Optical Characteristics Research Articles

Revealing the Role of Electronic Effect to Modulate the Photophysics and Z-Scan Responses of o-Locked GFP Chromophores.

Three novel core green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore analogues, based on a doubly locked conformation and variable electronic effects by replacing one hydrogen with bromine, iodine, and methyl, respectively, have been synthesized to modulate the push-pull effect. These chromophores exhibited intramolecular H-bonding, as evidenced by single-crystal X-ray and 1H NMR studies. The fluorescence quantum yields (ϕf) of all of the chromophores were found to be more than an order of magnitude higher (∼0.2) than the unlocked chromophores (∼0.01). It was found that the electronic effect did affect the nonradiative rates, as the quantum yields were found to vary with respect to different analogues in the same solvents. The effect of the push-pull effect was also evident by a higher Stokes-shifted emission in the case of the methyl derivative with respect to the bromo- and iodo-analogues. Furthermore, the emission spectra of these GFP chromophores were found to show positive solvatochromism, which was supported by a quantum chemical calculation. A detailed study, correlating the observed spectral changes with various solvent functions and supported by computational results, established a facile proton transfer, followed by twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) to be the major nonradiative channels of these chromophores. Besides, a completely novel usage of these chromophores was explored for the first time by studying their third-order nonlinear optical characteristics in DMSO using a single-beam Z-scan technique. All of the chromophores exhibited tunable nonlinear refraction (NLR) and nonlinear absorption (NLA) properties that depend upon different substituent groups present in the chromophores. Here, the NLR was due to the effect of self-defocusing, whereas the NLA was triggered by reverse saturable absorption, which is attributed to the two-photon absorption (TPA) process. Surprisingly, the efficiency of the TPA ability of the chromophores was found to be a function of the induced electronic effect. Hence, this work opens a new route for the utility of the ortho-locked GFP chromophores in the field of nonlinear optical applications.

Para-phenylenediamine Schiff base: highly fluorescent photostable solid-state organic dye

Schiff bases derived from the condensation of primary amines with aldehydes, such as para-phenylenediamine with salicylaldehyde, exhibit unique optical and structural properties ideal for photonic applications. This study synthesizes such a Schiff base, revealing its properties through detailed HNMR1, FTIR, and XRD characterizations. The compound forms a robust π-conjugated structure, showing a fluorescence emission peak at 560 nm and significant absorbance at 380 nm. A spin-coated laser cavity displayed a critical lasing threshold at 1 MW·cm−2, which could be optimized down to 0.6 kW·cm−2. Moreover, the compounds’ acceptor-donor-acceptor configuration raised outstanding nonlinear optical properties, including a substantial two-photon absorption cross-section of 2×10−11 cm ⋅ W−1·GM, enhancing its utility in high-resolution two-photon imaging and advanced photonic applications. Other nonlinear optical characteristics determined during these studies are the saturable absorption-induced nonlinear absorption coefficient (−2×10−11 cm ⋅ W−1), saturation intensity (2.5×1011 W·cm−2), and Kerr-induced nonlinear refractive index (5×10−16 cm2 ⋅ W−1). The combined linear and nonlinear optical properties, supported by sustained emission and minimal photobleaching under intense re-excitation, establish the para-phenylenediamine Schiff base and derivatives as promising materials for high-brightness, photostable organic light emitters, and solid-state lasers.

Optical Characteristics of the Black Seed Oil: Fluorescence and Adulteration Detection.

Understanding the optical characteristics, especially the fluorescence properties of vegetable oils, particularly black seed oil (BSO), is an essential prerequisite for the development of the future applications in both medicinal and nutritional fields. In this way, it is essential to identify the roles played by the components such as unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, flavonoids, vitamin E, and chlorophylls in the BSO fluorescence spectra. In the current landscape, challenges arise from the adulteration of BSO with impurities such as sunflower oil (SO), complicating efforts to obtain pure BSO. Here, dependence of the BSO fluorescence on excitation wavelength has been examined using UV- visible diode lasers (λ = 355, 405, 440, 532 and 660nm) as excitation sources. Though conjugated unsaturated fatty acids, flavonoids and chlorophylls are mainly contributed to the fluorescence due to UV excitation, wavelengths in the visible range specifically excite carotenoids, vitamin E, and chlorophylls. By utilizing the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique, we explored the effects of inner filters and setup geometry to gain deeper insights into the BSO fluorescence dynamics. Differential spectral analysis (DSA) revealed that adulteration of BSO with SO alters its fluorescence features. As a result, a novel approach is proposed for adulteration detection, based on the simultaneous excitation of BSO and SO by a 405nm laser, benefit to indirect excitation of the carotenoids of BSO by fluorescence emission of SO within the spectral range of 400-500nm, which results in the enhancement of BSO fluorescence in the region of 500-600nm.

Enhanced Terahertz Characterization of Multilayer Graphene on Guided‐Mode Resonance Filter: Boosting Sensitivity and Precision in Electrical and Optical Characteristics

AbstractIn this study, terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS) is employed for the first time to explore the characteristics of mono‐, bi‐, and tri‐layer graphene coated on guided‐mode resonance filters (GMRFs). Owing to high quality‐factor (Q‐factor) resonances of GMRF, the proposed method significantly enhances the resonance depth variation by up to 9.3, 5.1, and 4.2 times at 0.58 THz in TE mode for mono‐, bi‐, and tri‐layer graphene, respectively, in contrast to conventional THz‐TDS methods relying on amplitude variation at 0.50 THz in TE mode. Excellent agreement is observed between experimental results and theoretical simulations using the Kubo formula and Drude model, even accounting for variations in sidelobes at an incident angle of 0.6 degrees. Through meticulous fitting process between measurements and simulations for the resonances formed by the GMRF and graphene, the study accurately determines the electrical and optical properties of mono‐, bi‐, and tri‐layer graphene, including frequency‐dependent sheet conductivity (σs(ω)), mobility (μ), carrier density (N), and Fermi velocity (vF). Furthermore, in the THz high‐frequency region, the observation reveals that as the number of graphene layers increases, the decrease in σs(ω) occurs more rapidly than in single‐layer graphene, attributed to the screening effect arising from electronic interactions between each graphene layer.

Structural, dielectric, optical, photoluminescence, and magnetic features of olivine type Co2SiO4 compound

Structural, dielectric, optical, photoluminescence, and magnetic features of olivine type Co2SiO4 compound

Unveiling the influence of dopants on structural, defect chemistry, morphological and optical characteristics of NiO nanostructures

Abstract In this paper, undoped and doped (Fe, Co and Fe-Co) nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructures have been synthesized using co-precipitation method. Prepared samples were characterized for the structural, compositional, morphological and optical properties using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive spectrocopy (EDS), UV-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Structural analysis confirmed the single cubic phase formation of undoped and doped samples. Defect chemistry showed that Fe-Co co-doped NiO possesses a lower density of defects than other samples. SEM results revealed the agglomeration of particles. EDS results confirmed the presence of Ni, O, Fe and Co in the respective undoped and doped samples. Optical analysis revealed the band edge shifts with the incorporation of dopants in the NiO crystal lattice confirmed the variation of band gap energy. Emission peaks were observed in the UV and visible regions. The Incorporation of dopants in the crystal lattice causes variation of emission centers. Surface oxygen vacancies and imperfections significantly impact the emission characteristics of NiO. Variable spectral response of NiO with dopant incorporation has potential for optoelectronic applications.

Highly efficient magnesium ferrite/graphene nano-heterostructure for visible-light photocatalytic applications: Experimental and first-principles DFT studies

In this research study, the electronic structure of magnesium ferrite/graphene (MFO/Gr) nano-heterostructure for photocatalytic application was studied. The MFO nanoparticles with a median size of 85 nm were composited with Gr sheets using a photo-assisted reduction process. The XRD and SAED results, respectively, showed the spinal crystalline structure of MFO and the hexagonal structure of Gr in MFO/Gr nanocomposite. The XPS results revealed that the orbitals of MFO and Gr atoms interacted with each other, implying a Van der Waals heterojunction nanocomposite. The optical characteristics using UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry (UV–Vis DRS) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra demonstrated a lowering of MFO band gap from 2.05 to 1.84 eV by incorporation of Gr. Furthermore, the photoelectrocatalytic and photocatalytic dye degradation examinations showed a substantial impact of Gr on the photocatalytic activity of MFO nanoparticles: a 28-fold increase in the photocurrent and an 8-fold increase in the dye-degradation rate. The density functional theory (DFT) studies on MFO/Gr heterojunction revealed a considerable hybridization between Gr atoms orbitals (2p orbitals) and MFO atoms orbitals (Mg 3 s and Fe 3d orbitals) in the conduction band, which facilitate the transfer of photo-excited electrons from MFO to Gr. Also, the charge density difference at the MFO/Gr interface led to a polarized field at the interface, which is desirable for hindering photogenerated electron-hole recombination in the MFO/Gr nanocomposite. Along with the experimental results, the DFT results also revealed that the MFO/Gr nano-heterostructure is an excellent candidate for photocatalytic applications such as water splitting using sunlight to produce green hydrogen fuel.

MAPLE-Deposited Perylene Diimide Derivative Based Layers for Optoelectronic Applications.

Nowadays, the development of devices based on organic materials is an interesting research challenge. The performance of such devices is strongly influenced by material selection, material properties, design, and the manufacturing process. Usually, buckminsterfullerene (C60) is employed as electron transport material in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices due to its high mobility. However, considering its low solubility, there have been many attempts to replace it with more soluble non-fullerene compounds. In this study, bulk heterojunction thin films with various compositions of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), a perylene diimide derivative, or C60 were prepared by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique to assess the influence of C60 replacement on fabricated heterostructure properties. The investigations revealed that the optical features and the electrical parameters of the organic heterostructures based on this perylene diimide derivative used as an organic acceptor were improved. An increase in the JSC value (4.3 × 10-4 A/cm2) was obtained for the structures where the perylene diimide derivative acceptor entirely replaced C60 compared to the JSC value (7.5 × 10-8 A/cm2) for the heterostructure fabricated only with fullerene. These results are encouraging, demonstrating the potential of non-fullerene compounds as electron transport material in OPV devices.

Fabrication of Ripple Structured Silicon Carbide (SiC) Films for Nano‐Grating and Solar Cell Applications

AbstractIn the present study, we aim to investigate the self‐organization of unexplored silicon carbide (SiC) film surfaces under 30 keV oblique Ar+ ions irradiation and hence unprecedented tailoring of optical and electrical characteristics with view of their uses in solar cells, gratings and nano‐ to micro‐scale devices. The surface morphology mainly consisted of triangular shaped nanoparticles which evolves into nanoscale ripple structures with an alignment parallel to the projection of ion beam direction. For the first time, we have demonstrated the fabrication of highly‐ordered ripple patterns with wavelength in visible region over SiC films and applicable as nano‐gratings. The underlying mechanism relies on the structural rearrangement due to transition of film microstructure from amorphous to mixed phase (crystalline, nano‐crystalline and amorphous) and lowering of C=C and C−C vibration modes by the heavier Si atoms. These nanostructured silicon carbide film shows unparalleled optical (energy gap decreases from 4.60±0.4 eV to 3.16±0.2 eV) & electrical characteristics (conductivity increases from 6.6×10−11 to 1.12×10−3 S/m with linear I−V behavior). Thus, we propose that ripple structured SiC films with wide band gap, high refractive index and high electrical conductivity with ohmic behaviour are promising candidates for application as window layer in solar cells and opto‐electronics.

Facile solvothermal approach to design synergetic effect between the BiVO4 and TiS2 to boost up the Z-scheme photocatalytic performance for water treatment and hydrogen production

An innovative and economically practical method was developed to create unique BiVO4/TiS2 structures in an ecologically friendly way. Novel BiVO4/TiS2 composites are created by combining as synthesized BiVO4 and freshly prepared titanium disulfide (TiS2). The BiVO4/TiS2 composites were thoroughly evaluated to investigate their physical, optical, morphological, and photochemical characteristics. Pure BiVO4 material, TiS2 nanostructures, and BiVO4/TiS2 nanocomposites were evaluated for their photocatalytic capabilities by observing the deterioration of MB beneath natural solar irradiation. The BiVO4/TiS2@50 % composite exhibited highly improved sunlight-striving photocatalytic activities. The cycle stability of the as-produced BiVO4/TiS2@50 % photocatalyst material and active species effects that areparticipating in the photocatalytic coursehave also been studied. The decrease in charge recombination time and increased visible light absorption of the BiVO4/TiS2@50 % may be the causes of the enriched photocatalytic activity. A thorough examination encompassing empirical evidence and theoretical computations, culminated in developing a Z scheme photocatalytic mechanism. The results obtained from repeated cycling experiments and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provided additional support for this mechanism. Furthermore, after five consecutive cycles, BiVO4/TiS2@50 % photocatalyst sample exhibited commendable stability in an aqueous environment. Utilizing a highly efficient photocatalyst material (BiVO4/TiS2@50 %) further elucidates the degradation mechanism and scavenging effect of MB dyes. The BiVO4/TiS2@50 % photocatalyst achieved a hydrogen production rate of 15.5 mmolg−1h−1, which is higher than the single BiVO4 and TiS2 and other prepared composites. The excellent reductive and oxidative capabilities of our best material (BiVO4/TiS2@50 %) and its superior stability due to the Z scheme operation significantly enhance its potential for practical implementations in photocatalysis and hydrogen production.

Optomechanical Photonics: feature issue introduction

We introduce the Optical Materials Express feature issue on Optomechanical Photonics. This issue comprises a collection of eight research articles on optomechanical photonics, including studies of new fundamental phenomena, device applications, experimental characterizations, and theoretical models.

Enhanced Photodetection Performance of InBiSe3/ReS2 Polarization-Sensitive Heterostructure Photodetectors.

Individual anisotropic two-dimensional (2D) materials have been widely applied for developing polarization-sensitive photodetectors, but they often suffer from limitations in photoresponsivity, detection range, etc. To overcome these challenges, van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures created by stacking different 2D materials provide a promising solution to enhance the performance of the photoelectronic device. In this work, a novel polarization-sensitive photodetector is developed by leveraging a heterojunction formed by InBiSe3 and anisotropic ReS2 nanoflakes. The InBiSe3/ReS2 vdW heterostructure devices exhibit excellent photodetection performance with a high photoresponsivity (R)of 7.68 AW-1 and a specific detectivity (D*)up to 1.26×1011 Jones as well as an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1790% under 532 nm laser irradiation. Additionally, benefiting from the broadband light absorption of InBiSe3 crystals together with the pronounced anisotropic electronic and optical characteristics of ReS2 flakes, the devices demonstrate a broad spectral response range from 402 to 1006 nm with a distinct polarization sensitivity of 1.24. Moreover, the devices exhibit extraordinary optical communication and high contrast polarimetric imaging capacity. This work demonstrates the enhanced photodetection performance with the InBiSe3/ReS2 vdW heterostructures operating in a photoconductive mode and illustrates promising application of these heterostructures in integrated optoelectronic systems.

Strain effects on electronic structure and optics of al-Doped monolayer GaS

This comprehensive study utilises rigorous first-principles calculations to meticulously investigate the influence of uniaxial tensile strain on the electronic configuration and optical behaviours of aluminium-doped gallium sulphide. The study highlights the modulation of electrical properties and optical responses in Al-doped monolayer GaS through the application of tensile strain. Notably, with increasing tensile strain, the bandgap value of the pristine GaS exhibits a pronounced decline, whereas the Al-doped variant maintains a more stable bandgap. A deeper exploration of the state density reveals the emergence of novel electronic states and energy levels in both the pristine and Al-doped monolayer GaS systems as tensile strain is applied. Crucially, the stabilising effect of the doped Al atoms minimises variations in the state density profiles of the Al-doped monolayer GaS systems, in contrast to their pristine counterparts. This result implies that fine control of the electrical structure and optical characteristics of Al-doped monolayer GaS may be achieved by the application of uniaxial tensile strain. The optoelectronic characteristics of GaS and its doped systems are explained in detail by these discoveries, which also offer a crucial theoretical foundation and direction for the use of these materials in optoelectronic devices.

Optimisation, Synthesis, and Characterisation of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Leonotis ocymifolia (L. ocymifolia) Leaf Extracts for Antibacterial and Photodegradation Applications.

This work presents a green synthesis route, which utilises extracts from an indigenous plant in South Africa, eastern and southern Africa that is understudied and underutilised, for preparing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). This study involved optimisation of the green synthesis method using Leonotis ocymifolia (L.O.) extracts and performing comparative studies on the effects of using different zinc (Zn) salt precursors; zinc sulphate heptahydrate (Z001) and zinc acetate dihydrate (Z002) to synthesise the ZnO NPs. The comparative studies also compared the L.O-mediated ZnO NPs and chemical-mediated ZnO NPs (Z003). The as-prepared ZnO NPs were tested for their effectiveness in the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. Furthermore, antibacterial studies were conducted using the agar well diffusion method on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria. The structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the synthesised ZnO NPs were analysed using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, DRS, and BET techniques. The XRD results indicated that the L.O-mediated ZnO NPs had smaller crystallite sizes (18.24-19.32 nm) than their chemically synthesised counterparts (21.50 nm). FTIR confirmed the presence of biomolecules on the surface of the L.O-mediated NPs, and DRS analysis revealed bandgap energies between 3.07 and 3.18 eV. The EDS results confirmed the chemical composition of the synthesised ZnO NPs, which were made up of Zn and O atoms. Photocatalytic studies demonstrated that the L.O-mediated ZnO NPs (Z001) exhibited a superior degradation efficiency of the MB dye (89.81%) compared to chemically synthesised ZnO NPs (56.13%) under ultraviolet (UV) light for 240 min. Antibacterial tests showed that L.O-mediated ZnO NPs were more effective against S. aureus than E. coli. The enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of L.O-mediated ZnO NPs highlight their potential for environmental remediation and antimicrobial applications, thus supporting sustainable development goals.

Impact of Calcium Doping on the Electronic and Optical Characteristics of Strontium Hydride (SrH2): A DFT Study

This study investigates the electronic and optical properties of calcium-doped strontium hydride (SrH2) using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations via the CASTEP code with generalized gradient approximation (GGA). We explore the impact of calcium (Ca) doping on the electronic band structure, density of states (DOS), and optical absorption spectra of SrH2. Our results show that Ca doping significantly alters the electronic properties of SrH2, notably increasing the indirect bandgap from 1.3 eV to 1.6 eV. The DOS analysis reveals new states near the Fermi level, primarily from Ca 3d orbitals. Moreover, the optical absorption spectra display enhanced absorption in the visible range, suggesting the potential for optoelectronic applications. This research highlights the feasibility of tuning the electronic and optical characteristics of SrH2 through Ca doping, thus opening the way for the generation of advanced materials with tailored properties.

Two-Dimensional MXene Flakes with Large Second Harmonic Generation and Unique Surface Responses.

MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) materials with broad and varied applications in biology, materials science, photonics, and environmental remediation owing to their layered structure and high surface area-to-volume ratio. MXenes have exhibited significant nonlinear optical characteristics, which have been primarily explored in the context of photonics applications, yet the second-harmonic generation (SHG) behavior of MXenes remains an unexplored aspect of their optical properties. Herein, we demonstrate and quantify large second-order responses of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXenes both in aqueous solutions and on a silicon substrate for the first time. MXene flakes showed strong second-harmonic scattering (SHS) in a dilute suspension with a sensitivity of less than 0.1 μg/mL. Angle-dependent SHS experiments further found that the second-order responses originate from coherent 2D dipole radiation. Through confocal and atomic force microscopies, we found that the intense SHG signal from free-standing MXene flakes increases exponentially with decreasing thickness, while two-photon fluorescence increases linearly with thickness. The second-order susceptibility of the MXenes was determined to be 3.6 pm V-1 with a thickness of 10 nm, almost twice of that for an often-used SHG crystal, beta barium borate. We further explored surface properties of the MXene sheets by investigating the SHS responses upon addition of organic dye molecules to the system. It was found that the adsorption of crystal violet (CV) obeys a Langmuir adsorption model while the addition of malachite green (MG) resulted in almost no change in SHG intensity, even though the adsorption capacities for both CV (61.3 ± 1.7 mg/g) and MG (54.8 ± 2.8 mg/g) are similar. Such a stark difference in adsorption characteristics between cationic organic CV and MG dyes is likely due to their distinct orientational orderings on the MXene surfaces. This work opens many possibilities for the further employment of the family of 2D materials in photonics, optics, and surface catalysis applications.

Optical Performance of Quantum Dots and Their Applications in Biomedical Imaging

Quantum dots are nanomaterials which have attracted significant focus over the past few years because of their singular optical features. They have shown great potential in the field of bioimaging. This study delves into the photonic properties of quantum dots which include good luminescence stability and broad excitation spectra. Besides, the emission wavelength can be precisely controlled. These properties make them an excellent choice for bio-imaging. The usage of quantum dots in live organism imaging, such as pinpointing cell boundaries, tracking intracellular molecular dynamics, and early disease diagnosis, indicate the immense potential of quantum dots in biomedical realm. Through modifications on the surface of quantum dots, targeted imaging can be realized, which greatly improves the specificity and sensitivity of imaging. Nonetheless, the biosafety and long-term in vivo behavior of quantum dots still need to be further investigated. Overall, the light-based attributes of quantum dots have brought breakthroughs in bio-imaging technology. In addiiton, it would foretell a bright future for quantum dots in the biomedical field.

Improving the Nonvolatile Memory Characteristics of Sol-Gel-Processed Y2O3 RRAM Devices Using Mono-Ethanolamine Additives.

In this study, Y2O3-based resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices with a mono-ethanolamine (MEA) stabilizer fabricated using the sol-gel process on indium tin oxide/glass substrates were investigated. The effects of MEA content on the structural, optical, chemical, and electrical characteristics were determined. As the MEA content increased, film thickness and crystallite size decreased. In particular, the increase in MEA content slightly decreased the oxygen vacancy concentration. The decreased film thickness decreased the physical distance for conductive filament formation, generating a strong electric field. However, owing to the lowest oxygen vacancy concentration, a large electrical field is required. To ensure data reliability, the endurance cycles across several devices were measured and presented statistically. Additionally, endurance performance improved with the increase in MEA content. Reduced oxygen vacancy concentration can successfully suppress the excess formation of the Ag conductive filament. This simplifies the transition from the high- to the low-resistance state and vice versa, thereby improving the endurance cycles of the RRAM devices.

Layered Perovskite La2Ti2O7 Nanostructures for Photocatalytic Degradation of Congo Red Dye Pollutant

AbstractIn photocatalytic innovation, there has been a lot of interest in creating broad spectral responsive photocatalysts to get superior catalytic performance. In this study, we synthesized highly visible‐light responsive La2Ti2O7 perovskite photocatalysts by the probe ultrasonication procedure followed by high‐temperature calcination. Such materials are characterized using UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectra, powder X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to illustrate the optical absorption activities, crystalline properties, chemical composition, and microscopic features. La2Ti2O7 extends optical absorption towards the visible light spectrum and narrows the band gap. The photocatalytic efficacy of the resulting La2Ti2O7 nanostructures was investigated by performing photocatalytic degradation of persistent Congo red (CR) dye while subjected to visible photon illumination using three Osram 150 W tungsten halogen lamp ((λ≥400 nm), 5000 lm nominal luminous flux, 80,600 lx radiation intensity. With effective efficiency, the optimum degradation of the 10 ppm CR dye with a percentage of 95.9 was achieved after 90 min during exposure to the La2Ti2O7 perovskite with a catalyst dosage of 30 mg/100 mL at pH 6. Consequently, La2Ti2O7 nanostructures alone depicted 19.8 % adsorption efficiency for CR dye. In addition, OH⋅ and holes were important in degrading CR dye, which included many different reaction pathways. The treated solution can also demonstrate the environment's safety for accepting water. In summary, under natural visible light irradiation, the synthesized La2Ti2O7 showed enormous promise for eliminating different organic contaminants using photocatalytic methodology.

The impact of proton ion irradiation on Se70Te20In10 thin films: Linear and non-linear optical properties for photonic applications

The examination of the linear and non-linear optical features was conducted on amorphous ternary Se70Te20 In10 thin films, which were exposed to proton irradiation energy of 3 MeV at varying fluences of 5×1013, 5×1014, 5×1015 and 5×1016 ions/cm2. The bulk sample was produced using the melt quenching method, and subsequently, thin films were obtained through electron beam evaporation. Calculations of linear and non-linear optical parameters were carried out based on transmittance and reflectance data acquired from UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy spanning 300–2500 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed an amorphous phase in the films. The optical parameters showed strong dependency on the proton radiation fluence. In addition, the existence of minima or maxima for a number of parameters at a fluence of 5×1014 ions/cm2 showed that this was the optimum fluence. The linear and non-linear properties showed that the sample have potential applications in photonic devices.