Optical Coherence Tomography Research Articles

Exploring retinal vessel density alterations in prolactinoma patients: Insights from OCTA imaging.

To investigate microvascular changes in the macular and peripapillary area in prolactinoma patients by using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). A retrospective study. This study included 40 patients with treatment-naive prolactinoma and 42 healthy controls. Participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, visual field testing, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) assessments, including retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, macular, and peripapillary region OCTA by using the Topcon DRI OCT Triton Swept Source-OCT system. The OCTA results were evaluated between groups and then correlated with PRL levels. The differences in best-corrected visual acuities were statistically significant among the groups. The RNFL thickness in the superior and nasal quadrants was significantly lower in the prolactinoma group. The prolactinoma group showed significant reductions in macular vessel density (VD) across all layers than the control group, except in the deep retinal capillary plexus temporal quadrants. The radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) temporal VD in the prolactinoma group was significantly lower. In patients with optic neuropathy, correlations were observed between the RPC temporal and RNFL temporal sectors (r = 0.650, P = 0.03), and between the RPC inferior and RNFL inferior sectors (r = -0.612, P = 0.045). Between PRL levels and OCTA parameters, negative correlations were observed (RPC inferior: r = -0.452, P = 0.003; DCP superior: r = -0.379, P = 0.016). Our study revealed reduced VD in the macula and RPC temporal regions in patients with treatment-naive prolactinoma. OCTA holds significant importance in detecting potential retinopathies and vasculopathies. Future research should focus on examining pre- and post-treatment changes in treatment-naive patients without ON to better understand the impact of prolactinoma.

Association Between the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and in-Stent Neoatherosclerosis and Plaque Vulnerability: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study.

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between in-stent neoatherosclerosis (ISNA) and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR) following drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. We divided 216 patients into 3 groups based on the NLR tertile. We performed a comparative analysis of baseline, angiographic, and features of optical coherence tomography (OCT) between the NLR groups and performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the association of the NLR with ISNA and in-stent thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA). Patients in the third tertile NLR group had a higher incidence of ISNA and in-stent TCFA compared with those in the first tertile. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for ISNA and TCFA were 2.673 (1.257-5.684; P = 0.038) and 4.272 (1.740-10.488; P = 0.004), respectively, for patients in the highest tertile compared with those in the lowest tertile. Our study showed that an increased NLR was associated with ISNA and in-stent plaque fragility in patients with ISR following DES implantation.

Adverse Effects of Glyphosate-Based Herbicide on Hatching Rate, Morphological Alterations, and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Expression in Golden Apple Snail Eggs

This research investigated the effects of glyphosate herbicide on golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) eggs, focusing on hatching rates, morphological changes, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression to explore its potential as a biomarker of exposure. Additionally, key bioactive components in golden apple snail eggs were characterized. The study demonstrated that glyphosate toxicity increased with both exposure time and concentration. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) analysis revealed adverse morphological effects on eggs and embryos, including changes in shell structure and organ development. SDS-PAGE analysis identified four main protein bands, including Perivitellin 2 in three isoforms (98, 67, and 31 kDa) and Ovorubin (28 kDa). Lipids, phosphorus, and carbohydrates were identified as key components through Sudan Black B, Methyl Green, and Alcian Blue staining. AChE, with a molecular weight of 71 kDa, was further analyzed by Western blot, showing decreased expression with prolonged and higher concentrations of glyphosate exposure. GC-MS analysis identified major bioactive compounds in untreated eggs, including 3-Fluoro-β, 5-dihydroxy-N-methylbenzeneethanamine, 2-Aziridinylethylamine, and dextroamphetamine, which have pharmaceutical properties such as anti-hypertensive, diuretic, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as potential applications in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. These compounds were present at lower levels in glyphosate-exposed groups, suggesting glyphosate's impact on the eggs' biochemical defense mechanisms. This study highlights the potential effects of glyphosate on golden apple snail eggs, which may have implications for future snail populations and aquatic ecosystems.

Design of eye phantom for optical coherence tomography angiography study.

Tissue phantoms play an important role in validating biomedical imaging techniques. For optical imaging systems such as optical coherence tomography, creating layers of phantoms with different refractive indices is important. This paper explored various phantom materials to create eye-mimicking phantoms. The phantom also included microfluidic channels to mimic vasculature. To verify the optical properties of the created phantom, the transmission and reflection spectroscopy was performed using a photoluminescent spectrometer studying the complete visible and near infrared spectrum. We created a 3D model to house multiple layers that mimicked the retina at one end and the contact lens at the other, representing the anterior segment of the eye. A realistic retinal layer-mimicking, which, among other things, may pave the way for new combined imaging modalities.

Correlations Between Disability Score, Optical Coherence Tomography and Microperimetry in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Correlations Between Disability Score, Optical Coherence Tomography and Microperimetry in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

In Vivo Imaging Techniques for the Human Scalp: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Scalp inflammation and alopecia are distressing conditions for which patients regularly present to dermatology. Although some diagnoses can be made clinically, others require biopsy, which carries the risk of pain, infection, bleeding, and scarring. This review examines the existing literature regarding noninvasive in vivo imaging techniques and their evidence and utility in evaluating scalp pathology, with a focus on the diagnostics of hair conditions. A systematic literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines without timeframe restrictions. The PubMed and Clarivate (Web of Science) databases were searched using the terms ("imaging" OR "in-vivo imaging" OR "non-invasive imaging" OR "non-invasive in vivo imaging" "imaging," "in-vivo imaging) AND ("human scalp disorders" OR "scalp" OR "hair loss" OR "alopecia"). Peer-reviewed randomized control trials (RCTs), prospective studies, retrospective studies, and case series or reports discussing in vivo imaging of the scalp published before 2022 were selected. Forty-two studies were included and discussed; modalities included laser devices (n = 27), ultrasound (US) (n = 13), infrared thermography (n = 1), skin capacitance imaging (SCI), and ultraviolet light-enhanced visualization (ULEV) (n = 1). The most common laser devices used were reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), multiphoton microscopy (MPM), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). US techniques included high-frequency US (HFUS) and US biomicroscopy (UBM). Quality imaging of the scalp in the setting of alopecic, neoplastic, and inflammatory diseases is highly sought after. Many of these noninvasive imaging techniques show promise, each with individual advantages and disadvantages in imaging-specific conditions. Ultimately, noninvasive imaging techniques may be used to optimize patient management and minimize morbidity associated with scalp biopsies.

Autologous neurosensory retinal flap transplantation in a porcine model of retinal hole

PurposeAutologous retinal transplantation (ART) has been successfully employed in the treatment of large and myopic macular holes that are refractory to standard surgical treatments. Patients transplanted with a peripheral neurosensory retinal graft have shown unexpected improvements in visual acuity. The study aims to investigate if neural integration of the graft takes place in a porcine model of retinal hole. DesignExperimental animal study. SubjectsLeft eyes of ten Danish landrace pigs. MethodsThe pigs underwent vitrectomy under general anesthesia, and a subretinal bleb was created within the visual streak on both sites of the optic disc. A retinal hole, approximately 1900-4000 microns in size, was cut temporally using a vitrector. A graft of matching size was harvested from the nasal retina. The graft was gently moved toward the retinal hole under perfluoro-n-octane and placed within it. Endolaser was applied around the donor site, and either air or oil tamponade was used. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Color Fundus Photography were performed two and six weeks after surgery. At the end of follow-up, the eyes were enucleated for histological examination, including immunohistochemical analysis with antibodies against retinal glial cells, photoreceptors, and inner retinal neurons. ResultsRetinal hole closure was achieved in 9 out of 10 cases, with the graft remaining in situ in 6 cases. In 4 cases, OCT scans indicated preservation of the outer retinal layers, and in 2 of these cases, there was apparent integration with the adjacent host retina. Corresponding histology confirmed the preservation of the photoreceptor layer in 3 cases, but there was no evidence of graft integration with degeneration of the inner retina in all cases. The distance between the margins of the retinal hole decreased during follow-up, suggesting that the graft contracts and drags the surrounding retina towards the center. ConclusionThe outer retina of a retinal graft can be preserved, while the inner retina degenerates. No evidence of neuroretinal integration of the graft was observed. The retinal graft serves as a scaffold, promoting the centripetal migration of the edges of the hole, resulting in closure of large retinal holes.

Choroidal thickness in the eyes of Parkinson's disease patients measured using optical coherence tomography: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) presents a complex etiology involving genetics and environmental factors. Non-motor symptoms often precede motor manifestations. Dopaminergic neuron degeneration, oxidative stress, and vascular changes characterize PD. Retinal changes are studied as potential biomarkers, yet choroidal involvement remains unclear. This review aims to clarify choroidal thickness's role in PD progression for diagnostic advancements. MethodsWe examined PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases. Depending on the heterogeneity, an appropriate model was used for the meta-analysis. Additionally, meta-regression, publication bias, subgroup analyses, and quality evaluation were carried out. ResultsWe evaluated twelve studies involving 442 PD patients and 608 healthy controls. This study found insignificant differences in choroidal thickness between PD patients and healthy controls. ConclusionChoroidal thickness is influenced by age, axial length, and intraocular pressure, with PD potentially impacting thickness through neurodegenerative mechanisms. However, inconsistencies exist in the findings, warranting further investigation. Future studies should explore the impact of disease severity, medication effects, and other confounding variables on choroidal thickness in PD patients. Additionally, advanced imaging modalities like optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) may provide more comprehensive evaluations of choroidal vascular changes in PD.

PRPH2-associated Retinal Diseases: A Systematic Review of Phenotypic Findings

PurposePRPH2-associated retinal diseases (PARD) result from pathogenic PRPH2 variants, primarily affecting photoreceptor outer segments and retinal pigment epithelium. The focus of this article is to review and discuss the phenotyping of PARD subtypes. DesignA systematic review MethodsThe review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines with searches on PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. Eligible studies were those which discussed molecularly confirmed PARD or described associated diseases such as butterfly pattern dystrophy. Inclusion: cross-sectional, cohort, case-control studies, book chapters. Exclusion: non-English, conference papers, non-peer-reviewed, or non-full text articles. ResultsPARD is responsible for 25% of pattern dystrophy and up to 5% of inherited retinal dystrophies. There is clear evidence of phenotypic variability between individuals carrying the same pathogenic variant. Fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, while in research adaptive optics reveal detailed phenotypic characteristics, notably in retinal pigment epithelium changes and photoreceptor disruption. The phenotypic of PARD variability presents diagnostic challenges, with phenotypic features often overlapping with other retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease and retinitis pigmentosa. ConclusionThis review emphasizes revising diagnostic criteria by incorporating more recent imaging techniques and confirming diagnosis with the use of genetic testing. Understanding phenotypic diversity and intrafamilial variability in PARD is crucial for developing new treatments and for patient prognosis and future research should focus on larger cohorts studying genotype-phenotype correlations.

Visual recovery following pituitary adenoma surgery: prognostic value of optical coherence tomography and suprasellar tumour volume

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to investigate the effects of preoperative parameters such as retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, visual acuity (VA), visual field (VF), and tumour volume on postoperative outcomes in patients with pituitary adenoma. DesignRetrospective study. ParticipantsTwo-hundred and seventy-six eyes from 142 patients were included. MethodsAll patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation both before and 12 months after the surgery. RNFL thickness was analyzed using optical coherence tomography. VF testing was carried out using the automated Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer 3. Two primary visual field (VF) parameters, mean deviation (MD), and pattern standard deviation (PSD), were recorded. Patients were categorized into 2 groups based on their visual field outcomes: the MD recovery group and the nonrecovery group. MD recovery was defined as an MD value greater than −2 dB at the 12-month postoperative follow-up visit. ResultsThe mean BCVA was significantly improved postoperatively compared with the preoperative values (P = 0.001). Preoperatively, the upper, temporal, and inferior RNFL values were significantly higher in patients with normal visual fields compared to those with abnormal visual fields (P = 0.001 for upper and temporal, P = 0.008 for inferior). Preoperative suprasellar tumour volume was found to be lower in the MD recovery group (P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that preoperative inferior RNFL thickness were significantly associated with MD recovery (P = 0.023), and preoperative temporal RNFL thickness were significantly associated with VA recovery (P = 0.047). ConclusionRNFL thickness, VF parameters, and suprasellar tumour volume can serve as important prognostic indicators in patients with pituitary adenoma.

Persistent visual field deficit after half-fluence photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.

To report a rare case of a persistent paracentral scotoma after half-fluence photodynamic therapy for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. A 65-year-old man with a history of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy presented with a temporal paracentral visual distortion one week after undergoing repeat off-label treatment with half-fluence verteporfin photodynamic therapy for recurrent intraretinal fluid exudation in the right eye. Fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and automatic visual field testing were obtained. Humphrey visual field 10-2 demonstrated a focal temporal paracentral area of reduced sensitivity, which remained persistent on repeat testing up to 9 months. OCT macula and fluorescein angiography demonstrated subtle corresponding changes in the nasal macula, while indocyanine green angiography demonstrated no visible alteration in choroidal perfusion. Symptomatic scotoma in the location of laser treatment may be a rare complication of verteporfin photodynamic therapy even at reduced fluence, in the setting of repeat treatment in the same location, and may be identified and monitored with automated 10-2 visual field testing.

Retinal Damage and Visual Network Reconfiguration Defines Visual Function Recovery in Optic Neuritis.

Recovery of vision after acute optic neuritis (AON) is critical to improving the quality of life of people with demyelinating diseases. The objective of the study was to prospectively assess the changes in visual acuity, retinal layer thickness, and cortical visual network in patients with AON to identify the predictors of permanent visual disability. We studied a prospective cohort of 88 consecutive patients with AON with 6-month follow-up using high and low-contrast (2.5%) visual acuity, color vision, retinal thickness from optical coherence tomography, latencies and amplitudes of multifocal visual evoked potentials, mean deviation of visual fields, and diffusion-based structural (n = 53) and functional (n = 19) brain MRI to analyze the cortical visual network. The primary outcome was 2.5% low-contrast vision, and data were analyzed with mixed-effects and multivariate regression models. We found that after 6 months, low-contrast vision and quality of vision remained moderately impaired. The thickness of the ganglion cell layer at baseline was a predictor of low-contrast vision 6 months later (ß = 0.49 [CI 0.11-0.88], p = 0.012). The structural cortical visual network at baseline predicted low-contrast vision, the best predictors being the betweenness of the right parahippocampal cortex (ß = -036 [CI -0.66 to 0.06], p = 0.021), the node strength of the right V3 (ß = 1.72 [CI 0.29-3.15], p = 0.02), and the clustering coefficient of the left intraparietal sulcus (ß = 57.8 [CI 12.3-103.4], p = 0.015). The functional cortical visual network at baseline also predicted low-contrast vision, the best predictors being the betweenness of the left ventral occipital cortex (ß = 8.6 [CI: 4.03-13.3], p = 0.009), the node strength of the right intraparietal sulcus (ß = -2.79 [CI: -5.1-0.4], p = 0.03), and the clustering coefficient of the left superior parietal lobule (ß = 501.5 [CI 50.8-952.2], p = 0.03). The assessment of the visual pathway at baseline predicts permanent vision disability after AON, indicating that damage is produced early after disease onset and that it can be used for defining vision impairment and guiding therapy.

Biofilm growth Dynamics in a Micro-Irrigation with Reclaimed Wastewater in the Field scale.

The dripper clogging due to the development of biofilm can reduce the benefits of micro-irrigation technology implementation using reclaimed wastewater. The narrow cross-section and labyrinth geometry of the dripper channel enhance the fouling mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the water distribution and biofouling of drip irrigation systems at the field scale during irrigation with treated wastewater. Six 100 m lines of commercial pipes with two pressure-compensating dripper types (flow rate, Q, of 0.65 L.h-1 and 1.5 L.h-1, respectively) were monitored for four months. Different zones along the pipes were selected to evaluate the influence of hydrodynamical conditions (Reynolds number = 5400 to 0) on biofouling. Destructive methods involving the biofilm extraction by mechanical means, showed little biofilm development without significant differences in dry and organic matter content in function of the sampling location along the pipe or dripper flow rate (Q0.65 and Q1.5). These results were confirmed by non-destructive methods, such as optical coherence tomography, that nevertheless showed that biofouling concerned 15-20% of the total dripper labyrinth volume. Total organic carbon monitoring and its composition (by three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix fluorescence microscopy) showed that the biofilm did not significantly influence the organic matter nature. Our results indicated that the biological activity and biofilm development in irrigation systems were more affected by the environmental conditions, particularly water temperature, rather than flow conditions. This confirmed that treated wastewater with low organic content can be used in micro-irrigation systems without significant loss of efficiency, even in conditions requiring intensive irrigation, such as the Mediterranean climate.

Vision language models in ophthalmology.

Vision Language Models are an emerging paradigm in artificial intelligence that offers the potential to natively analyze both image and textual data simultaneously, within a single model. The fusion of these two modalities is of particular relevance to ophthalmology, which has historically involved specialized imaging techniques such as angiography, optical coherence tomography, and fundus photography, while also interfacing with electronic health records that include free text descriptions. This review then surveys the fast-evolving field of Vision Language Models as they apply to current ophthalmologic research and practice. Although models incorporating both image and text data have a long provenance in ophthalmology, effective multimodal Vision Language Models are a recent development exploiting advances in technologies such as transformer and autoencoder models. Vision Language Models offer the potential to assist and streamline the existing clinical workflow in ophthalmology, whether previsit, during, or post-visit. There are, however, also important challenges to be overcome, particularly regarding patient privacy and explainability of model recommendations.

Morphological characterization of coronary plaques in young indian patients with acute coronary syndrome: A multicentric study

ObjectivesThe prevalence of atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is increasing in young Indians (18–50 years of age). However, the characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques in such individuals are poorly understood, presenting distinct challenges for the management of ACS. This study aims to analyze plaque characteristics in young Indian patients with ACS who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. MethodsThis was a prospective, multicentric, non-interventional study on patients aged 18–50 years presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, or unstable angina, and were scheduled to undergo OCT-guided PCI. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were assessed post-procedure and at the 6-month and 12-month follow-ups. ResultsThe study included 100 ACS patients (mean age = 43.6 ± 5.2 years), with 51% presenting with STEMI. Pre-PCI OCT assessment showed that fibrous plaques (75%) were most common followed by plaques containing macrophages (27%), microchannels (20%), and calcified nodules (14%). In addition, plaque rupture, plaque erosion, and lipid-rich plaques, along with red, white, and mixed thrombi, were observed in 31%, 25%, 24%, 21%, 14%, and 17% (total thrombus occurrence = 52%) of the patients, respectively. At 12 months, the MACE (coronary artery bypass graft) rate was 1%. ConclusionsYoung Indian patients with ACS displayed a range of plaque morphologies identified through pre-PCI OCT. Among these, fibrous plaques were the most prominent type, followed by plaques containing macrophages. Additionally, plaque rupture, plaque erosion, and lipid-rich plaques were also observed in this population.

Suprachoroidal Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation for the Regeneration of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy: A Preliminary Investigation

Objective: This preliminary research presents clinical findings from patients with advanced Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy (GON) who underwent transplantation of Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UCMSCs) into the suprachoroidal space. Methods: This prospective, single-center study included 17 eyes of 17 patients diagnosed with GON, who received suprachoroidal UCMSC implantation. Patients were registered if their visual acuity and/or Visual Field (VF) deteriorated despite maintaining good intraocular pressure control with anti-glaucomatous treatments. Evaluations were conducted at baseline, on the first postoperative day and at 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), anterior segment and fundus examination, color photography, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) analysis, VF testing and Pattern Visual Evoked Potential (PVEP) assessments were performed at baseline and during follow-up visits. Results: All 17 participants completed the 12-month follow-up period. No systemic or serious ocular complications were recorded. The study showed significant improvements in BCVA, VF results, RNFL measurements and PVEP amplitudes at the end of the follow-up period. Conclusion: Although the sample size is limited, suprachoroidal UCMSC therapy appears to be safe, with encouraging improvements. Further studies with larger patient groups and longer follow-up periods are required to assess the impact of stem cell delivery on visual acuity and quality of life in glaucoma patients.

Association of lamina cribrosa thickness and hippocampal volume in Alzheimer's disease patients.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and affects a large portion of the elderly population worldwide. To analyze the relationship between lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT) and hippocampal volume in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The sample in the present study consisted of 20 recently diagnosed MCI patients, 20 recently diagnosed AD patients, and 20 matched healthy volunteers. Every patient underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The VolBrain software (open-access platform for MRI brain analysis) was used to calculate the hippocampal volume. Optical coherence tomography was performed to measure the LCT. Analysis of variance and Pearson chi-squared tests were employed to assess the results. The lowest total hippocampal volume (p < 0.05) was in the AD group, which was 6.14 ± 0.66 mm3, while in the control group, it was 7.7 ± 9.65 mm3, and 6.69 ± 0.46 mm3 in the MCI group. In comparison to the rest of the groups, in the AD group, the LCT was the thinnest (202.17 ± 16.35 µm). As per the results of the study population as a whole, low hippocampal volume causes low LCT, which shows an important relationship (r: 0.41; p < 0.05). The current findings present evidence of the relationship between hippocampal volume and LCT in patients with AD and MCI.

Peripapillary ovoid mass-like structure (PHOMS): prevalence, risk factors, and development over time in Danish myopic children

BackgroundOn optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of the optic nerve head, peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) are sometimes seen as a sign of axonal distension. The phenomenon has been reported more frequently in myopic subjects. We investigated PHOMS-prevalence in a myopic pediatric cohort, associated risk factors, and PHOMS development over 18 months during low-dose atropine treatment. MethodsIn this post hoc analysis of an investigator-initiated, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, 97 6- to 12-year-old myopic participants were randomized to 0.1% atropine for 6 months, then 0.01% for 18 months (N = 33), 0.01% for 24 months (N = 32) or placebo for 24 months (N = 32). Primary outcome was presence of PHOMS. Secondary outcome was mean nasal PHOMS diameter measured on OCT B-scan. Outcomes were reported at baseline, 6, and 18 months. Logistic regression and linear mixed modelling were performed. ResultsPHOMS were present in 26% of participants (n = 25), and 52% (n = 13) had bilateral presentation. Optic disk tilt (OR = 10.81; 95% CI, 3.58-32.58 [P < 0.001]) and longer axial length (AL) (OR = 2.06; 95% CI, 1.02-4.17 [P = 0.04]) increased the risk of having PHOMS. Greater increase in nasal peripapillary choroidal thickness over time was associated with smaller PHOMS diameter at 18 months (P = 0.05). ConclusionsPHOMS were common in our cohort of children with myopia. Longer AL increases the risk of, but not size of, PHOMS. The diameter of PHOMS seemed stable over time and unaffected by low-dose atropine.

How laser material processing can benefit from OCT technology

AbstractUltrashort‐pulse (USP) laser ablation enables the creation of freeform shapes that are challenging to produce with conventional optics manufacturing techniques. To maintain the industrial standards of many branches, it is crucial to not only consider material removal rates but also the surface quality and subsurface damage (SSD). This study investigates the SSD patterns generated in fused silica and quantifies key parameters such as the SSD depth by applying optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Comparative analysis of biometry and anterior chamber metrics in the eyes of extreme hyperopic and emmetropic children

PurposeTo investigate the clinical and biometric features of pediatric eyes with extreme hyperopia and report baseline biometric values. MethodsIn this prospective case-control study, the biometric parameters of eyes in children with extreme hyperopia were compared to those of an emmetropic cohort of similar age. Comprehensive eye examinations were conducted for new patients. Anterior OCT (CASIA-2, Tomey) and ocular biometry imaging (IOL Master 700, Zeiss) were performed for all participants. ResultsA total of 19 children (mean age, 12.3 ± 2.3 years) with extreme hyperopia (+8.84 ± 0.77) were compared with 17 emmetropic (+0.53 ± 0.43) controls of similar age (mean age, 12.4 ± 2.2 years [P = 0.864]). Extreme hyperopic eyes exhibited significantly shorter axial length, normal spherical equivalent corneal keratometry, higher astigmatism, lower anterior chamber area and volume, and narrower iridotrabecular angle optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters. Lens thickness and curvature were similar, with a slightly anterior and tilted position. ConclusionsIn our study cohort, extreme hyperopia was associated with shorter axial length, reduction in anterior chamber size, with well-formed, regular-sized lens positioned anteriorly, and a narrower iridotrabecular angle.