors such as; moisture susceptibility and high-temperature sensitivity of asphalt binders. Nanomaterials, as asphalt-modifiers, have proved to be the most promising materials in the industry owing to their higher active surface area and small particle size. This study was devoted to assessing the modification influence of three different types of nanomaterials, including nano-Bentonite, nano-CaCO3, and ZycoTherm, on the properties of asphalt binder and HMA. Conventional and rheological tests on asphalt binders, as well as, Marshall mix design and modified Lottman test on laboratory-prepared HMA specimens were conducted in order to signify the influence of nanomodification. The research findings suggested that nanomaterials can potentially enhance the high-temperature susceptibility resistance, storage stability, and rheological properties of asphalt binder samples. Mix design results revealed that the optimum binder contents decreased and Marshall stabilities were slightly improved with nanomodification. Moreover, the modified Lottman test results indicated that 0.1 % of ZycoTherm increased the TSR by 22 % as compared to the control mixture that infers its efficiency in terms of improving the HMA resistance against the moisture-induced damages.

Evaluation of performance-based mix design for asphalt mixtures containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)

In this research, the possibility of producing asphalt mixtures containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) that perform well from both fatigue and rutting points of view was studied. For this, seven asphalt mixtures with varying RAP percentage and total binder content were produced. All other variables, including the gradation and binder type, were kept constant. To better control for the production variables, the mixtures were produced in the laboratory. Fatigue and rutting properties of the mixtures were evaluated using the Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage (S-VECD) model and Triaxial Stress Sweep (TSS) test, respectively. Next, FlexPAVETM software was utilized to predict the long-term fatigue and rutting behavior of the study mixtures. Fatigue and rutting predictions were then assessed simultaneously to determine the suggested performance-based optimum binder contents. The results showed that increasing the RAP content and/or reducing the binder content deteriorates the fatigue resistance while improves the rutting performance. Also, the suggested performance-based optimum binder content slightly increased as the RAP percentage increased, but it was still below the optimum binder content suggested by the Superpave volumetric mix design for the RAP percentages up to 40 percent. The study indicated that it is possible to produce an economical well-performing asphalt mixture by balancing fatigue and rutting performances.

Selection of Optimum Binder for Silicon Powder Anode in Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Impact of Its Molecular Structure on Charge–Discharge Behavior

The high-capacity and optimal cycle characteristics of the silicon powder anode render it essential in lithium-ion batteries. The authors attempted to obtain a composite material by coating individual silicon particles of µm-order diameter with conductive carbon additive and resin to serve as a binder of an anode in a lithium-ion battery and thus improve its charge–discharge characteristics. Structural strain and hardness due to stress on the binder resin were alleviated by the adhesion between silicon or copper foil as a collector and the binder resin, preventing the systematic deterioration of the anode composite matrix immersed in electrolyte compositions including Li salt and fluoride. Moreover, the binder resin itself was confirmed to play a role of active material with occlusion and release of Li-ion. Furthermore, charge–discharge characteristics of the silicon powder anode active material strongly depend on the type of binder resin used; therefore, the binder resin used as composite material in rechargeable batteries should be carefully selected. Some resins for binding silicon particles were investigated for their mechanical and electrochemical properties, and a carbonized polyimide obtained a good charge–discharge cyclic property in a lithium-ion battery.

Experimental investigation of Open Graded mixes using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

Open Graded Friction Course is widely used as a surface layer in the flexible pavement which is also termed as porous asphalt or popcorn mix. Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC) mix has various advantages such as increased permeability, noise reduction and enhanced surface friction, mix is mainly comprises of large coarse aggregates, little fine aggregates and maximum percentage of asphalt content which makes mix more expensive. In the present research work an attempt is made to reduce the cost of the mix by using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) by replacing with conventional aggregates with increase percentage of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% with addition PMB 40 and Arbocell fiber as a stabilizing agent to prevent drain down. In order to determine the feasibility of using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in open graded mixes various tests such as indirect tensile test, fatigue test and rutting test is carried out. By conducting test on Air voids, Cantabro test and Drain down the optimum binder content for conventional mix and for mix with RAP is determined. From the test results it is found that 30% of RAP can be replaced with conventional aggregates in open graded mixes.

Cost-benefit Analysis of RAP Incorporated Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures

It is desirable to incorporate Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement into the asphalt mixtures, which provides several benefits i.e. economic, environmental and performance. It is necessary to study, the economic analysis of the RAP since that incur several contingencies to the asphalt mixtures. In this study, a simple approach is used to evaluate the production cost of the asphalt and RAP incorporated asphalt mixtures. Apart from that Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO) is used as a rejuvenator to enhance the properties of the mixture. In this study, asphalt mixture production cost is evaluated and cost of each material is taken from the Public Works Department Standard Scheduled of Rates (PWD – SSR) and the market survey techniques are followed. From the cost-benefit ratio, it is observed that the reduction in the Optimum Binder Content (OBC) provides great economic savings to the production cost. The incorporation of the RAP reduced the asphalt content and reduced the production cost of the asphalt mixtures. The addition of the WVO further reduced the OBC but increased the production cost compared to the non-rejuvenated mixture. The increase in the production cost is due to the extra cost invested on the WVO and other contingencies.

Water Quality and Performance Assessment of Porous Asphalt Mix Modified Using Charcoal Powder

Porous pavements are used to allow infiltration of water for increasing ground water storage. Bio char (Charcoal) is a low cost adsorbent used for the removal of heavy metals and other contaminants. This project examines the possibility of using bio char in porous asphalt mixes and efficiency of the asphalt layer modified with charcoal in removing contaminants from typical storm water. Bio char is added by partial replacement of fine aggregates of size less than 2.36 mm. Preliminary Marshall tests indicated that bio char content of about 1to 2 % is not seriously affecting the properties of porous asphalt mix. Marshall test without charcoal has given the optimum binder content as 5 %. Therefore for the study, samples for Marshall tests were prepared keeping the optimum binder content as 5 % and varying the charcoal content as 1, 1.5 & 2 %. From the drain down, air void, flow and stability requirement it was seen that 1.5 % of charcoal is the optimum. Subsequently for the water quality analysis of water infiltrating through the porous asphalt layer samples are prepared using 1.5 % charcoal. Typical storm water is prepared by adding nitrate & chromium to deionized water. Water quality analysis revealed that charcoal modified asphalt layer can remove 97.2 % nitrate, 56 % of chromium from the storm water, and improve the quality of ground water.

Engineering Properties and Optimal Conditions of Cementless Grouting Materials.

This study aims to analyze the engineering properties of cementless grouting materials (CGMs) and derive optimal binder types and compositions that can ensure superior material performance in comparison with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The presented CGM is an environment-friendly inorganic binder based on ground granulated blast-furnace slag. The material properties of three CGM types with different chemical compositions were evaluated. To assess the possibility of using CGMs in grouting-construction methods, this study followed special grouting-method specifications of the J company in Korea, and tested whether CGM satisfies the performance requirements of a gel time of 20–50 s and homogel strength greater than 2 MPa after 7 days. For OPC and CGM, gel time increased and homogel strength decreased as the water/binder (W/B) ratio of Liquid B increased or as its replacement ratio decreased. Additionally, gel time decreased while homogel strength increased as the absolute weight of the Liquid B binder increased, and a negative correlation was observed between gel time and homogel strength. CGM2 was the optimal binder to ensure excellent material performance compared with OPC. Optimal mixing proportions were 117.8–167.7% W/B ratio, 42.6–56.7% Liquid B volume ratio, and 20.4–43.7 kg binder weight.

The Usability of Pumice Powder as a Binding Additive in the Aspect of Selected Mechanical Parameters for Concrete Road Pavement.

In this study, the usability of pumice powder and lime in concrete production as a binding additive for rigid superstructure concrete road pavement was investigated. Following the determination of the optimum binder ratio, these new binder ratios were used in crushed limestone concrete production. The concrete thus formed was named concrete containing cement, pumice powder and lime (PPCC). The normally produced concrete, without pumice powder and lime binder was selected as reference concrete (RC). Regarding the total binder amount of the most appropriate binder ratio 50% was found to be cement, 30% pumice powder and 20% lime in the result of the study. In consequence of the study, the 20 ± 2 °C and 7–28 days compressive strengths of the reference concrete were found to be 33.8 MPa and 38.2 MPa and its bending strengths were 4.2 MPa and 4.7 MPa. The 20 ± 2 °C and 7–28 days compressive strengths of PPCC were found to be 25.1 MPa and 28.3 MPa and its bending strengths were 3.2 MPa and 3.5 MPa. The results of the study showed the usability of PPCC in concrete pavement.

Impact of Slag Content and Curing Methods on the Strength of Alkaline-Activated Silico-Manganese Fume/Blast Furnace Slag Mortars

In the reported study, the effect of slag content and curing methods on the strength development of alkaline activated (AA) silico-manganese fume (SiMnF (S)) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBSF (G)) blended mortar using NaOHaq and Na2SiO3aq was studied. The mixtures were prepared with 100% SiMnF (AAS100G0), i.e. control binder or 70% SiMnF plus 30% GBFS (AAS70G30), i.e. optimum binder and subjected to room-curing (CR) (25±2 °C) and heat-curing (CH) (60 °C for 24 h in oven) were examined. The raw materials and binders were characterized, while flow and compressive strength of mortar was evaluated. A linear increase in strength was noted in the room-cured specimens, regardless of binder type. The 3-day strength (42.6 MPa) of heat-cured AAS70G30CH specimens was 189 and 97% of the 3-day and 28-day strength, respectively, of room-cured specimens. However, a curing temperature beyond room-temperature did not favour the reaction of AAS100G0 system due to high Mn/Ca ratio and carbonation. It is postulated that the addition of 30% GBFS contributed to the strength and stability in the development of AASG mortar. Heat-curing of AAS70G30CH resulted in highest early-age strength due to dense microstructure induced by conspicuous embedment of Ca ions to the skeletal framework thereby increasing the amorphousity of the binder.

Investigation of the fatigue characteristics of warm stone matrix asphalt (WSMA) containing electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag as coarse aggregate and Sasobit as warm mix additive

On the one hand, several million tons of steel slag is produced annually as the by-product of the steel industry in Iran and other countries and are deposited in landfills without any use, occupy vast areas, and cause environmental hazards. On the other hand, the high mixing temperature of the hot mix asphalt (HMA) increases the emission of greenhouse gases, the cost of fuel, accelerated wear of asphalt plant equipment, and less safety of workers in the field. These kinds of problems challenge the use of HMA mixtures and encourage to investigate more the WMA technology. This research intends to investigate the fatigue characteristics of warm stone matrix asphalt (WSMA), as one of the significant structural distresses of the flexible pavements, containing EAF steel slag as part of the coarse aggregate and Sasobit as the warm mix additive. The Marshal test results indicated higher Marshall stability and Marshal quotient for mixtures containing EAF steel slag compared to their similar mixtures (SMA + S vs SMA + N and WSMA + S vs WSMA + N) and all the mixtures met the NAPA specification requirements for Marshall stability, air voids, and optimum binder content. The result of draindown test for all of the mixtures was lower than the maximum amount determined by the specifications and means that the rock wool fibers, as asphalt stabilizers, preserved the asphalt mortar in the mixture well. The fatigue test results indicated that the use of EAF slag leads to comparable results to standard SMA and using warm mix additive (Sasobit) results in lower but acceptable results.