Opposite-sex Parent Research Articles

Examining the Tale of Keloğlan and Giant Mother Using Psychoanalytic Method: Transition from the Preoedipal Stage to the Oedipal Stage

Psychoanalytic literary theory is one of the frequently used analytical approaches. The theory tries to understand the unconscious motivations and desires of characters in literary works, as well as subjects in real life. This theory, founded by Sigmund Freud and developed by his followers, suggests that the words, behaviors and actions in a literary text can be interpreted through a psychoanalytic lens in order to reveal the repressed desires and anxieties of the characters and the author alike. In the psychoanalytic approach, the oral stage, one of the psychosexual stages, is the period when strong bonds between the mother and the child are at the forefront, and competition with the father has not yet emerged. This period can also be called the pre-oedipal period. At this stage, as sexual differences begin to be perceived, the child turns towards the opposite-sex parent. This phase, which includes the phallic period, is referred to as the oedipal period. During this period, the father, whom the child perceives as positive or negative, is also included in the child's life. Fairy tales have been passed down through generations and have survived until today, both orally and in writing. The effects of situations such as fear and violence that can be found in fairy tale on children and how the child perceives and assimilates this content have attracted the attention of psychoanalytic literary theorists. It is assumed that the language of fairy tale can be effective in solving some unconscious issues of the child in the pre- and post-oedipal periods. In this text; In terms of psychoanalytic theory, the tale of Keloğlan and the Giant's Mother, which is thought to include the issues of the child's pre-oedipal period, has been tried to be interpreted in the light of 'psychoanalytic literary theory'.

Sex-Specific Transmission of Anxiety Disorders From Parents to Offspring

Although anxiety disorders are known to run in families, the relative contribution of genes and environment is unclear. Patterns of sex-specific transmission of anxiety may point to different pathways in how parents pass anxiety disorders down to their children; however, the association of parent and offspring sex with the transmission of anxiety disorders has not been previously studied. To examine whether the transmission of anxiety from parents to children is sex specific. This cross-sectional family study recruited participants from the general population (enriched for familial risk of mood disorders) in Nova Scotia, Canada, from February 1, 2013, to January 31, 2020. Anxiety disorder in the same-sex or opposite-sex parent. Semistructured interviews were used to establish lifetime diagnoses of anxiety disorder in parents and offspring. The association between anxiety disorder in the same-sex or opposite-sex parent and anxiety disorders in the offspring was tested with logistic regression. A total of 398 offspring (203 female offspring with a mean [SD] age of 11.1 [3.7] years and 195 male offspring with a mean [SD] age of 10.6 [3.1] years) of 221 mothers and 237 fathers participated in the study. Anxiety disorders in the same-sex parent (odds ratio [OR], 2.85; 95% CI, 1.52-5.34; P = .001) were associated with increased rates of anxiety disorders in the offspring, whereas anxiety disorders in the opposite-sex parent (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 0.81-2.81; P = .20) were not. Sharing a household with a same-sex parent without anxiety was associated with lower rates of offspring anxiety (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.22-0.67; P = .001), but the presence of an opposite-sex parent without anxiety was not (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.56-1.63; P = .88). In this cross-sectional study of families, an association between the same-sex parent's anxiety disorder and anxiety disorders in offspring suggests an environmental mechanism, such as modeling. Future studies should establish whether treating parents' anxiety may protect their children from developing an anxiety disorder.

Vliv rodičovských charakteristik na výběr partnera

The aim of this report is to present the research project „Effect of parental characteristics on mate choice“ supported by the Czech Science Foundation (GA18–15168S). It is a multidisciplinary project involving not only psychological but also biological and chemical methods, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the studied phenomenon. The main aim of the project is to investigate whether people choose mates similar to their opposite-sex parents in the face, body odor, voice, temperament, and personality.

Reproductive Ethics and Family

Reproductive Ethics and Family

Effects of sexual imprinting on partner preference for personality traits in Chinese gay men

Sexual imprinting refers to the phenomena where an individual's mate selection behavior is influenced by the characteristics of their parents in the early stages of life. Previous studies revealed that heterosexual men and women prefer partners with personality traits similar to their opposite-sex parents, indicating the sexual imprinting effects in personality preferences. This study aims to examine whether there are sexual imprinting effects on partner preferences for personality traits in gay men. We tested whether parent-child relationship in childhood (before 12 years old) and/or adolescence (12–18 years old) moderated the sexual imprinting effects. Participants (N = 311) were asked to assess their parents' and ideal partner's Big Five personality traits and gender roles, respectively. The parent-child relationships in childhood and adolescence were also assessed. The results revealed that gay men's ideal partner's traits were similar to their fathers' traits for emotional stability, similar to their mothers' traits for agreeableness and openness, and similar to both their fathers' and mothers' traits for conscientiousness. The ideal partners' gender roles were similar to both mothers' and fathers' instrumentality and expressiveness. The relationship quality with the mother in childhood modulated the mating effects in conscientiousness and expressiveness. The relationship quality with the father in adolescence modulated the mating effects in masculine instrumentality. The findings indicated the sexual imprinting effects on partner preference for personality traits in gay men and both father's and mother's personality traits in shaping gay's partner preference.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Cyber Dating Abuse: An Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model Approach.

The increasing role that new technologies play in intimate relationships has led to the emergence of a new form of couple violence, cyber dating abuse, especially among adolescents and young adults. Although this phenomenon has received increased attention, no research has investigated predictors of cyber dating abuse taking into account the interdependence of the two partners. The study examines adverse childhood experiences (abuse, neglect, and witnessed intimate partner violence) and early maladaptive schemas (emotional deprivation and abandonment) as possible predictors of young adults’ perpetrated and suffered cyber dating abuse. Adopting a dyadic approach, mediational models in which adverse childhood experiences were assumed to be related to individual and partner’s cyber dating abuse through individual early maladaptive schemas were tested. 134 couples completed online self-reports of the variables of interest, including a bidimensional measure of cyber dating abuse assessing pressure-aggression and control-monitoring. Actor-partner interdependence mediation model analyses were conducted. Results indicated that the emotional deprivation schema mediated the association between adverse childhood experiences and cyber dating abuse, whereas the abandonment schema did not. Specifically, more frequent experiences of emotional abuse and physical neglect during childhood were indirectly related to increased likelihood of perpetrating cyber dating pressure-aggression as well as of perpetrating and suffering cyber dating control-monitoring in both males and females. These associations were mediated by a stronger internalization of the emotional deprivation schema and were supported by both self-reported and partner-reported data. Also, a strong and direct association was found between childhood exposure to intimate partner violence by the opposite-sex parent and cyber dating pressure-aggression by females or control-monitoring by both males and females. These findings help to clarify the potential negative effects of specific adverse childhood experiences and early maladaptive schemas on the tendency to perpetrate and suffer cyber abuse in romantic relationships. The implications for prevention and treatment programs are noted and avenues for future research are described.

The Intergenerational Transmission of Life Satisfaction between Parents and Children and the Mediating Role of Supportive Parenting

Processes of intergenerational transmission can have long-lasting negative consequences for children, thereby perpetuating or exacerbating existing social and health inequalities within society. The present study investigates the intergenerational transmission of life satisfaction between parents and their adolescent children. Based on cross-sectional data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), multilevel linear regression models were estimated for 4,154 adolescents at the age of 17 years, and their parents. The statistical analysis provided evidence for the intergenerational transmission of life satisfaction between parents and their children, as parents’ levels of life satisfaction were positively and significantly related to levels of life satisfaction in adolescents. Furthermore, mothers’ and fathers’ supportive parenting partially mediated this relationship, with higher levels of supportive parenting contributing to increased levels of adolescent life satisfaction. However, the results of the analysis revealed no significant differences between same-sex and opposite-sex parent–child dyads in the intergenerational transmission of life satisfaction.

Are Children Harmed with Same-Sex Parents? The Full Mandiner Interview

Evidence shows that children with same-sex parents experience over twice the rate of emotional problems as those with opposite-sex parents. The difference holds even after controlling for family instability such as prior divorce. This exchange reviews the available evidence.

The Gender Difference in Association between Home-Based Environment and Different Physical Behaviors of Chinese Adolescents.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the home-based physical activity (PA) environmental characteristics, and different types of physical behavior level of adolescents in different genders, and explore the impact of different domains of home-based PA environmental factors on different physical behaviors of adolescents in different genders. Methods: Five hundred forty-four adolescents aged from 12 to 18 years old (males: n = 358, females: n = 186) and their parents were analyzed in this cross-sectional survey. The volume of various physical behaviors of all adolescent subjects were measured by the ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer, and the level in different domains of home-based environmental characteristics were assessed by the Gattshall’s home-based PA environment questionnaire, which was answered by adolescents’ parents. The difference in the volume of different physical behaviors was examined using Kruskal–Wallis analysis. The difference in home physical environment and home social environment for adolescents was examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multiple linear regression analysis in the adjusted model was used to evaluate the influence of different home-based PA environmental domains (PA availability, PA accessibility, Parental role-modeling of PA, and Parental policies around PA) on different physical behaviors (sedentary behavior, SB; light-intensity physical activity, LPA; and moderate-vigorous physical activity, MVPA) of adolescents (boys and girls). Results: The volume of LPA and MVPA, the score of PA accessibility in the home physical environment, and the score of home social environment of boys are significantly higher than those of girls, while the SB volume of boys is significantly lower than that of girls. The PA availability, the parents’ role-modeling of PA in same-sex parent–child dyads, and the parents’ policies around PA in opposite-sex parent–child dyads are significantly associated with adolescents’ decreased SB and increased LPA and MVPA. Conclusion: There is significant gender difference in adolescents’ physical behaviors and home-based environmental characteristics, as well as in the association between adolescents’ physical behaviors and their home-based environment. The PA availability, the parents’ role-modeling of PA in same-sex parent–child dyads, and the parents’ policies around PA in opposite-sex parent–child dyads can significantly promote adolescents’ healthy physical behaviors.

Freud’s Oedipus Complex in the #MeToo Era: A Discussion of the Validity of Psychoanalysis in Light of Contemporary Research

The Oedipus complex is a child development construct developed by Sigmond Freud that asserts that all children experience sexual desire towards their opposite sex parent, and failure to accept this “truth” can lead to mental health issues. Freud also asserted that children are not harmed by acts of sexual violence. In contrast, the #MeToo movement is a global incentive aimed at creating an awareness of the harm that sexual violence can cause. In many regards, #MeToo is a reaction against a systemic failure to prevent sexual violence from occurring in the first place. By contrasting Freudian ideas with #MeToo, I argue that the enduring popularity of Freud and his psychoanalytic ideas is a negative influence on culture. In the light of contemporary research from cognitive psychology, psychosocial considerations, child development, and trauma-informed practices, Freudian ideas can be proven to be fallible. Moreover, dispelling misleading assumptions about sexual desires is a beneficial endeavour towards reducing the likelihood of future sexual violence. Additionally, I explore Freudian interpretations of mythology and propose that he misappropriated ancient belief systems.

MINORS ON TRIAL FOR CRIME: VIEW OF THE CHILD PSYCHIATRIST IN JUDICIAL ENVIRONMENT IN BENIN

The developmental path of the minor may be marked by particular situations such as conflicts with the law, various crimes. The situations, contexts and processes that lead to crime are multiple. Thus, the aim of our research was to study the characteristics of minors judged for crime, seen in a judicial space. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out at the Cotonou First Instance Court. Data were collected from the judicial files of minors tried for crime by the juvenile court ruling on criminal matters from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2015; 34 files were taken into account. The respondents were all adolescents aged between 10 and 18 years. The majority of them were tried for homicide (61.7%) and rape (32.4%). For 35.3% of the minors tried for crime, the relationship with opposite sex parent had poor quality. These minors received a firm prison sentence (88.2%), and 11.8% of them were placed in a foster centre without receiving a prison sentence. Crimes committed by minors calls into question our ability to supervise and provide a safe and appropriate framework for the psychological construction of children and adolescents in our society. Measures should be taken in terms of prevention at various levels to reduce the risk of children developing criminal behaviour.

In humans, only attractive females fulfil their sexually imprinted preferences for eye colour

Early exposure to parental features shapes later sexual preferences in fish, birds, and mammals. Here I report that human males’ preferences for a conspicuous trait, colourful eyes, are affected by the eye colour of mothers. Female faces with light (blue or green) eyes were liked better by men whose mother had light eyes; the effect broke down in those who had felt rejected by her as children. These results, garnered on over one thousand men, complete those of a symmetrical study on one thousand women, painting a fuller picture of human sexual imprinting. Both men and women appear to have imprinted on their opposite-sex parents unless these were perceived as cold and unjustly punitive. Birds require strong attachment to sexually imprint—a constraint in place to reduce the perils of acquiring the wrong sort of information. Parents who form no bond with their offspring may fail to be recognised as appropriate parental imprinting objects. Consistent with human females being, as in most of the animal kingdom, the choosier sex, imprinted preferences were displayed by both sexes but translated into real-life partner choices solely in women—attractive women. Apparently, not all of us can afford to follow our own inclinations.

Are People Attracted to Others Who Resemble Their Opposite-Sex Parents? An Examination of Mate Preferences and Parental Ethnicity Among Biracial Individuals

It is generally believed that people tend to be attracted to and pair with others who resemble their opposite-sex parents. Studies 1A (n = 1,025) and 1B (n = 3,105) tested this assumption by examining whether biracial adults were more likely to be paired with partners who matched their opposite-sex parent’s ethnicity. Study 2 (n = 516) examined whether biracial adults were more likely to be attracted to targets whose ethnicity matched that of their opposite-sex parent. Although biracial adults were more likely to pair with and be attracted to others who resembled their parents compared to those who did not, the sex of the parent was largely inconsequential. These findings have implications for models of mate preferences, including the traditional perspectives (which assume that the opposite-sex parent has greater influence on adult mating preferences) and ethological models (which assume that the sex of the parent is irrelevant with regard to influence on mating preferences).

Like father like daughter: sex-specific parent-of-origin effects in the transmission of liability for psychotic symptoms to offspring.

Children of parents with major mood and psychotic disorders are at increased risk of psychopathology, including psychotic symptoms. It has been suggested that the risk of psychosis may be more often transmitted from parent to opposite-sex offspring (e.g., from father to daughter) than to same-sex offspring (e.g., from father to son). To test whether sex-specific transmission extends to early manifestations of psychosis, we examined sex-specific contributions to psychotic symptoms among offspring of mothers and fathers with depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. We assessed psychotic symptoms in 309 offspring (160 daughters and 149 sons) aged 8-24 years (mean=13.1, s.d.=4.3), of whom 113 had a mother with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depression and 43 had a father with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depression. In semi-structured interviews, 130 (42%) offspring had definite psychotic symptoms established and confirmed by psychiatrists on one or more assessments. We tested the effects of mental illness in parents on same-sex and opposite-sex offspring psychotic symptoms in mixed-effect logistic regression models. Psychotic symptoms were more prevalent among daughters of affected fathers and sons of affected mothers than among offspring of the same sex as their affected parent. Mental illness in the opposite-sex parent increased the odds of psychotic symptoms (odds ratio (OR)=2.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43-4.91, P=0.002), but mental illness in the same-sex parent did not have a significant effect on psychotic symptoms in offspring (OR=1.13, 95% CI 0.61-2.07, P=0.697). The opposite-sex-specific parent-of-origin effects may suggest X chromosome-linked genetic transmission or inherited chromosomal modifications in the etiology of psychotic symptoms.

Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences.

Many conspicuous forms of evolutionary diversity occur within species. Two prominent examples include evolutionary divergence between populations differentially adapted to their local environments (local adaptation), and divergence between females and males in response to sex differences in selection (sexual dimorphism sensu lato). These two forms of diversity have inspired vibrant research programmes, yet these fields have largely developed in isolation from one another. Nevertheless, conceptual parallels between these research traditions are striking. Opportunities for local adaptation strike a balance between local selection, which promotes divergence, and gene flow-via dispersal and interbreeding between populations-which constrains it. Sex differences are similarly constrained by fundamental features of inheritance that mimic gene flow. Offspring of each sex inherit genes from same-sex and opposite-sex parents, leading to gene flow between each differentially selected half of the population, and raising the question of how sex differences arise and are maintained. This special issue synthesizes and extends emerging research at the interface between the research traditions of local adaptation and sex differences. Each field can promote understanding of the other, and interactions between local adaptation and sex differences can generate new empirical predictions about the evolutionary consequences of selection that varies across space, time, and between the sexes.This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences'.

Consistency of mate choice in eye and hair colour: Testing possible mechanisms

Abstract Partner preferences are formed by several mechanisms, including an imprinting-like effect (parent-similarity) and homogamy (self-similarity). It is still unknown, however, whether these preferences remain stable throughout an individual’s lifetime. We have therefore tested the consistency of mate choice in eye and hair colour both in a shortand long-term context. In other words, we tested whether people systematically choose partners with a particular eye and hair colour. We asked 1,048 respondents to indicate the eye and hair colour of themselves, their opposite-sex and same-sex parent, and all the romantic partners they had in their lives. Our results show that people consistently choose partners of a particular eye and hair colour in both short- and long-term contexts, which suggests that people do have their ‘types’. Nevertheless, the consistency was significantly higher in a long-term context than in a short-term context. Furthermore, the eye colour of one's partner was predicted by the eye colour of one's opposite-sex as well as same-sex parent, but the strongest parental effect was found when both parents had same eye colour. There were no significant results for hair colour. Our results thus suggest that preferences for eye colour are determined by the imprinting-like effect rather than by homogamy, and that they remain stable over time. These findings also indirectly support an assumption of stability of this imprinting-like effect in humans, since people consistently choose partners with their opposite-sex parent's eye-colour.

Рецепція Бога в українській ліриці ХХ століття: фемінна версія.

The one of the main tasks of the gender literary studies is to differentiate masculine / feminine creative strategies. Principals of the differentiation are based on the psychical peculiarities of Oedipus experience, which are different in masculine / feminine psychical types. Cultural and social tradition also affects the masculine / feminine art consciousness and writing. As we know, the cornerstone of the Oedipus complex is child’s libidos desire to an opposite-sex parent. Simultaneously child’s feelings to him / her are ambivalent, that is why they include reparative and destructive impulses. A person during all his / her life extrapolates them to opposite-sex parent’s “analogies” in intimate and religious spheres in particular. In our consciousness father’s figure is embodied in the image of God and infantile Oedipus feelings aim at it. But only positive feelings to God can be represented in lyrics (in Ukraine during the XXth. century in particular) according to cultural limitations (however decreased in the XXth. century due to atheism and devaluation of patriarchal ideals were appeared). Libidos desire to father’s figure, that is inherent to feminine Oedipus complex, is implemented in lyrics and very often redirected to God’s figure. Lyric heroine feels love (sometimes with intimation of sexual desire), tenderness, compassion to God as her father, wants to restore father-daughter’s harmony, to get father’s support from God etc. Sometimes such lyric narrative with appeals for help, protection to God looks like a prayer. But special intimate, familiar, confidential, feminine attitude toward God is inherent daughter’s attitude toward father in contrast to prayer. Sometimes Oedipus frustration of lyric heroine is expressed in lyrics with the palette of feelings directed to God: resentment, disappointment, disrespect etc. but in soft, nonaggressive manner.

Single Parenthood and Adolescent Sexual Outcomes

Research suggests that children of single parents are at heightened risk of precocious sexual behavior, STDs, and other risky sexual outcomes. However, few such studies have addressed the type of single-parent family (single mother or single father), or differences across other-sex parent–child dyads. While gender essentialist models assume differences among youth living only with mothers or with fathers, constructivist models propose more flexible modes of parenting that lead to more similar outcomes. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 2570) on youth between the ages of 15 and 19, we compared sexually-related outcomes among adolescents, both boys and girls, who lived with a single mother or a single father. These outcomes include sexual intercourse and knowledge, use of contraception, attitudes toward intimacy and pregnancy, and diagnosis of sexually-transmitted diseases. The results from linear and logistic regression models indicated few differences between single-mother and single-father families, or between same-sex and opposite-sex parent–child matches, using p values of .05 or smaller. Our results called into question essentialist models that posit higher risks for adolescents living with a particular parent or with an opposite-sex parent.

Family environment as predictor of adolescents’ loneliness

IntroductionAt the present time, adolescents are in particular vulnerable to feelings of loneliness. They are gradually emancipating from their family and establish relationships with peers. Among the important predictors of loneliness belong genetic and personal variables and factors of social environment.Objectives and aimsTo examine predictors of adolescents’ loneliness which are located in family environment. To find out how empathy, emotional relationship and control by both of parents contribute to loneliness of adolescent boys and girls.MethodsWe examined 206 adolescents in the age from 10 to 18 years through Basic Empathy Scale, Parenting Style Scale and UCLA Loneliness Scale. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used for data analysis.ResultsThe significant predictors of boys’ loneliness in family environment are emotional relationship of mother and affective empathy of father. The significant predictors of girls’ loneliness include emotional relationship and cognitive empathy of father. Parental control is not a significant predictor of adolescents’ loneliness.ConclusionAdolescents’ loneliness is largely influenced by factors of family environment. Our study highlights the role of emotional relationship provided by the opposite sex parent. Cold behavior of the opposite sex parent could reduce self-esteem and self-confidence of adolescents. Both could help them establish relationships with peers and people outside family, thus protecting them against loneliness. A significant predictor of boys’ and girls’ loneliness is also empathy of father. We recommend to make use of our findings in clinical practice with adolescents, in family therapy as well as in context of attachment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Civic Competence of Dutch Children in Female Same-Sex Parent Families

This study examined whether Dutch children reared in families headed by female same-sex parents differ in civic competence from Dutch children reared by opposite-sex parents. The participants, drawn from a national sample, included 32 children (11-13 years old) parented by female same-sex couples who were matched on demographic characteristics with 32 same-aged children parented by opposite-sex couples. The comparison revealed that children raised by female same-sex parents scored significantly higher on several civic competencies, specifically on attitudes concerning acting democratically, dealing with conflicts, and dealing with differences. These results suggest that growing up in a nontraditional family may be associated with a greater appreciation of diversity and the development of good citizenship.