Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Features Research Articles

Evaluation of retinal nonperfusion in branch retinal vein occlusion using wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography.

To characterize wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) features of retinal nonperfusion in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Automated scanning of five 12×12-mm areas of swept-source OCTA and wide-field fluorescein angiography (FA) images was performed in a consecutive case series of 27 eyes in 27 patients with BRVO in this institutional cross-sectional study. The correlation between the areas of retinal nonperfusion detected by both examinations was assessed. Panoramic images obtained in five 12×12-mm OCTA scans in eyes with retinal nonperfusion were binarized or skeletonized, and the associations between vascular parameters such as vascular density (VD) and vascular length (VL) with the wide-field FA characteristics were evaluated. The mean area of retinal nonperfusion in the OCTA images was 81.0±66.8mm2 (range, 0.0-188.8). The mean areas of retinal nonperfusion in FA and the total FA images were, respectively, 84.7±72.5mm2 (range, 0.0-221.9) and 184.1±167.7mm2 (range, 0.0-515.0). The mean VD was 27.6±3.5% (range, 19.6-33.7), and the mean VL was 12.4±8.5% (range, 5.4-31.3). Separate regression analyses of the areas of retinal nonperfusion in FA (p=0.0004, R2 =0.4627) and the total FA (p=0.0008, R2 =0.4214) images showed a significant association with the VL. OCTA images based on wide-field technologies can quantitatively evaluate retinal nonperfusion in eyes with BRVO.

Optical coherence tomography angiography features in patients with idiopathic full-thickness macular hole, before and after surgical treatment.

PurposeTo present optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography features in patients with idiopathic full-thickness macular hole before and after vitrectomy.Study designProspective case series study.Materials and methodsPatients presenting with an idiopathic full-thickness macular hole (IMH) who underwent posterior vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and gas tamponade were included in the study. En face OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA) was performed pre- and postoperatively using 3×3 mm scans (Optovue, XR Avanti). Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, macular hole size (MHS), central retinal thickness (CRT), macular parafoveal choriocapillary flow area (MCFA), and fovea vessel density (FVDS) were measured and assessed using OCTA. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was examined before and 3 months after surgery.ResultsTwenty-eight eyes of 28 patients were included in the study. The mean age of patient group was 68.28 years. The hole was closed in all eyes after the initial surgery. OCTA showed enlargement of FAZ and increased CRT in foveal area. Mean preoperative FAZ area was 0.39±0.07 mm2. En face images of the middle retina showed a range of preoperative cystic patterns surrounding the hole. BCVA was improved from 0.1±0.11 preoperatively to 0.42±0.17 postoperatively. Mean FAZ area was reduced to 0.24±0.07 mm2 postoperatively with resolution of macular hole and adjacent cystic areas. Mean CRT was reduced from 396±62.6 µm pre-operatively to 272±30.7 µm postoperatively. After vitrectomy, the parafoveal choriocapillary flow area and FVDS of IMH eyes increased compared with the preoperative measurements.ConclusionQuantitative evaluation of vascular and morphological changes following IMH surgery using OCTA shows the potential for recovery due to vascular and neuronal plasticity. OCTA showing vascular changes and their quantitative characteristics might be a useful tool for the assessment of macular holes before and after surgical treatment.

Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in fellow eyes of choroidal neovascularisation associated with central serous chorioretinopathy

AimTo evaluate the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) features of fellow eyes of patients with unilateral choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) associated with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).MethodsMedical records of patients with...

Acute macular neuroretinopathy: pathogenetic insights from optical coherence tomography angiography

AimTo describe the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) features of patients affected by acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN).Methods This is a prospective, observational, cross-sectional study. Multimodal imaging, including spectral domain OCT...

Optical coherence tomography angiography characteristics of choroidal neovascularizaiton in eyes with flat irregular pigment epithelial detachments

Objective To assess the occurrence of CNV in patients presenting with flat irregular pigment epithelial detachments (FIPED). Methods Forty-five patients (49 eyes) with FIPED on OCT were enrolled in this retrospective study. There were 25 males (28 eyes) and 20 females (21 eyes). The mean age was 61.022±9.292 years. FFA, ICGA, spectral domain OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA) were performed in all patients during the same period. The FIPED was defined as an irregular elevation of the RPE allowing distinct visualization of Bruch’s membrane on OCT B-scan. The abnormal vascular signals from the deep retinal layer to the choroid layer on OCTA was defined as CNV. The CNV was classified into a type 1 CNV and a type 2 CNV according to the OCT characteristics. The CNV was classified into a typical and occult CNV according to the characteristics of the FFA image. Of all 49 eyes, fundus angiography revealed 18 eyes (36.7%) with CNV, and 31 eyes (63.3%) with no characteristic signs of CNV. FFA examination found that CNV in 8 eyes (classic CNV in 1 eyes, occult CNV in 7 eyes), which confirmed by OCT were type 1 CNV; transmitted fluorescence in 41 eyes. ICGA examination showed that CNV-like hyperfluorescence spots in 18 eyes, suspicious hyperfluorescence spots in late stage in 20 eyes, and choroidal high permeability in 11 eyes, respectively; and 18 CNV eyes were confirmed to be type 1 CNV by OCT. To compare the detection of CNV by OCTA and fundus angiography. Results Of the 49 eyes with FIPED, OCTA detected 36 eyes (73.5%) of type 1 CNV, and full or partial strong reflex signals were seen in FIPED; 13 eyes (26.5%) were not associated with CNV, and some strong reflection signals were found in FIPED in 9 eyes, 4 eyes with weak reflection signal. The FFA was examined for 1, 7 eyes of the classic and occult CNV, which confirmed to be type 1 CNV by OCTA. Among the 18 eyes with CNV which detected by ICGA, OCTA also found type 1 CNV. Among the 20 eyes with ICGA’s late suspicious strong fluorescent spots, OCTA showed 17 eyes of type 1 CNV; in 11 eyes with high choroidal permeability, OCTA showed type 1 CNV in 1 eye. Among the 36 eyes with CNV which detected by OCT, there were SRD in 32 eyes, no SRD in 2 eyes and retinal interlamellar cavities in 2 eyes. Conclusion OCTA can detect 73.5% of FIPED eyes with CNV. Compared with traditional fundus angiography, OCTA has a higher detection rate of CNV under FIPED. The FIPED of the internal strong reflection signal has a certain diagnostic value for the type 1 CNV. Key words: Flat irregular pigment epithelial detachments; Choroidal Neovascularization/diagnosis; Tomography, optical coherence; Fluorescein angiography; Indocyanine green/diagnostic use

Multimodal imaging of congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium (chrpe) lesions at different presentations.

Purpose: To describe the clinical presentation, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCT-A) features of all three types of CHRPE: a solitary type, grouped configuration bear tracks and multifocal type with the systemic association. Methods: A comprehensive eye examination included measurement of presenting and best-corrected vision, applanation intraocular pressure (IOP), slit-lamp biomicroscopy and dilated fundus examination. The retinal imaging included fundus photography, FAF, OCT, and OCT-A. Results: The study included retinal imaging of 3 varieties of CHRPE seen in 3 patients on routine eye examination. In all patients vision was 20/20, N6 in both eyes, and IOP was 14-18 mmHg. Fundus showed bilateral, multifocal, flat, pigmented retinal lesions (Case 1), solitary, the well-circumscribed lesion (Case 2) and multiple small, flat, pigmented lesions (Case 3). FAF in all 3 variants showed hypoautofluorescence corresponding to the area of the lesion with isolated areas of is fluorescence in areas of lacunae. OCT in CFase 1 and 2 showed increased reflectance of RPE layer with outer retinal layer abnormalities whereas in Case 3 showed normal RPE layer. OCT (Case 1) also revealed thickening of RPE associated with the intraretinal extension. OCTA of outer retinal layers in Case 1 and 2 showed vascular attenuation over the CHRPE lesion with hyporeflective areas whereas in Case 3 it was normal. Conclusion: A careful clinical examination with multimodal imaging helps to differentiate a benign variant of CHRPE from its counterpart associated with systemic features.

Understanding the structural changes following photodynamic and transpupillary thermotherapy for choroidal hemangioma using optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography.

Purpose:To study optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) features of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) following treatment with photodynamic therapy (PDT) and transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT).Methods:A retrospective chart review of consecutive patients treated for CCH over 2 years (May 2016–April 2018). The investigations, in addition to comprehensive eye examination, included color fundus photography, B-scan ultrasonography, OCT, and OCT-A.Results:The study included 16 eyes of 16 patients (9 males and 7 females). The mean age at presentation was 43.5 ± 9 years (range 33–62 years). Macula (n = 6) and superior arcade (n = 5) were the common tumor locations. Twelve eyes received multiple treatment sessions: TTT (seven eyes; mean 2.4 sessions) and PDT (five eyes; mean 2 sessions). Four eyes were observed because vision was not threatened. Pretreatment OCT features were Bruch's membrane atrophy (15 eyes), retinal pigment epithelial atrophy (13 eyes), outer retinal abnormalities (12 eyes), and macular subretinal fluid (12 eyes). Pretreatment OCT-A features were complete loss of choriocapillaris (16 eyes), irregularly arranged fine arborizing vessels (11 eyes), and more than 50% signal void hyporeflective areas (12 eyes). Posttreatment OCT-A showed persistence of choriocapillaris loss, flat scar with fibrosis and thinning of choroid in all eyes treated with TTT, and persistence of deeper choroidal vessels and no loss of choriocapillaris in eyes treated with PDT.Conclusion:OCT and OCT-A help understand the structural outcome following PDT and TTT in circumscribed choroidal hemangioma.

Optical coherence tomography angiography characteristics in diabetic patients without clinical diabetic retinopathy.

The purpose of this study is to measure optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)-defined retinal vascular and choriocapillaris parameters in diabetic patients without clinically evident diabetic retinopathy. Retrospective case series of eyes in patients with a documented history of either type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus without any clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy seen at the Vanderbilt Eye Institute. All eyes underwent dilated funduscopic examination along with OCTA. OCTA analytics were performed to calculate vessel density, flow area, and foveal avascular zone size. Thirty-seven eyes of 20 patients were included in the analysis. The mean glycated hemoglobin A1c of the 20 patients was 7.2%. All patients underwent dilated funduscopic examination by a fellowship-trained retina specialist. No patients had any overt retinopathy on clinical examination. Fifteen eyes had vascular abnormalities (microaneurysms) present on OCTA. Patients with microaneurysms and patients without microaneurysms were compared. Vessel density of the 6 × 6 mm macular cube images was significantly increased in patients with microaneurysms compared with patients without microaneurysms. There were no other significant differences in OCTA characteristics. OCTA can detect microvascular changes not otherwise noted on dilated clinical examination. These pre-clinical findings may facilitate earlier intervention for improved glycemic control and prevention of the onset of clinical retinopathy.

Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography features of sub-retinal fibrosis in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

The study highlights the role of optical coherence angiography in the management of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) who have developed sub-retinal fibrosis. Development of sub-retinal fibrosis in the context of nAMD is known to adversely affect visual function. The aim of this study is to assess structure and flow features obtained through swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with sub-retinal fibrosis and associate these with visual acuity (VA). Institutional retrospective cohort study. A total 39 eyes of 39 patients with nAMD with sub-retinal fibrosis imaged with OCTA were included in this study. Patients underwent swept-source OCTA. Thickness of sub-retinal hyper-reflective material (SHRM) and presence and configuration of a choroidal neovascular membrane were recorded in each case. A univariate multiple regression was performed seeking associations between VA and structural and flow OCTA features. Average VA on the date of OCTA was 53 ± 22 ETDRS letters. Average thickness of centre-involving SHRM was 157 ± 73 μm. A choroidal neovascular membrane was detectable in 26 cases and not detectable in 13. VA was independently influenced by thickness of SHRM (P = 0.034) and presence of a detectable choroidal neovascular membrane (P = 0.02) on OCTA. Poorer VA in patients with nAMD and sub-retinal fibrosis is associated with presence of a detectable neovascular membrane on OCTA. The role of OCTA to guide nuanced management decisions in this patient population may be significant.

OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY FEATURES OF ANGIOID STREAKS.

To analyze the optical coherence tomography angiography features of eyes affected with angioid streaks (AS) and to evaluate their ability to predict choroidal neovascularization (CNV) activity. Angioid streaks were individuated from a pool of consecutive patients. Eyes with and without CNV were evaluated by multimodal imaging. Thirty-eight eyes of 19 consecutive patients diagnosed with AS were included. Thirty of 38 eyes with CNV and 8 of 38 eyes without CNV were included. In the majority of cases, CNV showed on optical coherence tomography angiography tangled appearance always associated with signs of neovascular inactivity on multimodal imaging (100%-0%, inactive-active, respectively). Choroidal neovascularization cases showing interlacing appearance were often associated with signs of neovascular activity on multimodal imaging (71.4%-28.6%, active-inactive, respectively). Optical coherence tomography angiography revealed a total of 27 AS, of which 20 appeared as a choriocapillary rarefaction, and in 7 AS, optical coherence tomography angiography choriocapillary segmentation revealed an irregular vascular network, possibly representing fibrovascular tissue over the crack-like breaks in Bruch membrane. Optical coherence tomography angiography is a noninvasive tool to detect the presence of CNV secondary to AS and to evaluate CNV activity. Optical coherence tomography angiography is able to add a novel element to the multimodal imaging characterization of AS.

Quantitative changes in the ageing choriocapillaris as measured by swept source optical coherence tomography angiography

AimTo analyse quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters of choriocapillaris (CC) at the foveal, perifoveal and parafoveal regions in healthy subjects of different age.MethodsIn this observational cross-sectional study, consecutive...

Quantitative Analysis of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Features in Patients with Nonocular Behcet’s Disease

ABSTRACTPurpose: To quantitatively measure the flow, nonflow, density, and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) assessment tool parameters of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with nonocular Behcet’s Disease (BD), and to compare the results with those obtained in healthy controls.Methods: FAZ parameters, flow area of choriocapillaris, and vessel density values of both superficial (SCP) and deep capillary plexuses (DCP) were measured using OCTA.Results: The FAZ area in SCP, FAZ area in full retinal vasculature, and FAZ perimeter were significantly higher and foveal density-300 was significantly lower in the BD group than in the control group (p = 0.008, p = 0.015, p = 0.011, and p = 0.045, respectively). Vessel density of the foveal region in SCP and DCP were significantly lower in the BD group than in the control group (p = 0.039 and p = 0.010).Conclusion: Lower capillary vessel densities, particularly in the foveal region, could be considered a subclinical form of ocular involvement in nonocular BD.

Swept source optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography in pediatric enhanced S-cone syndrome: a case report

BackgroundEnhanced S-cone syndrome is an autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy related to a defect in a nuclear receptor gene (NR2E3) that leads to alteration in cells development from rod to S-cone. This retinal dystrophy may be associated with retinal schisis. The aim of this report is to describe structural optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography features in a case of enhanced S-cone syndrome associated with macular schisis.Case presentationA Caucasian 13-year-old girl underwent measurement of best corrected visual acuity, ophthalmoscopic evaluation, and fundus autofluorescence examination. Photopic and scotopic electroretinography were carried out as well. Enhanced S-cone syndrome was suspected on the basis of clinical and electrophysiological findings. Structural optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography allowed the further characterization of the associated macular schisis.Genetic analysis not only confirmed the diagnosis but increased the clinical novelty of this case report by showing two variations in the NR2E3 gene probably related to the phenotype: a missense variation c.1118T>C which leads to the substitution of leucine with proline in amino acid position 373, and c.349+5G>C, which involves a gene sequence near a splicing site.ConclusionsSwept source structural optical coherence tomography (B scans and “en face” images) and optical coherence tomography angiography allowed the observation of retinal structural details and the involvement of each retinal layer and capillary plexus in enhanced S-cone syndrome. Of interest, neither of the two NR2E3 gene variants found in this case report have been linked to any form of retinopathy.

Optical coherence tomography angiography features of choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks.

To characterize the features of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to angioid streaks (AS) with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and to assess its sensitivity in CNV detection in this particular context. Consecutive patients, both with treatment-naïve and recurrent CNV associated with angioid streaks were prospectively analyzed. All patients underwent macular imaging by fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), spectral-domain (SD)-OCT, and OCT-A (AngioVue, Optovue, Optovue Inc., Freemont, CA, USA). OCT-A detection rate of CNV associated to AS was evaluated by two independent observers. We studied the association between OCT-A feature and either exudative or active status using Fisher exact test. A total of 32 eyes of 18 consecutive patients were included in the analysis. OCT-A was able to detect CNV associated with angioid streaks in 87.5 % (28/32) eyes. OCT-A phenotypes of CNV were classified into interlacing pattern in 9 eyes, pruned vascular tree pattern in 7 eyes, and combined pattern in 12 eyes (Interuser agreement: 0.871 ± 0.071). CNV were not detectable in 4/32 eyes. There was a statistically significant association between the presence in OCT-A of densely ramified networks with both previous treatment status in the last 6 months (p < 0.001) and with exudative signs on SD-OCT (p = 0.014). OCT-A appears as a sensitive tool for detection of CNV secondary to AS. The interlacing pattern was significantly associated with active and exudative features.

Iris Microhemangiomatosis: Clinical, Fluorescein Angiography, and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Features in 14 Consecutive Patients

To describe the clinical and imaging findings and treatment options in a series of patients with iris microhemangiomatosis. Retrospective observational case series. Setting: Single institution. Twenty-two eyes of 14 consecutive patients with iris microhemangiomatosis were reviewed. Clinical examination and slit-lamp photography were performed on every patient. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography (AS-OCTA), anterior segment intravenous fluorescein angiography (AS-IVFA), and ultrasound biomicroscopy were performed when possible. Clinical and imaging features and treatment strategies. Twenty-two eyes of 14 patients with iris microhemangiomatosis were included in this series. Mean patient age was 70 years (range, 58-82 years), and all patients were white. The iris hemangiomatosis appeared as subtle, multifocal, ectatic vascular channels arranged circumferentially at the pupillary margin. Iris color was blue (n= 19 eyes) or green (n= 3 eyes), and the features were unilateral (n= 6 patients) or bilateral (n= 8 patients). Additional features included reduced visual acuity (n= 13 eyes), hyphema (n= 12 eyes), and glaucoma (n= 7 eyes). There was no history of ocular trauma or systemic vasculopathic conditions. AS-OCT documented the fine tuft at the pupillary margin, AS-OCTA showed vascular flow, and AS-IVFA demonstrated pupillary margin vascular lesions with mild staining. Observation was advised in 20 cases (91%), and argon laser photocoagulation was required for repetitive hyphema in 2 cases (9%). Iris microhemangiomatosis is a rare ocular condition, often manifesting with spontaneous unilateral hyphema and/or secondary glaucoma. AS-IVFA confirms the diagnosis, and intervention with laser photocoagulation is necessary in only 9% of eyes.

OCT angiography and evaluation of the choroid and choroidal vascular disorders.

The recent introduction of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has remarkably expanded our knowledge of the choroid through in vivo investigation of the anatomical and pathological features of this important vascular layer. New insights elucidating the morphological features of the choroid, in both physiological and pathological conditions, indicate that this vascular structure plays a crucial role in many chorioretinal disorders. In this article, a review of the salient histological and anatomical features of the choroid, essential for the proper interpretation of in vivo imaging, is followed by a discussion of the fundamental principles of OCTA and the application of this advanced imaging modality to study and understand the choroid. The current limitations of OCTA and potential advancements that may improve the widespread adoption of this tool are also discussed. A detailed review of the OCTA features of the choroid in the healthy eye is followed by relevant findings in major chorioretinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, uveitis, and inherited retinal disorders.

Optical coherence tomography angiography in myopic choroidal neovascularization after intravitreal ranibizumab.

To describe the optical coherence tomography angiography characteristics of myopic patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathologic myopia during ranibizumab therapy. Nineteen patients were enrolled in this prospective study (13 females, 6 males, mean age 55.25 ± 9.63 years) for a total of 20 eyes examined (14 right eyes, 6 left eyes). Images were analyzed independently by two examiners. Mean follow-up was 5.75 ± 1.88 months, with a mean intravitreal injections of 1.90 ± 0.44. Mean best-corrected visual acuity at baseline was 0.39 ± 0.18 logMAR versus 0.26 ± 0.16 logMAR 6 months after treatment. The neovascular area (Z = -2.091, p = 0.037) was significantly reduced after treatment, whereas vessel density was not (Z = -1.848, p = 0.065). Moreover, the best-corrected visual acuity was increased (Z = -3.055, p = 0.002). Neovascular area was significantly correlated with best-corrected visual acuity, at both baseline and follow-up (p < 0.05). Our data suggest that optical coherence tomography angiography is a reproducible non-invasive examination with which to monitor changes in the neovascular area in patients with pathologic myopia treated with ranibizumab.

OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY FEATURES OF CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHOROIDAL NEVUS.

To describe the imaging features of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with choroidal nevus using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) imaging. Retrospective observational case series. Patients with CNV secondary to choroidal nevus underwent full imaging examination including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, spectral domain OCT, and OCT-A. The OCT-A features were analyzed and correlated with conventional angiography findings and spectral domain OCT. There were 11 eyes from 11 patients (6 men and 5 women, mean age of 65 ± 20.4 years) included in the analysis. Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography disclosed CNV in 90% and 83%, respectively. Optical coherence tomography angiography displayed CNV network in 11 eyes (100%) and the pattern was classified as "sea-fan" in 8 (73%) and "long filamentous linear vessels" in 3 (27%) eyes. Distinct from CNV, intrinsic vasculature within the nevus was observed in six eyes (55%), corresponding to those with chronic retinal pigment epithelium changes. Optical coherence tomography angiography is a useful imaging technique to disclose CNV associated with choroidal nevus. Despite the presence of intraretinal or subretinal fluid and hemorrhage, OCT-A revealed the CNV in all cases, results noninferior to indocyanine green angiography. This imaging modality can be useful for analysis of long-standing nevi with related exudation.

Fluorescein and OCT Angiography Features of Takayasu Disease

ABSTRACTPurpose: Evaluate OCT (optical coherence tomography) angiography (OCTA) features in patients with Takayasau disease.Methods: The OCTA was analyzed to evaluate perifoveal anastomatic capillary arcade disruption, microaneurysms. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) was measured for superficial (SCP) and deep capillary plexus.Results: There were 26 eyes included. In OCTA, 11 eyes presented ruptures of the perifoveal anastomotic capillary arcade in SCP. A total of 5 had microaneurysms. The average SCP FAZ was increased to 0.34 mm2 in Takayasu compared to 0.27 mm2 in control patients.Conclusion: Fluorescein angiography is the gold standard to describe Takayasu retinopathy ischemic signs. Macular abnormalities are uncommon in Takayasu patients as retinopathy signs are mostly located in peripheral retina. This study reveals that most of our patients present an enlargement of the FAZ then highlights the relevance of OCTA to evaluate macular ischemia as a complement to usual retina global study in fluorescein angiography.

How OCT angiography will change our daily practice

Fundus imaging technologies have been developing rapidly in recent years. Among these technologies, the Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) is particularly noteworthy. Unlike traditional angiography, OCTA features non-dye-injection and non-invasivion, and is capable of providing high-resolution 3D images of vascular flow in the retina and choroid in a matter of seconds. Its clinical value is being more and more recognized by retinal specialists. In this article, we will illustrate how OCTA will change our daily practice in four aspects, namely: (1) changing our understanding of the diseases, (2) helping us with differential diagnosis, (3) optimizing clinical service process, (4) redesigning treatment & follow-up process. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54: 241-243).