Terms Of Oppression Research Articles

HAK ASASI MANUSIA DALAM PANDANGAN AL QUR'AN

In life in this world, humans are creatures that have rights where these rights must be granted by various parties. In terms of oppression, colonialism, slavery and discrimination, there are various forms of action that can be said to be disrespectful to human rights. Where in the preamble of the 1945 constitution it was said that colonialism in the world must be abolished which can emphasize the glory and freedom of humans which cannot be taken away by anyone. In writing this journal the author wants to reveal about human rights in the view or perspective of the Koran by making the concept of Maqashid Syariah as its source and scalpel. Where in writing this journal the author uses library research methods or library research. In fact, issues and discussions about human rights have existed since the 18th century AD where the formulation of human rights at that time was still legal and used as a standard at this time, namely the one issued by the United Nations on December 10, 1948. In its journey, human rights themselves are increasingly increased and many violations have occurred in various countries and the world. In the Islamic religion, through the Al-Quran, rules have been determined relating to human rights, including (1) Where all humans without exception have the right to live, (2) living humans have the right to receive proper education and according to their abilities, (3) the right to be free and protect property owned, (4) the right to honor and (5) the right to be able to embrace a religion according to the beliefs one believes in.

Gender, Power and Subjectivity: Divorce of Chinese Migrant Women within a Transnational Marriage in Switzerland

Based on an empirical qualitative study, this article focuses on the life stories of three Chinese migrant women who have managed households with Swiss men, to demonstrate how they arrived at the point of divorce and how they reacted to social structures. This article also highlights that Sino-Swiss marriage-divorce is a transnational institution where different kinds of power relations intersect; the phenomenon of divorce in transnational marriages between migrants and local citizens is not so much a private affair, but rather a multidimensional social and political event in which immigration policies are involved. By analyzing both domestic and social violence encountered by Chinese women within transnational marriages in Switzerland, this article analyzes how different power relations such as gender, nationality and socio-economic class status determine the unequal positions of migrant women in claiming their rights during the divorce procedure. It examines how they react as subjects during the whole marital breakdown process with their Swiss husbands, both in terms of oppression and resistance. It argues that women within transnational marriages reconfigure their role and empower by subjectivizing within the intersection of different kinds of power relations.

Gender Issues and Intricacies in Shobha De’s Select Novels

Shobha De, a feminist writer, depicts her female protagonists in a forceful way and uses the plot to emphasize her point that personal is not private but political. The protagonists in her works were outspoken critics of conventional society and its rules. They are not the typical women who accept abusive, unsatisfying, or uncomfortable relationships (in all aspects). It could be male dominance, objectification, sexual discontent, passion, or something else entirely. They don't keep it hidden because they believe it is taboo. On the other hand, the male characters are not shown as villains, but it is evident from the plot that they are products of patriarchal society. Gender issues in her works aren't about female oppression in terms of domestic violence; rather, they are about the sexual vacuum that all of the female characters experience. Male characters were traditionally assigned duties such as sexually active, powerful, and have self-identity, but these female figures defy such stereotypes. They represent women by demonstrating that they too have sexual wants, power, and a need for self-identity. As a result, this research focuses on Shobha De’s novels Socialite Evenings (1989), Sisters (1992), Starry Nights (1991), Second Thoughts (1996), which all deal with gender issues. The study not only examines issues but sheds light on the protagonists' struggles to find self-identity.

Uneven time-space of unpaid reproductive work: an intersectional analysis of the Balearic Islands

This paper aims to examine the relationship between social reproduction and the production of space and, more specifically, the role of unpaid reproductive work in the unequal production of urban space. Although many studies have addressed the social dimension of space in cities, there nevertheless remains a lack of theory relating to the production of space through the oppression and privilege associated, with or caused by, the relations of social reproduction. With the aim of helping to fill this gap, the spatiality of unpaid reproductive work was studied through intersectional analysis. This was done by exploring the spatial practice of the temporary load of unpaid reproductive work as an element responsible for inequality and by relating this to the dimensions of: 1) space and time, and 2) class, sex and age. This intersectional approach allowed us to analyse inequalities in social reproduction and identify spaces of privilege and spaces of oppression in terms of unpaid reproductive work. The study focused on the Balearic Islands and used the latest Time Use Survey (TUS) available in Spain. It is a dialogue between critical urban geography, urban sociology and feminist theory, which makes it possible to visualise the power relations and urban inequality that have derived from the sexual division of labour within the logic of historical capitalism.

Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana Penindasan yang Dilakukan oleh Anak melalui Mediasi Penal

In handling the settlement of criminal acts carried out by a child in terms of oppression must use a justice approach. Then the formulation of the problem in this study is (1) how the legal settlement of the child victims of criminal acts of oppression, (2) how to settle the crime of oppression through reasoning mediation based on the child criminal justice system law. In this study are using normative legal methods, with a legal approach and conceptual approach. From this research, oppression is a matter of using violence, threats, or coercion to abuse or intimidate others both physically and non-physically. Discusses the settlement of criminal acts of oppression through reasoning mediation based on the child criminal justice system law on children who commit criminal acts of oppression can be subject to punishment in the form of witness prosecution and actions in accordance with article 71 and 82 of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning Child Criminal Justice System . In the settlement of criminal acts of oppression through reasoning mediation which is a type of justice such as various teachings of justice (attributive reasoning, distributive reasoning, social reasoning), has the concept of punishment that finds a way to enforce a more just and balanced system of punishment and can be carried out at prosecution and court proceedings with consideration of legal certainty, the benefit of law and legal justice for the victims and the perpetrators of the persecution.

Educação & emancipação pela agência dos movimentos sociais de sexualidade e de gênero

Este artigo propõe refletir sobre os movimentos sociais que pautam as questões de gênero e sexualidade, enquanto uma luta por direitos e contra as opressões, sobretudo no que se refere às suas agências na contribuição para uma pedagogia que emancipe sujeitas/os. A partir de conceitos-chave, como "machocracia" e "pedagogia da diferença", é discutido os caminhos pelos quais os movimentos LGBTQIA+ e transfeministas corroboram para o campo da política na conquista de direitos, fazendo-se valer de importantes diálogos de pensadoras/es na crítica aos sistemas excludentes e opressores, pontuando as agências dos movimentos como importantes vozes e ações necessárias ao enfrentamento das violências e injustiças sociais

A Tentative Study of the Historical Themes in Toni Morrison’s Paradise

Paradise is Toni Morrison’s major work after her winning of the Nobel Prize which expresses complex themes and her hopes for the reconciliation between the black and the white. Race issue and the oppression of minorities are entrenched in American history which was reflected in the novel. This paper intends to analyze the themes of racism and oppression in terms of Ruby’s death and Delia’s fate from the historical perspective in search of Morrison’s ideal ‘Paradise’ which is inclusive, accessible to everyone.

Time for Childhoods: Young Poets and Questions of Agency by Rachel Conrad

Reviewed by: Time for Childhoods: Young Poets and Questions of Agency by Rachel Conrad Amy Fish (bio) Rachel Conrad. Time for Childhoods: Young Poets and Questions of Agency. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 2020. Time for Childhoods insists on the value of poetry authored by children for its own sake, in its own time. Merging literary criticism with social science, Rachel Conrad works to dispel common biases against young people's writing and shape an interpretive approach to the genre. She urges a "shif[t] from thinking of children as potential artists training for a future in which they can express themselves and contribute to cultural life … [to] acknowledging that young people can be artists or poets in the present, now, while they are young" (xii). The resulting study not only makes "time for childhoods" but also clears space for future research and teaching on child-authored literature. As she advocates for young people's verse, Conrad champions interdisciplinary childhood studies. Perspectives from psychology, sociology, and education studies enable Conrad to conceptualize young people's agency and to critique teleologies of development that evaluate young people solely in the terms of their potential as future adults. These social science elements frame literary close readings of youth-authored verse, which build on lyric poetry criticism, as well as recent work on child authorship by such scholars as Victoria Ford Smith, Laurie Langbauer, and Katharine Capshaw. Whereas these three critics represent the strength of the field in historical cases of children's writing, Conrad devotes half her book to young writers of the twenty-first century. This contemporary emphasis may inspire us to attend to present-day children's ways with words as seriously as we monitor the ongoing production of adult-authored children's literature. In a fresh contribution to conversations on young people's literary agency, Conrad focuses on child poets' exercise of "temporal agency" (1). "Rather than taking time as an unproblematic given or fixed timeline," she argues, young people use their verse to "work with time as a pliable medium that they can shape and reshape" (40). Conrad grounds this idea in children's everyday experiences and actions, as illustrated in an anecdote of her young child Sammy's use of "slow-motion leave-takings" (13). By taking as much time as possible over such preparatory acts as the donning of socks and shoes, despite parental preferences otherwise, Sammy found a way to manage transitions in activity and setting. The concept of temporal agency proves equally relevant to young people's negotiations of intersectional structures of power, as in Aurelia Davidson's [End Page 208] "Trapped," a 1980 winner of a prize for youth-authored verse created by then-Illinois Poet Laureate Gwendolyn Brooks. Conrad tracks the timecentered moves by which Davidson's speaker escapes her constrained state as "'a little Black girl TRAPPED'" by "'the white man.'" As repetitive lines communicating futility and frustration give way to a fast-paced array of assertive actions—"'I look, / I learn / And I sing, / And I dance'"—the speaker shakes free of the set terms of oppression: "'And OUT I COME—/from the past'" (51). Davidson thus consigns to history what Conrad aptly terms the "drawn-out present" while laying claim to an agential future (53). Drawing on Michelle M. Wright's work on the epistemology of blackness, Conrad suggests that only by disrupting linear time, a poetic practice that Conrad terms "dynamic temporality," can Davidson liberate her identity as "a little Black girl." This specificity regarding young poets' confrontations with racism and patriarchy attests to the value of Conrad's temporal lens and constitutes a strength of Time for Childhoods as a whole. An introductory chapter unfolds the role of time in children's work, setting the stage for four case studies surfacing temporal agency in young people's verse. Archival research drives two historical chapters, each focused on a black woman poet's work with primarily young writers of color. Chapter 2 highlights Brooks's cultivation of child poets in the 1970s and 1980s. Chapter 5 examines The Voice of the Children, a Brooklyn-based youth writing collective directed by poet June Jordan and teacher Terri Bush in...

Smart Contracts and Consumers

‘Smart contracts’ are a way of using computers to make contracts unbreakable. Contracting parties do not need to trust one another to perform or rely upon intermediaries to enforce performance. Performance is guaranteed. This is supposed to be a victory for consumers – a clever socio-economic application of cryptography that strips power from companies and governments and gives it to consumers. But it turns out that less trust does not mean more freedom, or better bargains. The law of contract supports valuable relationships both by enforcing duties and by allowing parties to escape the consequences of ill-formed contracts and oppressive terms. Smart contracts remove these safeguards. Consumers may be bound, inexorably and without recourse, to contracts that are wholly devoid of virtue. The lesson of smart contracting is clear and urgent: when we design the future of commerce, we should direct our resources towards building, not emaciating, relationships of trust.

Standard Terms Contracts: The Approaches of Qatari Civil Law and UNIDROIT Principles 2016. A Comparative Study

Abstract This study compares the approach that Qatari Civil Law No. 22/2004 (QCL) takes to standard terms with that taken by the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2016. The main difference between QCL and the UNIDROIT Principles, is that the QCL relates standard terms contracts with adhesion contracts. The latter are only concerned with strategic goods and services that are monopolized by the supplier. Another difference is the remedy; under the QCL, the judge has the authority not only to exempt the adhering party from the oppressive standard term, but to also amend that term. However, under the UNIDROIT Principles, surprising terms are invalid. The study recommends that the Qatari legislator remove the connection in the QCL between standard terms contracts and adhesion contracts, and limit judges’ authority to exempting disadvantaged parties from oppressive terms.

Substantive Unfairness as Unconscionable

Contrary to the conventional view that the doctrine of unconscionability requires procedural defects and is based on bargaining inequality, this paper argues that, in principle, substantive unconscionability alone shall be sufficient to constitute unconscionability and so vitiate a contract. It is also my contention that Aristotelian idea of contract of exchange as an act of voluntary commutative justice explains the two sources of unfairness. They are not understood by contemporary legal scholarship, namely, economic unfairness and involuntariness. Economic unfairness prevents gross disparity, which alone triggers unconscionability; it has been observed that when a transaction is truly stupid or one-sided, courts will set aside the contract as unconscionable. When a contract violates the autonomy of a party by hiding offensive or oppressive terms in a boilerplate, relief is given by both the Second Restatement of Contracts and European Directive. Yet, there is no doctrinal basis in our theoretical framework that justifies either one of the two reliefs. We stand a better chance of having a coherent doctrine of unconscionability by understanding what unfairness means and seeing contract of exchange as an act of voluntary commutative justice as in Aristotelian tradition.

Finding dignity in a landscape of fear: enslaved women and girls at the University of Virginia

ABSTRACTFrom its inception, the University of Virginia was a destination for enslaved men, women, and children who were forced to leave their families to build and sustain the needs of this newly founded institution. This article explores the unique experiences of the enslaved women and girls who labored at the University of Virginia, and highlights the distinct intersectionality of their oppression in terms of their race, class, and gender. Their stories showcase the particular challenges that arose while enslaved at a university filled with young privileged white men, bringing attention to the historic and continual struggles of black women throughout history.

Rehabilitation as a Disability Equality Issue: A Conceptual Shift for Disability Studies?

Rehabilitation is a controversial subject in disability studies, often discussed in terms of oppression, normalisation, and unwanted intrusion. While there may be good reasons for positioning rehabilitation in this way, this has also meant that, as a lived experience, it is under-researched and neglected in disabilities literature, as we show by surveying leading disability studies journals. With some notable exceptions, rehabilitation research has remained the preserve of the rehabilitation sciences, and such studies have rarely included the voices of disabled people themselves, as we also demonstrate by surveying a cross-section of rehabilitation science literature. Next, drawing on new research, we argue for reframing access to rehabilitation as a disability equality issue. Through in-depth discussion of two case studies, we demonstrate that rehabilitation can be a tool for inclusion and for supporting an equal life. Indeed, we contend that rehabilitation merits disability researchers’ sustained engagement, precisely to ensure that a ‘right-based rehabilitation’ policy and practice can be developed, which is <em>not</em> oppressive, but reflects the views and experiences of the disabled people who rehabilitation should serve.

Architectural Accessibility of Historic Legacy: The Social Aspect and Design Prospects

Due to the necessity of eliminating civilizational backwardness, the contemporary discourse concerning the tradition and post-modernity is based on the assumption that the cultural environment is a part of an integrated system, and its function and form undergo changes in the course of a constant and complex process determined by the current economic, political as well as cultural circumstances. The recognition of the value of architectural monuments is an obvious fact, however, the idea of democratizing the legacy in the context of universal spatial design is a relatively new phenomenon. Adjusting the historic monuments to the needs of people with various limitations affecting their mobility and perception is less and less frequently considered in terms of oppression or arduousness. It has started to be perceived as a potential catalyser of positive changes. Architectural accessibility might contribute to popularizing the knowledge regarding the significance of historical legacy and provide the conditions for its sustainable development and stable subsistence. It is necessary to answer the question: can the cultural space along with the preserved throughout the history tradition of the absence of the excluded groups have a universal character, so that the conditions of using and experiencing this space by people with disabilities would not exceed their capacities.Owing to the fact that the application of universal design principles is practically more complex than the intuitive understanding of the concept itself, there is a need to continue multidirectional research taking into account methods for the real application of the assumptions underlying the ideas of social egalitarianism. The aim of the paper is adding new concepts to the debate on the roots of spatial discrimination and possibilities of counteracting this phenomenon by modifying the monuments, building complexes and historic places. The conclusions have been based on the analyses of international law regulations and available literature data, but, first of all, on the experience resulting from the cooperation with the people whose exploitation of the space environments is affected by various limitations and with the institutions through which they are organized. The dynamic and competent social and scientific dialogue concerning the issue of universality cannot be possible without the involvement of persons with disabilities.The article is a voice in the discussion on the common accessibility standards and it attempts to answer a question whether, due to the risk of degrading the original buildings tissue, the introduction of physical changes implied by the ongoing socio-cultural transformation should be limited or rather supported. The paper includes suggestions concerning harmless modifications and supplementing the existing building tissue with those elements which could play a role in creating optimal conditions for the inhabitants’ wellbeing and further socio-cultural development. The Author presents arguments supporting the statement that a proper understanding of the physical and mental needs of the users, professional experience as well as a proper level of awareness and empathy might open new possibilities to the designers, thus contributing to the effective reduction of the barriers existing in the space or even to their complete elimination.

The ghost of the machine: The relevance of material systems for psychology

Contemporary psychology theorizes and researches social oppression in terms of culturally and linguistically mediated phenomena (e.g., stereotypes, identities, norms, attitudes). Although social constructionist and embodied cognition perspectives correct certain deficits of mainstream approaches, they still consider embodiment only in terms of linguistic or cognitive mediation. As a result, the role played by human embodiment in material systems is largely overlooked in psychological analyses of capitalist oppression. Roberto Esposito and Maurizio Lazzarato propose that similarities (rather than differences) between humans and non-human entities, especially machines, should be the starting place for a critique of capitalism. Esposito traces the longstanding history of cultural divisions between persons and things, which contributes to our current blindness to embodiment. Lazzarato details how signs and diagrams—once thought to belong to the abstract province of symbols—now play a direct, vital role in material reality under capitalism.

An Apparatus for Negro Women: Black Women’s Organizing, Communism, and the Institutional Spaces of Radical Pan-African Thought

Abstract This article examines the activities and ideas of black women Communists Grace Campbell and Williana Burroughs as Pan-African intellectuals. Campbell established key Harlem-based formations, which facilitated black radicals’ thinking about racial oppression in terms of housing, health, and childcare. Burroughs drew on her experiences in these formations when she became the first black woman to participate in an international Communist gathering in Moscow in 1928. While neither theorized an intersectional approach to race, gender, and class, their activism informed important Communist organizations. Rather than make a claim of intellectual or political origins, this article argues that Campbell, Burroughs, and other black women Communists created the conditions of possibility for black women such as Claudia Jones, who would go on to theorize her notions of super-exploitation and triple oppression, and emerge as one of the most important radical Pan-Africanist intellectuals in Harlem and London.

Role of definition of clonogenic activity of stromal bone marrow stem cells in patients with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head

A problem of choice of medical tactic for patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is extremely topical. It is very important to focus ones main efforts on either organ salvage surgical interventions or on improvement of a technique for total hip replacement. Largely as a solution to this problem designation of regenerative potential of bone tissue by culturing fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-F) can help. Objective: To obtain data for the development of a differentiated approach to the treatment strategy by examining the clonogenic activity of stem bone marrow stromal cells in patients with ANFH. Methods: As a material for this study were samples of cancellous bone of the femoral head in 26 patients with ANFH at different stages of the disease. There were grown 36 cultures of stromal fibroblasts. We have estimated such parameters as total number of nucleated cells, the number of stem stromal cells - colony-forming units of fibroblast in the bone marrow of 1 cm3 and the effectiveness of their cloning among 105 nucleated cells. Results: It was found that as the disease progresses the ability to stem bone marrow stromal cells to ensure the reduction reactions in bone tissue loose quite rapidly. According to the results of the research the most significant negative effect on the proliferation and differentiation of stem bone marrow stromal cells of the proximal femur in patients with ANFH are such factors as alcohol abuse and exposure to toxic compounds. Conclusions: ANFH is one of the most critical diseases of the hip joint pathology in terms of oppression of the potential ability of bone remodeling and restoration. The regenerative potential of bone in patients with ANFH is significantly higher in the early stages of the disease.

An Ethics for Marxism: Spinoza on Fortitude

The radical implication of Spinoza's well-known formula, “The natural right of each person extends as far as his or her desire and power,” is that we always have the right to resist oppression so long as we have the power and desire to do so. But what underlies such resistance? Perhaps even more important, what best sustains resistance over the long run? Spinoza argued that both indignation and the pursuit of glory, which are “affects of resistance,” have disadvantages: indignation is a sad passion, and glory fluctuates between a joyous passion and an active affect. They are unstable and unreliable affective means to the end of liberation. How then to reorient and stabilize resistance to oppression in terms of what Spinoza called the joyous “active affects” of fortitude, courage, and generosity? This essay outlines conceptual resources for a Marxist theory of ethical strength to persevere in social and political struggles.

Gender, Race, and Juvenile Court Outcomes

The intersectionality perspective suggests that the treatment of females and minority youth may be based on one’s social location in terms of oppression and privilege. Applying this perspective to juvenile court outcomes and based on prior research, the current study attempts to understand the individual and joint effects of gender and race on the treatment of status offenders at two decision-making stages of the juvenile justice system. Results from juvenile court referrals in two mid-Atlantic states indicate that gender and race, both individually and in combination, impact case outcomes in terms of both severity and leniency. While results are not always in the anticipated direction, the findings reveal that gender and race still matter in the decision to receive a court referral at intake and whether to adjudicate status offenders.

A comprehensive systematic review on lateral/horizontal violence in the profession of nursing.

Review Questions/Objective The overall aim of this comprehensive systematic review is to synthesise the best available evidence on the experience of lateral/horizontal violence in the profession of nursing and the effectiveness of programs/strategies meant to decrease its prevalence or mitigate its negative effects. Specifically, this review will seek to answer the following questions: •What is the experience of being a licensed nurse who is a victim of lateral/horizontal violence? •What is the experience of being a student nurse who is a victim of lateral/horizontal violence? •What is the impact of experiencing lateral/horizontal violence on job retention and job satisfaction? •What are the most effective interventions/strategies for decreasing the prevalence or mitigating the negative effects of lateral/horizontal violence on licensed nurses? Inclusion Criteria Types of Participants This review will consider studies with a focus on licensed nurses and student nurses. For purposes of this review ‘licensed nurse’ refers to a nurse who holds a license to practice nursing at any level. Due to the ambiguity of nomenclature, different titles for licensed nurse will be considered, including but not limited to registered nurse, practical nurse, vocational nurse.) Types of Interventions/Phenomena of Interest The qualitative component of this review will consider as phenomena of interest the actual experience of horizontal/lateral violence by licensed nurses and student nurses. The quantitative component of this review will examine interventions/strategies meant to decrease the prevalence or mitigate the effects of lateral/horizontal violence on licensed or student nurses. Some examples of programs or strategies reported in the literature are intense education programs, cognitive rehearsal strategies, zero tolerance policies and workshops. Context This review will consider research on the experience of lateral/horizontal violence in the profession of nursing and the efficacy/effectiveness of programs/strategies that are designed to decrease its prevalence or mitigate its negative effects in any setting where licensed or student nurses practise. Types of Outcomes The qualitative component of this review will include experiential accounts of being a nurse or student nurse who has experienced lateral/horizontal violence. The quantitative component of this review will consider studies that report outcomes such as but not limited to: •types and intensity/severity of effects of lateral/horizontal violence on licensed or student nurses •number of lateral/horizontal violence episodes/ prevalence of lateral/horizontal violence. •job satisfaction •job retention.