Optical Emission Spectroscopy Research Articles

Development of homemade oral nutrition supplements for individuals with kidney failure on hemodialysis: physicochemical properties, nutrient composition, and sensory evaluation

Purpose Protein-energy wasting is a common complication among patients with kidney failure undergoing dialysis. This study aims to develop a homemade oral nutrition supplement (ONS) to fulfill the energy and protein requirements of these patients. Design/methodology/approach Three formulations of homemade ONS were developed using soybean milk, whey protein isolates and canola oil. Two of these formulations were flavored with pineapple and honeydew juices, respectively. The energy and macronutrient contents were determined using proximate analyses, and mineral contents were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The acceptance of homemade ONS for five attributes, namely color, taste, odor, consistency and overall acceptability, was assessed using the nine-point hedonic scale. Findings The homemade ONS provided 198–212 kcal and 8.4–9.6 g protein per 100 mL, which were comparable to commercial products. Similarly, the sodium (45–65 mg/100 mL) and phosphorus (56–66 mg/100 mL) contents were on par with commercial products. However, the potassium content of homemade ONS was higher, ranging from 141 to 155 mg per 100 mL. The sensory evaluation indicated that the formulation added with honeydew juice had a similar degree of acceptance as the commercial ONS, while formulations containing pineapple juice and without added fruit juice were less favored. Originality/value A few studies have investigated the development of food products for individuals with kidney failure on dialysis. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to focus on developing a homemade ONS specifically tailored to meet the unique nutritional needs of hemodialysis patients. In addition, this research included a comprehensive assessment of the beverage’s nutritional content and sensory attributes.

Optimizing germination in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds through non-thermal plasma treatment

Abstract This study explores the efficacy of non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment in enhancing the germination of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds. The experimental setup utilized a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) system with specific parameters, including voltage, frequency, and treatment duration. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was employed to characterize the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generated during plasma treatment. Seeds subjected to plasma for durations ranging from 60 to 300 s were assessed for various germination parameters, including germination percentage, mean germination time, and seedling vigor. Our findings demonstrate significant improvements in germination efficiency, particularly evident at 120 and 180 s of exposure, where germination percentages increased by 113.0% and 83.3%, respectively, compared to control (untreated) seeds. Moreover, seeds subjected to NTP showed reduced mean germination times and enhanced synchronization in germination compared to the control group. Optical characterization revealed the presence of reactive species that likely contribute to the improved seed performance. These findings highlight the promise of non-thermal plasma as an eco-friendly method for improving seed germination in agriculture.

Verification of a Greener Method of Sex Determination Through the Multi-Elemental Analysis of Hair Using Electrothermal Vaporization Coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Verification of a Greener Method of Sex Determination Through the Multi-Elemental Analysis of Hair Using Electrothermal Vaporization Coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Laboratory Simulations of Plasma Generated Around the Atmospheric Reentry Spacecraft

In this paper, plasma will be generated in a laboratory as a simulation of what happens to spacecraft when they enter the atmosphere of Earth. Parameters of plasma generation were determined in terms of pressures of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mbar and generation energy 200 W. The parameters of the generated plasma were calculated using the optical emission spectroscopy two intensity ratio method, and the electron temperature, electron density, Debye length, and plasma frequency were calculated. Compare the results with the actual results, electron temperatures were 2.26–1.71 eV and plasma frequency 8.09 x1011-6.7x1011 at 0.1-0.5 mbar pressure.

Effects of Fresh and Composted Azolla on Soil Chemical Properties

The rise in chemical fertilizer use in Malaysia raises concerns about soil degradation and potential long-term yield reductions, highlighting the importance of using organic matter for soil restoration. Azolla has been extensively studied as an alternative soil amendment due to its high nitrogen and nutrient content, as well as its rapid growth. However, the effects of fresh and composted Azolla amendments on soil chemical properties are not yet fully understood. A soil incubation study was thus conducted to determine the effects of fresh and composted Azolla on soil chemical properties over a 3-month incubation period. The soil treatments consisted of non-amended soil (control); fresh Azolla at 3, 6, and 9% w/w; and composted Azolla at 1, 2, and 3% w/w, with soil water holding capacity maintained at 55% throughout the incubation period. The collected soil samples were analyzed for soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC), total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), available phosphorus, exchangeable bases—potassium (K), calcium, and magnesium, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). All data were subjected to variance analysis for statistical analysis. The study revealed significant effects of interaction between soil treatments and incubation periods for all soil parameters. At the end of the incubation period, the soil treated with 3% composted Azolla exhibited higher soil EC, total C and N, exchangeable K, and CEC compared to other soil treatments. The 3% fresh Azolla treatments were also observed to improve the soil’s exchangeable calcium by the end of the incubation period. In conclusion, 3% composted Azolla is best to help restore soil nutrient levels for crop uptake.

Adding More Shape to Nanoscale Reference Materials─LiYF4:Yb,Tm Bipyramids as Standards for Sizing Methods and Particle Number Concentration.

The increasing industrial use of nanomaterials calls for the reliable characterization of their physicochemical key properties like size, size distribution, shape, and surface chemistry, and test and reference materials (RMs) with sizes and shapes, closely matching real-world nonspheric nano-objects. An efficient strategy to minimize efforts in producing nanoscale RMs (nanoRMs) for establishing, validating, and standardizing methods for characterizing nanomaterials are multimethod nanoRMs. Ideal candidates are lanthanide-based, multicolor luminescent, and chemically inert nanoparticles (NPs) like upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), which can be prepared in different sizes, shapes, and chemical composition with various surface coatings. This makes UCNPs interesting candidates as standards not only for sizing methods, but also for element-analytical methods like laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), quantitative bioimaging methods like X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT), and luminescence methods and correlative measurements. Here, we explore the potential of two monodisperse LiYF4:Yb,Tm bipyramids with peak-to-peak distances of (43 ± 2) nm and (29 ± 2) nm as size standards for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and tools for establishing and validating the sophisticated simulations required for the analysis of SAXS data derived from dispersions of nonspheric nano-objects. These SAXS studies are supplemented by two-dimensional (2D)-transmission electron microscopy measurements of the UCNP bipyramids. Additionally, the particle number concentration of cyclohexane dispersions of these UCNP bipyramids is determined by absolute SAXS measurements, complemented by gravimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). This approach enables traceable particle number concentration measurements of ligand-capped nonspheric particles with unknown chemical composition.

Investigating the Reduction of Fluoroethylene Carbonate and Vinylene Carbonate in Lithium‐Ion Cells with Silicon‐Graphite Anodes

AbstractThe electrolyte additives fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and vinylene carbonate (VC) improve the lifetime of lithium‐ion batteries with silicon‐containing anodes by their reduction yielding a more stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). However, the reductive decomposition mechanism of FEC and VC has not yet been fully clarified. For this purpose, we investigate the electrolyte decomposition in LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622)/silicon‐graphite pouch cells containing either 1 M LiPF6 in FEC:dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or 1 M LiPF6 in VC:DMC using high‐performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Based on the molar consumptions of FEC and VC, and the cumulative irreversible capacities, we show that three electrons are consumed for every reduced FEC molecule, and that one electron is consumed for every reduced VC molecule. Based on the results, reactions of the FEC reduction are proposed yielding LiF, Li2CO3, Li2C2O4, HCO2Li, and a PEO‐type polymer. Furthermore, the reaction of the VC reduction is proposed yielding lithium‐containing, polymerized VC. During formation, the capacity loss of the cells is induced by lithium trapping in LixSiy/LixSiOy under the SEI and by lithium trapping in the SEI. During subsequent cycling, only lithium trapping in the SEI triggers the capacity loss.

Apoptotic Impact of Heliox Cold Plasma on a Cervical Cell Line Using Gold Nanoparticle-Doped Graphene Oxide Nanosheets

Background: Invasive cervical cancer is recognized as the second most common malignancy in women after breast cancer. Objectives: This study investigates, for the first time, the effect of gold nanoparticle-doped graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets on the human epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) cell line in the presence of heliox cold plasma. Methods: Graphene oxide nanosheets were synthesized using the Hummer method and then doped with gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the diffraction peaks of GO and gold nanoparticles were confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Additionally, the optical absorbance of the nanoparticles was measured in the range of 200 - 900 nm using UV-Visible spectroscopy. A plasma generator was fabricated to produce cold plasma using helium (He) and oxygen (O₂) gases at a 99:1 ratio. The radicals generated by the cold plasma were analyzed via optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Cell treatment was conducted by applying various concentrations of GO and GO/Au nanoparticles. Cellular phenotype was monitored through optical microscopy, and biocompatible concentrations of both nanoparticles were determined using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Subsequently, cold plasma at varying distances and durations was applied to the nanoparticle-treated cells. The generated radicals and the expression of apoptotic genes in treated cells were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and real-time PCR, respectively. Results: The width of the bacillus-like gold nanoparticles was 15.13 ± 0.96 nm. The cold plasma generated radicals such as N2I2⁺, N2II1⁻, He•, and O⁻•. XRD analysis confirmed the successful coupling of gold onto the GO nanosheets. The biocompatible concentrations of GO and GO/Au nanoparticles were found to be 30 µg/100 µL and 20 µg/100 µL, respectively, as determined by the MTT assay. Radical formation increased as incubation time was extended from 30 to 60 seconds. Furthermore, real-time PCR analysis demonstrated the highest levels of p53, Bax, and caspase 3/8 expression at a plasma exposure time of 60 seconds in the composite-treated group, while Bcl2 expression was significantly reduced. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the parameters of heliox cold plasma and the concentrations of GO/Au nanoparticles must be optimized to effectively induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells.

Biological importance and environmental quality of the Laguna Santa Ana in Zacatecas, Mexico

Objective: To determine the environmental quality and diversity of the waterfowl species of the Laguna Santa Ana, located in the municipality of Fresnillo, Zacatecas. Design/Methodology/Approach: A physicochemical analysis of the water was carried out to determine its organic matter pollution. In addition, the Bradford method was applied to establish protein levels, and an optical emission spectrometry was conducted to detect heavy metals. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) was carried out to identify and count the populations of the lagoon. Results: The physicochemical analysis of water recorded 55 and 230.6 mg/L BOD5 and COD, respectively. High protein levels (0.27-2.95 mL/mL) indicated organic pollution and high arsenic levels. The Shannon-Weiner index (2.7) recorded a high waterfowl diversity. Study Limitations/Implications: Biological abundance was not determined, as a result of the sample size. The changes regarding waterfowl diversity may be the consequence of the seasonal conditions. Findings/Conclusions: The Laguna de Santa Ana has a high waterfowl diversity, including species of international interest; however, organic pollution has caused a a significant environmental deterioration.

Exploring Pt-Impregnated CdS/TiO2 Heterostructures for CO2 Photoreduction

This work focuses on the production of methane through the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide using Pt-doped CdS/TiO2 heterostructures. The photocatalysts were prepared using P25 commercial titania and CdS synthesized through a solvothermal methodology, followed by the impregnation of Pt onto the surface to enhance the physicochemical properties of the resulting photocatalysts. The pure and heterostructure-based materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The obtained results show the successful synthesis of the heterostructure impregnated with Pt. Moreover, the observed key role of CdS and Pt nanoparticles in the final semiconductor is to reduce the electron-hole pair recombination rate by acting as an electron sink, which slows down the recombination process and increases the photocatalyst efficiency. Thus, Pt-doped CdS/TiO2 heterostructures with the best observed composition presents better catalytic activity than P25 titania with methane production values being 460 and 397 µmol CH4/g·h, respectively.

Transition from afterglow to streamer discharge in an atmospheric capacitively coupled micro-plasma jet

This Letter focuses on the discharge mechanisms of an atmospheric pressure micro-plasma jet optimized for endoscopic applications in biology and medicine. This capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) features a concentric double flow allowing for shielding the Helium or Neon plasma gas with carbon dioxide from the humid ambient air. High-resolution optical emission spectroscopy allows for the analyses of the Stark effect of the He I 492.19 nm and the Hydrogen Hβ lines to determine the electric field (EF) and the electron density spatially resolved along the discharge expansion outside the source. EF in Neon at atmospheric pressure was reliably determined with the Stark shift measurement of the weak Ne I line at 515.196 nm. In both gases, the EF diagnostic revealed a steep transition from CCP afterglow to streamer discharge with a magnitude up to 30 kV/cm. This research is a significant step forward in the field of plasma medicine with a plasma source capable of delivering a reactive chemistry with or without an intense EF to the target.

Association between selenium biomarkers and insulin resistance in women with obesity: A case-control study.

Although literature demonstrates controversial results regarding the association between selenium and glucose metabolism, no studies have specifically targeted a population with obesity even though this group is vulnerable to insulin resistance. To evaluate the association between selenium biomarkers and insulin resistance in women with obesity. This case-control study recruited 84 women with obesity and 129 with healthy weight (control). Selenium intake was assessed by 3-day food record. Selenium concentration in plasma, erythrocyte, and urine was assessed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Serum glucose, insulin, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed in a fasting blood sample. Homeostasis Model Assessment of Beta Cell Function (HOMA-β) and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance were calculated according to standard methods. Women with obesity had higher dietary selenium intake in comparison to the control group (p < 0.001). Further, the plasma and erythrocyte concentrations were lower in individuals with obesity (p < 0.001), while selenium in urine was higher (p < 0.001) than in controls. No significant differences in insulin resistance markers were observed between groups. Selenium intake was positively associated with HOMA-β in both groups. In women with obesity, selenium intake was also positively associated with insulin and HbA1c, while in the controls the clearance of selenium was negatively associated with insulin and HbA1c. There was a positive correlation between dietary selenium intake, fasting insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-β (p < 0.05). Women with obesity present impaired selenium metabolism. Further, we observed an association between dietary selenium and markers of insulin resistance, which may reflect the possible negative action of selenium on insulin signaling.

Study on the Thermal Control Performance of Mg-Li Alloy Micro-Arc Oxidation Coating in High-Temperature Environments

This paper reports on the successful preparation of a low absorption–emission thermal control coating on the surface of LAZ933 magnesium–lithium alloy using the micro-arc oxidation method. This study analyzed the microstructure, phase composition, and thermal control properties of the coating using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible near-infrared spectroscopy (UV-VIS-NIR) and infrared emissivity measurements. The results indicate that the hemispherical emissivity of the coating remains unaffected with an increase in temperature and holding time, while the solar absorption ratio gradually increases. The thermal control performance of the coating after a high-temperature experiment was found to be related to the diffusion of the Li metal element in the magnesium lithium alloy matrix, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), flame graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GD-OES). As the holding time is extended, the coating structure gradually loosens under thermal stress. The Li metal element in the substrate diffuses outward and reacts with O2, H2O and CO2 in the air, forming LiO2, LiOH, Li2CO3 and other products. This reaction affects the coating’s solar absorption ratio in the end.

A novel plasma optical emission spectroscopy method with neural network model for improving the accuracy of plasma diagnostics in low-temperature xenon plasma

A novel plasma optical emission spectroscopy method with neural network model for improving the accuracy of plasma diagnostics in low-temperature xenon plasma

Evaluation of Health Risk and Heavy Metal Pollution Caused by Dust Storms in Zabol City.

This study investigated the concentrations and compositions of specific elements in total suspended particulate (TSP) samples and the associated ecological, carcinogenic, and non-carcinogenic risks related to the inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption of heavy metals. The study focused on adult and pediatric populations in the highly dust-polluted city of Zabol, Iran, during 2022-2023. The samples were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The concentration of metals in milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) was as follows: Al (75053) > Ca (8206) > Fe (5439) > Mg (5323) > Zn (15.27) > Pb (3.66) > Cr (3.38) > Cd (0.011); according to the results, the highest amount of metals related to aluminum and calcium in dust particles. The calculated individual indices, including the ecological risk index (ERI), pollution factor (Cfi), and geographic accumulation index (Igeo), indicated that calcium exhibited minimal pollution, while the metal samples (Al, Mg, Fe, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn) were categorized as uncontaminated. The results revealed that the ecological risk factor (Er) is below 40, indicating a low level of contamination. Additionally, the pollution level determined by the ecological risk potential (RI) was less than 150, suggesting a low probability of contamination. Ingestion posed the highest average hazard quotient (HQ) values for both children and adults in terms of non-carcinogenic risk assessment, while cutaneous and inhalation exposures showed lower values. Furthermore, the hazard index (HI) for heavy metals remained below the safe threshold of 1. The risk index (RI) values for lead, cadmium, and chromium were all below 1 × 10-6 in both adult and pediatric populations. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines suggest an acceptable level of carcinogenicity for all heavy metals, indicating a potential risk of cancer associated with the presence of these metals in suspended particles in Zabol.

SODA LIME SILICATE GLASSES CONTAINING IRON OXIDE - IN VITRO EVALUATION

Three glasses with different iron oxide concentrations (between 5 and 8.1 mol %) were obtained in the CaO - Na2O - SiO2 - Fe2O3 system by using conventional melting-quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the synthesized materials is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis, XRD. The physico-chemical and structural characterization of the glasses was performed by measuring their density, refractive indices, as well as by calculating the molar volume, oxygen packing density and recording the infrared spectra by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy, FT-IR, respectively. The glasses were evaluated in vitro by examining bone-like apatite formation on their surfaces in a simulated body fluid, SBF. The structural changes in the glasses during the in-vitro test were traced by means of FT-IR and Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM. The solutions were examined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy, ICP-OES to determine the ion exchange between the glasses and the starting SBF and the corresponding effect on the pH was also recorded.

Multivariate Optimization of a Green Microwave-Assisted Hydrogen Peroxide Digestion of Vegetable Oils and Subsequent Elemental Determination Via Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry

AbstractA microwave-assisted digestion technique based on dilute hydrogen peroxide (MW-AHPD) was developed for multielemental determination in vegetable oils. The determination of ten trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Sn, V, and Zn) was conducted via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) after digestion. The most influential parameters were investigated by using multivariate optimization tools (two-level full factorial and central composite design) with percent recovery as the chemometric response. The optimum conditions were 2.0 mol L−1 (H2O2]), 156 °C (digestion temperature), 0.1 g (sample mass) and 50 min (digestion time). Under the optimized conditions, the efficiency of digestion was evaluated based on the residual carbon content (RCC) of the final digests. The RCC values were very low, ranging from 0.84 to 1.60% (m/m). The greenness of the technique was evaluated using the Analytical Eco-scale, and the proposed method was considered an excellent green analysis method with a final score of 90. The accuracy of the optimized MW-AHPD was evaluated by spiking sunflower, olive, and peanut oils at concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 μg L−1, and excellent recoveries between 90.3 and 107.3% were reported. The accuracy of the MW-AHPD method was compared with that of microwave-assisted digestion using concentrated HNO3, and there was no significant difference between the two methods. The limits of detection ranged from 0.026 to 14.6 μg L−1. On the other hand, the interday and intraday precisions were less than 6.67 and 6.96%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to determine the concentrations of trace elements in 5 vegetable oils on the South African market. Thus, MW-AHPD-ICP–OES is applicable for the determination of trace elements in vegetable oils.

Detection of Traffic Anomalies Based on Their Frame Wavelet Transformations Processing

Relevance. The active transition to a massive digital infrastructure based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought telecommunications networks to the level of dominant information resources. The one-time increase in the number of existing Internet services is inextricably linked to the growing variety of network anomalies on telecommunications equipment. In turn, existing methods of detecting network threats do not allow timely assessment of network traffic, which is characterized by a large number of parameters, and the detected anomalies from external interference do not have pronounced patterns. The purpose of the study is to increase the efficiency of detecting traffic anomalies based on the results of processing its frame wavelet transform. The scientific task is to develop scientific and methodological approaches that allow effective analysis and timely detection of anomalies in network traffic. A comparative review of search methods for detecting network traffic anomalies, algorithms for detecting uncontrolled anomalies, traffic analysis methods based on local emission factor, binary trees, optical emission spectroscopy. Decision. The results of the study of the possibility of detecting anomalies in the bitstream traffic based on the results of its multiple-variable transformation in the Haar wavelet basis are considered. The choice for further processing of the coefficients of the traffic decomposition matrix along the time shift variable is justified. It is proved that multiple-scale transformations not only increase the structural differences in traffic, but also open up the possibility of localization of anomalies that caused these differences. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the author's approach to detecting network traffic anomalies during the transition from the direct representation of a signal in the form of its discrete samples to coefficients formed from the matrices of its wavelet transformations, and, as a result, increasing its contrast with other signals with a similar structure. Theoretical significance. The necessity and sufficiency of using wavelet coefficients instead of time samples of signals in the basis of the parent wavelet from the matrix of the generated frame is proved. The relationship between the Hurst indicators and the coefficients of the cross-correlation functions has been established. Practical significance. The results obtained in the work, in the future, can be used in the construction of models for evaluating network traffic in conditions of deliberate, as well as methods for searching and synthesizing effective methods of protection against them.

Multi-Domain Data Integration for Plasma Diagnostics in Semiconductor Manufacturing Using Tri-CycleGAN

The precise monitoring of chemical reactions in plasma-based processes is crucial for advanced semiconductor manufacturing. This study integrates three diagnostic techniques—Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES), Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (QMS), and Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (ToF-MS)—into a reactive ion etcher (RIE) system to analyze CF4-based plasma. To synchronize and integrate data from these different domains, we developed a Tri-CycleGAN model that utilizes three interconnected CycleGANs for bi-directional data transformation between OES, QMS, and ToF-MS. This configuration enables accurate mapping of data across domains, effectively compensating for the blind spots of individual diagnostic techniques. The model incorporates self-attention mechanisms to address temporal misalignments and a direct loss function to preserve fine-grained features, further enhancing data accuracy. Experimental results show that the Tri-CycleGAN model achieves high consistency in reconstructing plasma measurement data under various conditions. The model’s ability to fuse multi-domain diagnostic data offers a robust solution for plasma monitoring, potentially improving precision, yield, and process control in semiconductor manufacturing. This work lays a foundation for future applications of machine learning-based diagnostic integration in complex plasma environments.

Mercury monitoring in farmed Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) using liquid asymmetric-electrode plasma optical emission spectroscopy: Ventricle tissue as a potential indicator

Tuna muscle is known to contain high levels of mercury, necessitating the monitoring of mercury concentrations in farmed fish at production sites. There is currently no straightforward in on-site method for testing whether the mercury levels in farmed tuna exceed regulatory limits. This study investigated the potential application of liquid asymmetric-electrode plasma optical emission spectroscopy (LAEP-OES) to estimate mercury concentrations in the tissues of cultured Pacific bluefin tuna at aquaculture farms. No significant differences in mercury concentrations were observed between the ventricle tissue and biopsied tissue from tuna bleeding site (TTBS), which can be harvested without reducing the market value of farmed tuna (Hg concentration of the ventricle tissue and the TTBS, median: 0.41 and 0.40 mg/kg, respectively). In addition, the relationship between mercury concentrations in the ventricle tissue and in the edible portions of three tuna fish was examined. The findings showed that total mercury level in the edible tissues varied, with the ratio of the mercury level in edible tissues to that in the ventricle ranging from 0.39 to 1.08. A positive correlation was observed between the average total mercury levels in edible tissues and ventricle tissue. These results suggest that determining the total mercury level in the ventricle, which is typically discarded at processing sites, may serve as a convenient proxy for quality control and monitoring purposes using the LAEP-OES method. However, larger sample sizes are needed to validate the proposed approach more robustly.