Opposite Ideas Research Articles

“Platon contre Homère” : l’antagonisme des mensonges selon Nietzsche

Nietzsche's obsession with Plato has little parallel in the history of philosophy other than Plato's obsession with Homer. In both cases, admiration is matched by exasperation and, if we are to believe Nietzsche, even by “aversion” (KSA 11, 25 [103]). From his earliest works in Basel, Nietzsche seems to have sided with Homer, with “the whole Olympus of appearances” (GS, Preface for the Second Edition, § 4) and superficiality “out of profundity”, against Plato, “a man of many back caves and foregrounds” (KSA 11, 34 [66]). “Plato versus Homer: that is the complete, the genuine antagonism”, On the Genealogy of Morals solemnly sums up (GM, III, § 25). It sounds like a declaration of war. On the one hand, the will to truth and belief in morals ; on the other, the will to deception and beautiful, misleading images: two “natural antagonists”, two competing ideals. But how does the anti-dualist thinker of Beyond Good and Evil, who rejects any idea of real opposition, understand this antagonism? Is it really a question of pitting art against science? According to Nietzsche, the school of lies is where these formidable educators clash, their battle of models shaping European culture. “But education for what?” (KSA 12, 5 [50]). It is by learning from Homeric transfiguration and Socratic ruses that Nietzsche develops his understanding of the oppositional logic of the will to power, and raises the question of the future task of the authentic philosopher.

The Change and Development of Female Images of Different Social Periods Reflected

Before the emergence of deconstructivism, the idea of gender binary opposition occupied the mainstream of social thought. Female was regarded as second gender, attached to male who occupied social resources, and female’s subject consciousness was also weak. The proposal of deconstructivism broke this gender binary opposition, which belongs to the product of patriarchal society, female’s self-consciousness also gradually awakened. With the development of society through different eras, the changes of women’s status and thoughts in the real world are also accurately reflected in the literary works at that time. This paper takes the female images in three classic literary works in different social periods as the key point, including Tom Jones in classicism, Jane Eyre in Romanticism and O Pioneers! in Modernism. By analyzing the surface changes of these female images and the deep social reasons that promote such changes, this paper reflects the changes in social power structure and social resource distribution caused by the development of time and people’s ideological liberation, criticizes the imprisonment and oppression of women in the old society, and witnesses the gradual awakening of female consciousness and the birth of a relatively just society.

Mysterious informative control "from above", trite selection or permanent self-organization of living matter?

How much long the human civilization exists on Earth, so much time there are practically continuous disputes between supporters of creationism and evolutionism. At that in corresponding arguments, the former usually emphasize the astonishing complexity of live systems what's deliberately thereby associated with a pretty far-fetched chance of their self-emergence. While the latter flaunt about own totally unbiased reasoning which doesn’t require introduction of additional entities.Insofar as, to a certain extent, both of them prove to be right, so having analyzed all the scientific information at our disposal, we decided that it would be correct to try anyway to combine these, at first gaze, opposite ideas into a single whole. Thus, if to resume here the most important cornerstone points on which the author relies, justifying his view over organismic evolution, then one should indicate as follows.• Conceptually quite valid possibility of significant outwardly visible changes at the level of an individual – along with a strict karyotypic constancy in all its foreseeable ancestors. • The dominant role of the factors of internal self-development and selection as the main driving arms of progress.• The complete autonomy of the above evolutionary postulates from blind mutational entropy, i.e. the obvious independence of these routes from each other.In this way, the bold original theory presented in given article is based, by and large, just on those "three pillars".

Become a Better Leader: Start a "Stop List".

"To be the best leader I can be." It appears every leader is aspiring to be the best they can be. In fact, the literature is filled with books and articles offering various tricks to better yourself as a leader. In most cases, it's about adding something to your to-do list. In this column, we offer the opposite idea. We suggest that you stop doing certain things. After all, everyone deserves to experience you at your best. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2023;54(12):549-550.].

Colloquium 2 The Contemplative Community: Pre-Socratic Teachings and Their Appropriation in the Phaedo

Abstract This paper elucidates how the thinking about opposition that we find in the surviving passages of Anaxagoras of Clazomenae and in the fragments of Heraclitus of Ephesus informs discussions of the separability of the body and the soul in the Phaedo. I offer a reconstruction of the way in which these pre-Socratic ideas of opposition are appropriated and refracted in Plato’s Phaedo (especially at 85e–86e, 92a–95a, 102c–e, 102b–107a). I treat Anaxagoras first, in order to explicate how his ideas make up the background of the dialogical study of the separation of the soul from the body (102b–107a). My analysis of Heraclitus comes second and shows how his ideas inform the interlocutors’ assessment of the unity characteristic of the body and the soul (92a–95a). I set the stage for the discussion of Anaxagoras and Heraclitus by relating these thinkers to the broader Pythagorean background that is apparent in the dialogue.

After all, in reality nature cannot create itself! (Once again about the true mechanisms of evolution)

How much long the human civilization exists on Earth, so much time there are practically continuous disputes between supporters of creationism and evolutionism. At that in corresponding arguments, the former usually emphasize the astonishing complexity of live systems what's deliberately thereby associated with a pretty far-fetched chance of their self-emergence. While the latter flaunt about own totally unbiased reasoning which doesn’t require introduction of additional entities. Insofar as, to a certain extent, both of them prove to be right, so having analyzed all the scientific information at our disposal, we decided that it would be correct to try anyway to combine these, at first gaze, opposite ideas into a single whole. Thus, if to resume here the most important cornerstone points on which the author relies, justifying his view over organismic evolution, then one should indicate as follows. Conceptually quite valid possibility of significant outwardly visible changes at the level of an individual – along with a strict karyotypic constancy in all its foreseeable ancestors. The dominant role of the factors of internal self-development and selection as the main driving arms of progress. The complete autonomy of the above evolutionary postulates from blind mutational entropy, i.e. the obvious independence of these routes from each other. In this way, the bold original theory presented in given article is based, by and large, just on those "three pillars".

ChatGPT: discussion in Russian academia and media

The recent news of a Russian student successfully defending his Bachelor’s thesis written by ChatGPT has sparked a debate in academia about using artificial intelligence (AI) in educational processes. A Russian student posted on Twitte the whole story describing his experience and the steps he followed to create a thesis in 23 hours. This case encouraged academia to discuss ChatGPT’s usage in educational processes widely. Professors and teachers tend to present two opposite ideas: to ban and exclude ChatGPT from academia or to use it for educational purposes. The article deals with these two sides and includes qualitative and quantitative content analyses of Russian media publications on this issue.

Law and Gift: Phenomenology of Legal Experience


 
 
 The article aims to reveal the specificity of the legal as such in its difference from political or economic from a phenomenological point of view, that is, to determine what the experience of law is and what is its place in our experience as a whole.
 The key assumption is that while the political and the economic are based on the logic of the equivalent, which implies the establishment of a balance based on the balance of forces or interchangeable goods, the experience of law is fundamentally anti-utilitarian and subordinated rather to the logic of excess, or gift. This idea unfolds in three stages. The first part of article detects the place of gift in human experience. The next one is about the place of law in fundamental experience and the relationship between the experience of law and the experience of gift. In the final part, the question of the transformation of human experience and the corresponding perspectives of law is raised.
 The author argues that law is rooted in the structure of our fundamental experience or way of being in the world. The latter consists in the openness to the infinite otherness of the Other and, in this sense, is subject to the logic of the gift. At the same time this openness is never guaranteed, which gives rise to the experience of law. Aimed at maintaining the logic of excess or gift, law turns out to be not just one of the aspects of experience, but a condition of experience as such. However, today, in the conditions of the spread of the market and its inherent logic of equivalence to all spheres of life, the experience of law, subject to the opposite idea, and with it the experience as such, appears to be under threat.
 
 

Psychological and pedagogical directions and difficulties of improving modern education

Introduction. Many modern researchers and teachers are concerned about finding ways to overcome the number of difficulties of modern education. However, the numerous and diverse problems facing education are far from being solved.Purpose setting. The purpose of the study is to analyze the psychological and pedagogical aspects of improving modern education, those directions and difficulties of its development, which it has encountered in the modern world.Methodology and methods of the study. The research method is a theoretical analysis of psychological and pedagogical directions and the difficulties of improving modern education.Results. The discourse of modern «education» has changed significantly, it is rather difficult to compare the «educational practices of the past and the present, since they differ in their goals and values. The education of the past was the institution of cultural transmission, education and upbringing of a person. On the wave of the ideas of «humanization and individualization» of education, completely opposite ideas were actively introduced into it, the ideas of pragmatization of education, the goals of «education» eventually transformed the training and upbringing of a person into the training of a competent consumer and service personnel, that is, in a way that does not allow considering these two institutions as a whole.Conclusion. Prevention, correction and use of the stress of education, including the stress of innovation, are significant: it is important to build educational relationships in the spirit of focusing on understanding as awareness and mutual understanding as dialogue. It is important that the school and university develop a person's understanding of himself and the world, and, thus, increase the psychological well-being and life-affirming potential of a person. For this purpose educational relations should be enriched with models that allow subjects to be active and cooperate in solving problems that are urgent for them, realizing the model of intersubjective management both in the organization of education and in its process.

Multipolar social systems: Measuring polarization beyond dichotomous contexts

Social polarization is a growing concern worldwide, as it strains social relations, erodes trust in institutions, and thus hurts democratic societies. Polarization has been traditionally studied in binary conflicts where two groups support opposite ideas. However, in many social systems, such as multi-party democracies, political conflicts involve multiple dissenting factions. Despite the prevalence of multipolar systems, there is still a lack of suitable analytical tools to study their polarization patterns. In this work, we introduce new polarization metrics for multidimensional scenarios and develop a methodology that extracts the ideological structure of multipolar contexts from social networks. We propose the trace of the covariance matrix (the total variation) of the multipolar opinion distribution as a measure of global polarization, and its eigendecomposition to identify the directions of maximum polarization. Instead of using a pre-conceived opinion space (conservative vs progressive, liberal vs authoritarian, etc.), our framework reveals the natural ideological axes of the system. We apply our methodology to quadripolar and pentapolar real-world democratic processes, finding non-trivial ideological structures with clear connections to the underlying social context. Our framework opens new avenues for understanding multilateral social tensions and facing the challenges of polarization in a unified way.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ХУДОЖНЬОГО ВТІЛЕННЯ АРХЕТИПОЛОГІЇ ПЕРШОСТИХІЙ У НОВЕЛІ ЮРІЯ КЛЕНА «АКАЦІЯ»

KLENThe range of studies of Yurii Klen’s short stories has expanded signifi cantly recently. Among other aspects, researchers have focused on the archetypal nature of his prose. However, in this vector of studies of the author’s poetics, the interest in «psychological» archetypes still prevails – the Self, the Shadow, the Anima, the Animus, etc. Meanwhile, the writer’s active appeal to the fundamental im-ages of nature, the so-called archetypes of «primordial elements» is obvious. The study of their functional role in the authpor’s fi ctional system can lead to the solution in fundamental problems of Yurii Klen’s poetics.The peculiarities of the fi ctional world of the novel «Acacia» are largely deter-mined by the individual authorial embodiment of the archetypes of the primordial material elements, primarily Fire and Water. The author explains their dominant functions in accordance with the «mystical» plot of the novella and the intricate visionary and oneiric imagination of the main character. In the work, the arche-type of fi re is endowed with destructive and deadly power, while water embodies life-giving symbolism. Words and expressions related to the semantics of burning create an extremely wide fi eld in the text. This is «Fire» itself, and its equivalents, synonyms and derivatives. The motifs of heat, fl ame, fuel and the metaphors of burning, shining, explosion mediated by them become the variant-content realiza-tion of the archetype of the Fire. They echo in various plot situations and discursive representations, which receive an appropriate linguistic and stylistic design. The destructive element of the Fire in the text of the novella is opposed by various manifestations of the Water, which carries life-giving symbolism. The mediated collision of the Fire and the Water in the novella implies the idea of the eternal op-position of these two forces and a certain balancing sense of their interdependence. These key archetypes of primordial elements in the Yurii Klen’s fi ctional world perform the functions of expressing the fundamentals of Being, actualizing the dominants of life and death as a metaphysical vortex of all that exists

TWO SARANSKS: SOCIAL PORTRAIT OF RESIDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF CITY IDENTITY

The main purpose of the publication is to test the hypothesis about the existence of two social groups in Saransk that identify city residents in opposite ways (mostly positive or mostly negative), as well as assumptions about the age (generational) nature of these differences. The object of the study is the residents of the city of Saransk, the subject is the identity of the city, defined as ideas about the corresponding social community, urban society. The analysis is based on the results of sociological research conducted in Saransk in 2020-2021: a representative questionnaire survey of citizens at their place of residence, a focus group study, a semi-structured interview with experts. The hypothesis was mostly confirmed: two groups of citizens with opposite ideas about the identity of the urban society of Saransk were identified. However, the differences between them are not age-related (as expected), but cultural. The first group, “critics” (33% of the sample, mostly educated, often hereditary citizens with incomes at or above the median level), perceive Saransk society rather negatively, noting a lack of love for the city, unwillingness to participate in its life and lack of urban culture. The second group, “optimists” (67% of the sample, mostly city dwellers in the first generation with different education and incomes at or below the median level), positively identify residents as fully accomplished, almost ideal city dwellers who love their city. The conflict potential of contradictions is rather low: disagreements are realized only by "critics" and are conditioned by their ideas about "urban" and "rural", cultural and uncultured. "Optimists" demonstrate tolerance without noticing any differences. At the same time, the leadership and the public of the city need to be aware of the existence of two cultures in the social space of Saransk, as different views on the identity and future of the city, as well as the problem of the lack of dialogue between them. The development of Saransk is impossible without maximum reliance on the creative resources of both the majority of socially active "optimists" and the minority of "critics" - the keepers of the original urban culture.

Humanistic luxury: The illusionary vehicle for change-making

The financial crisis of 2008 had pushed for the internalization of luxury and promoted a new wave of brands pioneering intrinsic values over opulent goods and services. Sitting in the peculiar intersection of humanism and luxury, humanistic luxury is a novel subcategory of ethical consumerism, one that combines social development and materially derived prestige. With a promise to preserve dying arts and crafts and uplift impoverished but deserving artisans, a new form of inconspicuous prestige consumption was born. This novel badge of honour, however, also introduced unprecedented considerations to the global social fabric. Humanistic luxury, an oxymoron that is too often overlooked, may help eliminate artisan vulnerability, but it also cements social hierarchies confirming who is ‘worthy’ and who is not, ultimately hindering social mobility on both local and global levels. Based on fourteen deep interviews conducted with humanistic luxury consumers across eleven countries, this article is tracing the origins of this new segment, exploring the social dynamics that set it in motion, outlining its social impacts and guiding academics to further research and industry professionals to a critical understanding of development and commerce. Humanistic luxury, as the findings of the research demonstrate, is a synthesis that arises from two oppositional ideas and serves as a reconciliation between haves and have-nots, ultimately providing a compromise between social sensitivity and vanity-driven status-seeking, affixing the same social hierarchy and related beliefs they already possess. While this symbolic segment yields consumers with the agency to improve the life of vulnerable populations, it ultimately fails to deliver on its promise of creating an egalitarian society, as it exclusively works with the ‘distant other’, maintaining local and global social order and the access to resources, as we know it.

The Powers of Dignity: The Black Political Philosophy of Frederick Douglass

The Powers of Dignity: The Black Political Philosophy of Frederick Douglass

Transitional Words Used By The Students In Thesis Background of English Department At University Of PGRI Sumatera Barat

This study aims to analyze the accuracy of the use of transitional words in the background of the problems in the student thesis. This research is motivated by the problem of using transitional words in writing. This research is a qualitative descriptive study because the data collected is in the form of words using the content analysis method. The source of this research data is the thesis of PGRI University students graduating from the 2019/2020 academic year in the second period. Then, the data were analyzed using the techniques of (1) reading/recording, (2) describing, (3) classifying, and (4) interpreting. The results of this study found that some students used transitional words that matched the function and some students used transitional words that didn't fit the function. From this study, it was found that there were 77 transitionalwords used by students from 18 documents (background of the problem on thesis), the types of transitional words contained in 18 documents were To introduce an additional idea, To introduce an opposite idea, To introduce contrast, To introduce an example or illustration, To indicate a consequence or result, To introduce a restatement or explanation, To show cause and effect. Of the 77 transition words, 55 transitional words were found that were used correctly, and 22 transitional words were used incorrectly.

Afterword: Some Illustrations

Afterword: Some Illustrations

Предыстория и значение сцены на пароме в романе Л. Н. Толстого «Воскресение»

In the article, the scene on the ferry became the subject of a special study for the first time. Consideration of this scene in the historical and cultural aspect showed that the Old Believer theme, initiated by the letter of the runner A. V. Vlasov, set the final chapters of the novel Resurrection on an epic scale in understanding the fateful changes taking place in Russia at the end of the 19th century. The article reveals that the author of the novel wedged diametrically opposite ideas belonging to the folk thinker V. K. Sutaev. As a result, the author outlined a perspective for coordinating the old man’s differently directed judgments, it implies “non-resistance to evil by violence.” The final conclusion is made that the scene on the ferry grows out of the history of the statehood of pre-Petrine and Peter the Great times, which by the end of the 19th century was losing its essential foundations and degenerating into violence, as well as from the history of the original popular movement of the people in search of truth — as in the desired the prospect of finding a loving unity for all, and in the real danger of struggle and protest.

Introduction: The Enduring Dangers of Essentializing Labor and Laborers

This special issue of Kalfou on “The Enduring Dangers of Essentializing Labor and Laborers” identifies and examines the diversity of ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to two definitions of the word “essential.” On the one hand, service and production workers manufacturing and selling vital goods have been tagged with the title “essential workers” because their labor is needed to enable society to survive the pandemic. A grossly disproportionate percentage of these workers are immigrants and children of immigrants, African Americans, Latinx, and women. They are allowed—and in some cases required—to suspend social distancing and safety measures because the work they do is necessary. Yet in being declared essential, they have also been rendered disposable: susceptible to disease at their workplaces while deprived of proper protective equipment and adequate healthcare. As the articles in this issue demonstrate, these workers have become “essentialized” in another sense of the word—reduced to the essence of bare life and labor, treated as if underpaid service and physical sacrifice are their natural roles in life, defining their being. The authors gathered here explore how people deemed essential have been devalued as disposable, as well as how diverse people and social institutions have attempted to come to terms with the pandemic’s deadly toll by offering oppositional ideas about what—and who—is truly essential.

THE ROLE OF DISCUSSION IN ACTIVE TEACHING AND DIALOGUE CULTURE BUILDING

The objective of the paper is an active application of the discussion method in the process of teaching the social sciences, with the focus on the subject of history that develops creative thinking, the intellectual and analytical capacity of students. The paper brings in focus the importance of using class discussion in active teaching since this method activates and maximally engages students in learning process. In the process of discussion, students develop their logical, critical and creative thinking, cognition as well as personal responsibility. The discussion stimulates an ability to substantiate the position or idea through healthy argument and judgment. It also supports the formation of democratic values among the students. It also encourages tolerance and understanding of opposite ideas. The discussion increases self-esteem and allows self-assertion. Application of discussion improves the ability of the students to conduct dialogue, express their ideas freely, provide argumentation in support of their position, cooperate, communicate, regulate conflict situations in interaction with peers and achieve consensus without confrontation. Alongside the range of discussion forms, the objectives of the discussion method are also considered in the paper. The paper describes a comprehensive process of selection of the discussion topics, the question types used during the discussion as well as the procedures of leading the discussion. The role of a teacher to create a trustful, respectful, and healthy environment for the class discussion is well explained. In addition, the active and thematic planning of the discussion method in teaching different topics of History is comprehensively covered in the paper.

Perceptions of Female Medical Students about Practicing in Rural Areas

Background: Effective management of human resources for health-care services in rural areas are dependent on high salary packages. Aim: To explore whether security provided to female doctors in rural areas is sufficient as well as to determine if female doctors prefer to work in rural areas after specialization in Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study with enrolled female students (n=300) was carried out after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval at CMH Kharian Medical College (CKMC), Community-Medicine Department, Kharian-Pakistan. A structured close ended questionnaire was designed. Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 17. Analyzed data presented as percentage. Results: Results showed that 22% were satisfied whereas 78% subjects were unsatisfied. Regarding security satisfaction, 15% were satisfied whereas 85% were not. Similarly, staff available in RHC is sufficient according to 17% subjects while majority (83%) had opposite idea. Conclusion: We concluded that majority of the subjects did not want to perform their duties at RHCs rather 78% of them were unsatisfied with facilities provided to them at RHCs. Other reasons for unwillingness included lack of security, medical staff, low salary packages and plus they are not trained to work there. Keywords: Medical students, Rural Area and Security Concerns.