Optical Software Research Articles

Neuronal Quantification of Subthalamic Nucleus in Adult Human Cadaveric Brain- A Histological Study

Introduction: The Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) has emerged as a preferred target site for deep brain stimulation for various neurological disorders. There is scarcity of literature on the internal structure of subthalamic nucleus. Aim: To study its microanatomy and quantification of its various cells in different age groups. Materials and Methods: The study design of the current study is of cross-sectional type which was done on 30 cadaveric brains in Anatomy department of Lady Hardinge medical college, New Delhi which were divided into three age groups ranging from 20 to >50 years. The subthalamic nucleus was fixed and subjected to standard tissue processing procedure. The sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Nissl and Haggqvist staining. The neurons and neuroglia were studied in 25 representative areas, measuring 75166 μm2 in each age group, using the upright binocular optical microscope and image analysis software. The number of neurons and neuroglia with their ratio was calculated and results were statistically analysed using Microsoft Excel software (2010 version). Results: Three types of neurons were identified as multipolar, fusiform and pear-shaped neurons. The ratio of neuroglia to neurons in the three age groups was calculated as: Group A-9.197, Group B-9.274 and Group C-10.478. A p-value of 0.04 was observed on comparing the neuronal and neuroglial density in Group A and C, demonstrating a significant increase in the density of neuroglia with age. Conclusion: The results obtained in the present study can provide prerequisite knowledge to anatomists, pathologists, and neurosurgeons for detection of various pathologies and interventional procedures, respectively.

An efficient extraction of information from Indian Government issued documents Aadhar and Pan Card

In today's world, everything is getting digitized, and widespread use of data scanning tools and photography. When we have a lot of image data, it becomes important to accumulate data in a form that is useful for the company/organization. Doing it manually is a tedious task and takes an ample amount of time. Hence to simplify the job, we have developed a FLASK API that takes an image folder as an object and returns an excel sheet of relevant data from the image data. We have used optical character recognition and software like pytesseract to extract data from images. Further in the process, we have used natural language processing, and finally, we have found relevant data using the globe and regex module. This model is helpful in data collection from Registration certificates which helps us store data like chassis number, owner name, car number, etc., easily and can be applied to Aadhaar cards and pan cards.

Innovative Diagnostics of the Railway Track Superstructure

The physical nature of optical, optometric and photometric materials diagnostics systems in industrial production and in the transport industry is currently undergoing revolutionary changes. There is not enough theoretical and practical information on the scientific market about fundamental changes in this scientific field. Extreme precision and highly efficient materials, which are currently used in the construction of various devices for diagnostics and defectoscopy of materials and their parameters, require new research of phenomena and research derived from various types of optical devices and software tools and electronic software. expert systems. The article describes the basic characteristics of rail grate diagnostics. It brings the output of the solved project “Research of New Phenomena and Observable Facts of New Generation Diagnostic Systems in Industrial Production and in the Transport Industry – Research of the Physical Nature of the Automated Video Inspection System of the Rail Grate” the aim of which is to innovate the diagnostic procedures of the track surface - specifically the track grate.

Design of off-axis three-mirror optical antenna based onintegration of primary-tertiary mirror

In order to improve the installation and adjustment efficiency of off-axis three-mirror optical antenna of space laser communication, it is necessary to optimize the design of total freedom of the mirror. Based on the principle of coaxial three-mirror afocal system, a method of integration of primary-tertiary mirror was proposed. The relationship between structural parameters of optical system was deduced, and an off-axis three-mirror optical antenna with compact structure and primary-tertiary mirror integration was designed by Zemax optical software. The design results show that the optical image quality of full field of view is better than diffraction limit, the primary mirror and tertiary mirror are close to each other in space, the common mother plate can be processed and surface shape can be detected by the common reference, which provides a method for integrated processing of primary mirror and three-mirror. The degree of installation and adjustment freedom of optical antenna is reduced by 6, which reduces the difficulty and improves the efficiency.

Wireless Communication using VLC and MIMO Technology

Due to the rapid growths in Light Emitting Diodes, VLC (Visible Light Communication) has received a great attention in last years. Our main aim of this research work is to build the wireless VLC (Visible Light Communication) system which should be able to transmit the data in-between two computers with the use of a visible light. We are using an LED array as the transmitter, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) as the receiver component and air as the transmission medium. In both the transmitter and receiver modules, we are using Arduino UNO microcontroller board. Two computers have been used to interface the software to the hardware with the help of Arduino IDE installed to both of them. If we want to check the performance of VLC system with MIMO, commercial optical system simulation software called OptiSystem7.0 from Optiwave can be used. The layout diagram for both SISO (Single Input Single Output) and MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) communication has been generated and has been run and the BER (Bit Error Rate) performance is being analyzed. FSO (Free Space Optical) communication channel is used as transmission medium for both SISO and MIMO. Data transmission and reception for 100 meters is done using OptiSystem software. The eye diagram of BER analyzer showed that the maximum quality factor of MIMO is relatively large when compared to SISO.

Study on Optical and Thermal Uniformity of LED Filament Based on Flip Chip1

The LED filament has become a research hotspot in industrial and academic fields. The filament was fabricated by the flip LED chip, and its optical and thermal uniformity was tested and analyzed in detail. The color temperature (CT), brightness and surface temperature (ST) of LED filament at different positions was measured by BM-7 aiming point luminance meter and Ti-32 infrared thermal imager respectively. The experimental results show that the brightness and ST of the filament conformed to the Lambert distribution. The filament was simulated by lightTools optical software and FLOEFD thermal software respectively, and the simulated illumination and temperature distribution were the same as the test results. Experimental results show that the CT and brightness of LED filament on both sides was 4.23% and 9.27% lower than that of the middle position, respectively. The ST difference of the whole device was 9.80 C. The thermal parameters of LED filament were simulated by FLOEFD software. The simulated results indicated that the ST was distributed with high level in the middle and low level at both sides, the results of simulation and experiment are consistent. Therefore, it was reveled that the LED filament prepared based on the LED flip chip has good optical and thermal uniformity and be feasible as a new type of LED light source.

Optimum design of the hybrid (diffractive/refractive) multifocal intraocular lenses implanted within human eye

The human eye natural crystalline lens becomes opaque due to cataract. For improvement of the eye vision, the crystalline lens is typically surgically removed and replaced by an intraocular lens (IOLs). The optimum design of hybrid multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs) implanted within the human eye model is proposed. The AR40N acrylic MIOLs material has good biocompatibility. Two types of hybrid MIOLs (diffractive/refractive (D/R) and refractive/ diffractive (R/D)) with four foci were designed and evaluated. A comparison between the image quality for a healthy eye (Liou & Brennan model) and an eye with the implanted hybrid MIOLs has been performed based on ZEMAX-EE optical software. The image characteristics, point spread function (PSF), modulation transfer function (MTF), blur spot size, and longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) were used as an image criterion in this study. The eye pupil diameter was “3 mm,” the visual field of view was 5 degrees, and the light spectral region was 455- 655 nm. Results indicate that both hybrid MIOLs models achieved good visual acuity (sharp vision) for distances within the range 25 to 108 cm. The MIOLs made a remarkable correction in chromatic aberration than the healthy eye. The MTF for R/D-MIOL model improves the visual quality more than D/R-MIOL and healthy eye models.

Misalignment and tilt effect on aspheric intraocular lens designs after a corneal refractive surgery.

PurposeTo numerically evaluate and compare the tolerance to misalignment and tilt of aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs) designed for three eyes: with standard cornea and with simulated corneas after myopic and hyperopic laser ablation surgery.MethodsThree aspheric IOLs of +20.00 diopter (D) with different spherical aberration (SA) () values have been designed using a theoretical model eye. Drastic changes on the theoretical eye anterior corneal asphericity have been performed to simulate myopic and hyperopic refractive surgeries. The effect of IOL misalignment and tilt on the image quality has been evaluated using a commercial optical software design for the three eye models. Image quality was assessed from the modulation transfer function (MTF), root mean square (RMS) values of defocus, astigmatism, coma and spherical aberration (), and retinal images obtained from a visual simulator using an aleatory optotype of 0.00 LogMar visual acuity (VA).ResultsIOL misalignment and tilt reduced MTF values in general, and increased wavefront aberrations errors. Aberration-free IOLs maintained best the MTF values when misalignments were applied, together with good on-axis optical quality. IOLs with negative SA () correction decreased the MTF value under 0.43 for misalignments values higher than 0.50 mm with the three corneas. The effect of misalignment on RMS astigmatism and coma was correlated with the IOL SA () and with the three corneas.ConclusionsThis theoretical study shows that the largest degradation in image quality arises for the IOL with the highest amount of spherical aberration (). Moreover, it has been found that the aspherical design has a more influential role in misalignment tolerance than in tilt tolerance.

The design and simulation of a novel ring multi-pass optical cell for detection of environmental trace gas

A ring multi-pass optical cell which consists of three spherical mirrors to form a ring cell has been proposed to achieve a long path length in compact volumes. As with the astigmatic multi-pass optical cell, the dense beam spot pattern from the ring multi-pass optical cell more evenly fills the interior surface of the spherical mirror. The disadvantage of the astigmatic cell is that it requires extremely high-precision mirrors to ensure that the pattern will close. However, with the ring multi-pass optical cell, adjusting the inclination angle of spherical mirrors can make up for errors of the mirrors, and the self-consistent condition always can be established. The desirable patterns are based on the given base length, the inclination angle of spherical mirrors, the coupling window from the optical axis and the incident angle of the beam. In consideration of the astigmatism of the off-axis mirror, the matrix optics is employed in describing and analyzing the behaviors of the ring multi-pass optical cell. The new ring multi-pass cell presented in the paper achieves a 120 m optical path length in a volume of 717 cm3. The optical simulation based on the ABCD matrix and optical software shows the validity and the usefulness of the techniques proposed.

Prediction technique of aberration coefficients of interference fringes and phase diagrams based on convolutional neural network.

In this study, we present a new way to predict the Zernike coefficients of optical system. We predict the Zernike coefficients through the function of image recognition in the neural network. It can reduce the mathematical operations commonly used in the interferometers and improve the measurement accuracy. We use the phase difference and the interference fringe as the input of the neural network to predict the coefficients respectively and compare the effects of the two models. In this study, python and optical simulation software are used to confirm the overall effect. As a result, all the Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) are less than 0.09, which means that the interference fringes or the phase difference can be directly converted into coefficients. Not only can the calculation steps be reduced, but the overall efficiency can be improved and the calculation time reduced. For example, we could use it to check the performance of camera lenses.

Use of PROMIS\xae to screen for depression in children with arthritis

BackgroundChildren with JIA may experience difficulty with health related quality of life (HRQOL). The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) a patient related outcome (PRO) measure, covers HRQOL domains that include physical function, mental health, and social interactions. During initial use, we found PROMIS identified children with symptoms of depression, sometimes before they shared those feelings with parents or members of the clinic team. We studied the use of PROMIS for this purpose, and to determine what demographic, clinical, and other characteristics might be related to higher depressive symptom scores.MethodsFrom March 2014 – February 2017, at each visit, all JIA patients having met ILAR classification criteria seen by M.L.M. received the PROMIS Short Form 35 v.1.0, as part of routine care. T scores were calculated from raw scores for mobility, anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, peer relationships, and pain interference domains. Data extracted by optical mark recognition software were merged with electronic medical record (EMR data), extracted by Extract/Transform/Load software, including joint counts, visit age, ANA, RF, and HLA-B27 status. Mixed effects models were used to identify significant associations of independent variables with depression T scores.ResultsData from 148 patients were analyzed (114 females for 435 visits, 34 males for 118 visits; 13.8 ± 2.8 years): 70 persistent oligoarthritis, 9 extended oligoarthritis, 19 ERA, 21 polyarthritis (RF-), 5 polyarthritis (RF+), 11 undifferentiated arthritis, 3 psoriatic arthritis, 10 systemic arthritis). T scores showed wide ranges within individual JIA categories, with similar mean scores for all groups. Univariate linear mixed effects models showed significant relationships to depression T scores of gender and race (males and Asian patients with lower T scores, p < .0001, p = 0.091, respectively), joint count (p = 0.002), pain interference score (p = 0.0004), and Patient and Physician Global Assessment (p = 0.004, p < .0001, respectively). No particular JIA category was associated with Depression T scores. HRQOL domains were interrelated (p < .0001), including patients reporting symptoms of depression tending also to report symptoms of anxiety. PROMIS identified 15 patients who did not otherwise report depressive symptoms, but needed referral for counseling; eight did not endorse depressive symptoms until the 2nd or 3rd visit. Only 3 patients had disease flare. Concerns besides arthritis such as parental conflict or school bullying were elicited in 7 patients during interviews with the social worker. All patients expressed being worried about their arthritis.ConclusionPROMIS is useful in screening JIA patients for symptoms of depression, particularly to identify patients who might not otherwise report these symptoms. The other PROMIS domain scores are related to reporting of symptoms of depression, as is Patient and Physician Global Assessment. Future studies will use PROMIS questionnaires incorporated into the EMR, permitting data entry by tablets and an online patient portal. This will make possible comparisons of HRQOL in children with JIA to those with other chronic rheumatic and non-rheumatic diseases.

Integrated fluorescent lateral flow assay platform for point-of-care diagnosis of infectious diseases by using a multichannel test cartridge

This study proposes the integration of fluorescent lateral flow assay, test cartridge, and signal detection device to simplify the operation of multiplex point-of-care diagnostics to facilitate on-site high-throughput screening of infectious diseases in resource-limited settings. Fluorescent test strips were developed based on sandwich immunoassay to detect four infectious disease biomarkers. A low-cost disposable test cartridge was designed with one shared inlet channel and four fluidic channels that enable centrifugal force-driven automated delivery of the sample solution to each sample pad of the test strips. A miniaturized standalone strip reader with mechanical, optical, and electrical components and software was custom-built at a low cost of approximately $200 for sample distribution, signal acquisition, and data analysis. The overall assay workflow only included the following: adding the sample to the cartridge inlet, quick spinning to initiate the automated sample delivery for immune reaction, and loading the cartridge to the strip reader for rotation and optical signal scan. The integrated platform demonstrates excellent limits of detection for human immunodeficiency virus antibody, Treponema pallidum antibody, hepatitis C virus antibody, and hepatitis B virus surface antigen. The platform was verified using clinical serum samples of healthy and infected patients, and exhibited superior detection sensitivity and specificity.

Digital anthropometry for body circumference measurements: Toward the development of universal three-dimensional optical system analysis software.

Background/ObjectiveDigital anthropometric (DA) assessments are increasingly being administered with three‐dimensional (3D) optical devices in clinical settings that manage patients with obesity and related metabolic disorders. However, anatomic measurement sites are not standardized across manufacturers, precluding use of published reference values and pooling of data across research centers.Subjects/MethodsThis study aimed to develop universal 3D analysis software by applying novel programming strategies capable of producing device‐independent DA estimates that agree with conventional anthropometric (CA) measurements made at well‐defined anatomic sites. A series of technical issues related to proprietary methods of 3D geometrical reconstruction and image analysis were addressed in developing major software components. To evaluate software accuracy, comparisons were made to CA circumference measurements made with a flexible tape at eleven standard anatomic sites in up to 35 adults scanned with three different commercial 3D optical devices.ResultsOverall, group mean CA and DA values across the three systems were in good agreement, with ∼2 cm systematic differences; CA and DA estimates were highly correlated (all p‐values <0.01); root‐mean square errors were low (0.51–3.27 cm); and CA‐DA bias tended to be small, but significant depending on anatomic site and device.ConclusionsAvailability of this software, with future refinements, has the potential to facilitate clinical applications and creation of large pooled uniform anthropometric databases.

Estimation of Lens Stray Light with Regard to the Incapacitation of Imaging Sensors.

We present our efforts on estimating light scattering characteristics from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) camera lenses in order to deduce thereof a set of generic scattering parameters valid for a specific lens class (double Gauss lenses). In previous investigations, we developed a simplified theoretical light scattering model to estimate the irradiance distribution in the focal plane of a camera lens. This theoretical model is based on a 3-parameter bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF), which describes light scattering from rough surfaces of the optical elements. Ordinarily, the three scatter parameters of the BSDF are not known for COTS camera lenses, which makes it necessary to assess them by own experiments. Besides the experimental setup and the measurement process, we present in detail the subsequent data exploitation. From measurements on seven COTS camera lenses, we deduced a generic set of scatter parameters. For a deeper analysis, the results of our measurements have also been compared with the output of an optical engineering software. Together with our theoretical model, now stray light calculations can be accomplished even then, when specific scatter parameters are not available from elsewhere. In addition, the light scattering analyses also allow considering the glare vulnerability of optical systems in terms of laser safety.

Simulation research on adaptive optics system based on light field camera

In adaptive optics (AO) system, the traditional Hartmann wave-front sensor can only be used to effectively correct atmospheric turbulence within a small field of view, while the light field camera served as the wave-front sensor has the characteristics of large field of view and multi-angle directional turbulence information obtained by one single exposure, which can replace multiple wave-front sensors in the traditional multi-layered conjugation adaptive optics (MCAO) system and simplify the system and save costs. In this paper, the light field camera module in Seelight, an optical system simulation software independently developed, was used to restore the complete wavefront of the large field of view combining the optical field digital refocusing technology and the mode atmospheric analysis technology. An adaptive optical simulation system was built with a light field camera and a 89 unit deformable mirror. The simulation results show that the optimized AO system can effectively correct the wavefront distortion caused by atmospheric turbulence in a large field of view under the closed loop working mode.

FANM: A software for focus and aberrations of nuclear microprobe

Focus and Aberrations of Nuclear Microprobe (FANM) is a new beam optics package to achieve fast and accurate design of a nuclear microprobe. FANM achieves a balance between speed of focusing and accuracy of high order aberrations. A combined method proposed in FANM is to achieve focusing conditions using a matrix method and to calculate aberration coefficients using a numerical ray tracing method. FANM has two optional optimization algorithms (derivative-free method and particle swarm optimization), offering a powerful choice for multi-variable optimization. Numeric variables in FANM are stored as 64-bit (8-byte) double-precision floating-point values to reduce calculation errors. Results obtained with FANM are compared with six existing computational tools (PRAM, TRANSPORT-PSI, TRANSPORT-PBO, WinTRAX, GEANT4-nanobeam and Zgoubi). The reasons for discrepancies between the different packages are discussed. Calculated currents of magnetic quadrupole lenses obtained with FANM are compared with experimental values of a nuclear microprobe in the National University of Singapore.

Thermal Profile of a Low-Concentrator Photovoltaic: A COMSOL Simulation

With the gradual reduction of fossil fuels, it is essential to find alternative renewable sources of energy. It is important to take advantage of substitutes that are less expensive and more efficient in energy production. Photovoltaic concentrators (CPVs) are effective methods through which solar energy can be maximized resulting in more conversion into electrical power. V-trough concentrators are the simplest types of low-CPV in terms of design as it is limited to the use of two plane mirrors with a flat photovoltaic (PV) plate. A consequence of concentrating more solar radiation on a PV panel is an increase in its temperature that may decrease its efficiency. In this work, the thermal profile of the PV plate in a V-trough system will be determined when this system is placed in different geographical locations in Saudi Arabia. The simulation is conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics software with a ray optics package integrated with a heat transfer routine. The 21st of June was chosen to conduct the simulation as it coincides with the summer solstice. The employment of wind as a cooling method for V-troughs was investigated in this work. It was found that with the increase in wind speed, the PV panel temperature dropped significantly below its optimum operating temperature. However, due to the mirrors’ attachment to the PV panel, the temperature distribution on the surface of the panel was nonuniform. The temperature gradient on the PV surface was reduced with the increase of wind speed but not significantly. Reducing the size of the mirrors resulted in a partial coverage of solar radiation on the PV surface which helped in reducing the temperature gradient but did not eliminate it. This work can assist in testing numerous cooling models to optimize the use of V-troughs and increase its efficiency especially in locations having high ambient temperatures.

A method for optimizing the reference temperature in the effective emissivity calculation of nonisothermal blackbody cavities.

For a nonisothermal blackbody cavity, different reference temperatures have influence on the calculation of effective emissivity. Previous studies proposed a weighted average method which can be indicated by a priori to calculate the reference temperature. However, these studies did not mention how to define the weight function but used some arbitrary temperature or the temperature of a fixed position like the central bottom of the cavity as the reference temperature. In this study, a quantitative analysis and calculation method, which is implemented in the Monte Carlo method based optical simulation software Tracepro, is proposed to define the weight coefficients and optimize the reference temperature. To do so, in the Tracepro software, a surface source is placed in front of the cavity opening and emits radiation to the blackbody cavity. The radiation from this surface source can be absorbed or reflected many times in the cavity, and finally the incident radiation distribution in the cavity can be obtained. According to the principle of light path reversibility, the normalized incident radiation can be considered as the contribution of its position to the effective emissivity. In the experiment, the actual temperatures of two different-shaped blackbody cavities are measured with the non-contact method in 873 K temperature. By dividing the inner surface of each blackbody cavity into several regions based on the positions of the actually measured temperature points, the incident radiation from the surface source to each segmented region is calculated and normalized to the total incident radiation across all regions as its weight coefficient; the reference temperature is the sum of the weighted temperature (by multiplying each weight coefficient with its measured temperature) in each region. Different from previous studies, this study optimizes the reference temperature by considering the contribution of the whole cavity to the effective emissivity, which should be more consistent with the actual situation. Moreover, the influences of different shapes of the blackbody cavities, different radiation characteristics of the inner surface materials and different viewing conditions of the effective emissivity on the reference temperature are discussed and compared. The results suggest that the optimization of reference temperature has close link with above factors and thus should be calculated individually.

Advances in Optical Image Analysis Textural Segmentation in Ironmaking

Optical image analysis is commonly used to characterize different feedstock material for ironmaking, such as iron ore, iron ore sinter, coal and coke. Information is often needed for phases which have the same reflectivity and chemical composition, but different morphology. Such information is usually obtained by manual point counting, which is quite expensive and may not provide consistent results between different petrologists. To perform accurate segmentation of such phases using automated optical image analysis, the software must be able to identify specific textures. CSIRO’s Carbon Steel Futures group has developed an optical image analysis software package called Mineral4/Recognition4, which incorporates a dedicated textural identification module allowing segmentation of such phases. The article discusses the problems associated with segmentation of similar phases in different ironmaking feedstock material using automated optical image analysis and demonstrates successful algorithms for textural identification. The examples cover segmentation of three different coke phases: two types of Inert Maceral Derived Components (IMDC), non-reacted and partially reacted, and Reacted Maceral Derived Components (RMDC); primary and secondary hematite in iron ore sinter; and minerals difficult to distinguish with traditional thresholding in iron ore.

Software tools for optics massive open online courses

AbstractMassive open online courses (MOOCs) provide anyone with an Internet connection easy access to a wealth of learning and computer training opportunities. Optics and photonics devices are frequently used in numerous academic fields and industries. Therefore, a MOOC approach to optics education would be beneficial to many students, researchers, and professionals all over the world, as this would empower personal and professional development with global reach. As part of online education, students can learn professional computer modeling tools and use them for completing course assignments. In this paper, several optical design packages are reviewed and evaluated for their applicability to MOOC optics education in terms of availability, functionality, and wealth of training resources. An example of an optics MOOC case‐study is also presented.