Opposite Facets Research Articles

Virgil’s Hercules: Echoes of Civil Strife and Duality

Hercules is cited relatively frequently in Virgil’s Aeneid, especially in the second, Italian half of the epic. Close consideration of the progression of the references to Hercules in the poem reveals a deliberate arrangement of passages that relate typologically to the characterization of both Aeneas and Augustus, in particular with respect literarily to the decision of the Trojan hero to slay his foe Turnus, and historically to the civil war with Mark Antony, in which the victor would surpass the deeds of the storied ancient hero from whom his rival claimed descent. Hercules is shown to have diverse associations for Virgil, and to serve as a cautionary mythological exemplum of the hazards of surrender to fury. The association of the demigod with the dichromatic poplar is interpreted as a symbol of the polar opposite facets of Hercules’ nature.

Model parameters of a horizontal seismometer with an optical diffraction vibration sensor

Subject of study. This study investigates the model of a horizontal seismometer composed of a physical pendulum and an optical diffraction sensor for angular vibrations that comprises a laser, an assembly of two relief phase diffraction gratings (DGs), a diaphragm isolating the radiation of the first diffraction order after the diffraction grating assembly, and a photodetector. The physical pendulum comprises a disk mounted on the rotation axis, pullback springs, and an additional weight on the disk edge. The assembly of DGs was positioned on the disk. The signal from the photodetector output was proportional to the small linear displacements of the additional weight owing to the inertial forces under horizontal vibrations of the seismometer base. Model parameters. The diameter and mass of the disk are 250 mm and 2 kg, respectively. The free swing period of the pendulum is 3 s. The mass of the additional weight is 0.1 kg. The laser power is 5 mW. Two relief phase DGs with a groove depth of 0.32 µm and a period of 0.1 mm are positioned on the opposite facets of a glass block of DGs with a thickness of 13 mm. The grooves of the first DG are parallel to the grooves of the second DG. An FD-24k photodiode, a load resistor, an amplifier, and a filter with a bandwidth of 1800 Hz are connected to the output. Test results. The model of the optical diffraction seismometer and SM-3 reference seismometer were mounted on a single platform. Periodic oscillations of the platform with a period of 0.475 s were applied in the first series of experiments. The dependence of the signals from the outputs of seismometers of both types were similar; however, a 90° phase shift of the output signal from the investigated model with respect to the SM-3 output signal was present. This is because the output signal of the sensor in the optical diffraction seismometer is proportional to the angular displacement of the physical pendulum, whereas the signal from the coil of the SM-3 sensor is proportional to the speed of pendulum movement. A slow weak linear force was applied to the platform with seismometers in the second experiment series. In this case, the SM-3 output signal did not exceed the noise level, whereas the output signal of the optical seismometer model was triple the noise level. The sensitivity of the seismometer model significantly exceeds the sensitivity of the SM-3 seismometer under slow perturbations. Practical significance. The output signal from the optical diffraction vibration sensor is proportional to the angular displacement of the pendulum instead of the speed of its movement. Thus, the sensitivity of the seismometer model does not decrease in the range of low frequency vibrations. A seismometer with negative feedback for investigation of weak low-frequency vibrations of the Earth’s surface can be designed based on this scheme.

A Letter from Eugene O'Neill to Patrick McCartan (June 11, 1934); or, Yeats, the Abbey Theatre, and Days Without End (April 16, 1934)

A Letter from Eugene O'Neill to Patrick McCartan (June 11, 1934); or, Yeats, the Abbey Theatre, and <i>Days Without End</i> (April 16, 1934)

Secondary focusable and uniform convergence microprism in concentrating photovoltaic module

Low tracking accuracy of trackers, structure vibration by winds, and lens deformation by temperature lead to non-vertical incident irradiation of Fresnel lens, which necessitates a secondary concentrator in actual engineering application of concentrating photovoltaic module. In this study, a secondary focusable and uniform convergence microprism is added between Fresnel lens and solar cell to improve concentrating efficiency and focal spot energy uniformity. The 3D model of microprism is established by SolidWorks, and important parameters are optimized using Zemax. Results showed that combination of Fresnel lens and focusable and uniform convergence microprism achieves the highest power when upper spherical diameter of secondary microprism measures 18 mm, included angle in opposite side facets equals 116°, spherical height removed from the top is 0.1 mm, and side length of bottom reaches 2.15 mm. The highest power of solar cell surface can reach 2.4932 W, representing a 32.9% improvement; focal spot energy uniformity is 0.71; and module height with secondary microprism measures 88 mm, which reduces by 5.5 mm without secondary microprism. Experimental results show that concentrating static test generation efficiency of a 400-times concentrating module system reaches 34.9%, acceptance angle measures ±1.18°, efficiency loss of module is less than 1.23% when temperature changes from −20°C to 20°C and from 20°C to 50°C, and 400-times module maximum output power totals 142.3 W.

The Ontology of Death in M. Shishkin’s Novel The Letter Book

The purpose of the study is to characterize the understanding of the phenomenon of death in M. Shishkins novel The Letter Book . In this work, as well as in the literary world of Shishkin in general, the category of death appears as one of the most important objects of reflection. The opposite facets in comprehension of this phenomenona are revealed: death as unconditional evil and monstrous absurdity (which is emphasized by the numerous anti-aesthetic characteristics of the images of dying and death in the novel), but at the same time, the phenomenon of death and the evil that it carries in itself are overcome, and mortality in the literary sphere of the novel is regarded not only as a destructive beginning, but also as a necessary element of ontological balance and an expression of the wisdom of the world order hidden from imperfect human consciousness. The idea of the deep internal unity of the categories of death and love in the novel is argued. Shishkins paradoxical idea of the thanatological element as a sphere of life creation is understood. Conclusions about the neomodernism guidelines of the writers work are formulated.

Incorporating prosocial vs. antisocial trait content in Big Five measurement: Lessons from the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2)

In three studies, we tried to create a novel scale within the existing Big Five Inventory 2 (BFI-2) structure to measure prosocial vs. antisocial personality traits, like the Dark Triad and honesty-humility. While our new scale converged strongly with dark personality and honesty-humility scales, we failed to establish sufficient discriminant validity vis-a-vis the existing BFI-2 agreeableness domain. Instead, we found that dark traits and honesty-humility were best measured as a facet of agreeableness that correlated strongly with other agreeableness facets and established measures of dark traits and honesty-humility. These findings suggest that honesty-humility and dark personality traits can be measured as opposite facets of a broader agreeableness-antagonism continuum when adopting the BFI-2 (Big Five) domain structure.

Nanogenerator with direction sensitive piezoelectric response based on InGaN nanowires over ridge textured Si (1 1 0) substrate with inter-facet topography modulation

Direction sensitive piezoelectric response is demonstrated from a nanogenerator based on an InGaN nanowires array on a ridge textured Si (1 1 0) substrate with inter-facet topography modulation. Under stationary molecular beam epitaxy, distinct variations of the inclination orientation of the InGaN nanowires are created due to the different beam flux incidence angle between the facets, which act as the primary factor for the asymmetric piezoelectric output. The piezoelectric properties were first studied using an electrical atomic force microscope (AFM) in contact scan mode at zero bias. The InGaN NWs on opposite ridge facets show different piezoelectric output distribution under the same scanning geometry. The difference of the tangential force component due to the varied NWs tilting angle, applied on the NWs by the AFM probe tip, explains the non-uniform piezoelectric signal distribution. A capacitor type piezoelectric nanogenerator (PNG) device was fabricated, which exhibits pronounced direction sensitive piezoelectric response under rotated external pressure. This work gives a universal strategy on synthesis of composite semiconductor materials with anisotropic piezoelectric response in terms of a self-powered force direction sensitive angle sensor piezoelectric nanogenerator device.

Quantized surface magnetism and higher-order topology: Application to the Hopf insulator

We identify topological aspects of the subextensive magnetic moment contributed by the surfaces of a three-dimensional crystallite -- assumed to be insulating in the bulk as well as on all surface facets, with trivial Chern invariants in the bulk. The geometric component of this subextensive moment is given by its derivative with respect to the chemical potential, at zero temperature and zero field, per unit surface area, and hence corresponds to the surface magnetic compressibility. The sum of the surface compressibilities contributed by two opposite facets of a cube-shaped crystallite is quantized to an integer multiple of the fundamental constant $e/h c$; this integer is in one-to-one correspondence with the net chirality of hinge modes on the surface of the crystallite, manifesting a link with higher-order topology. The contribution by a single facet to the magnetic compressibility need not be quantized to integers; however, symmetry and/or Hilbert-space constraints can fix the single-facet compressibility to half-integer multiples of $e/hc$, as will be exemplified by the Hopf insulator.

Teleportation of Berry curvature on the surface of a Hopf insulator

The existing paradigm for topological insulators asserts that an energy gap separates conduction and valence bands with opposite topological invariants. Here, we propose that \textit{equal}-energy bands with opposite Chern invariants can be \textit{spatially} separated -- onto opposite facets of a finite crystalline Hopf insulator. On a single facet, the number of curvature quanta is in one-to-one correspondence with the bulk homotopy invariant of the Hopf insulator -- this originates from a novel bulk-to-boundary flow of Berry curvature which is \textit{not} a type of Callan-Harvey anomaly inflow. In the continuum perspective, such nontrivial surface states arise as \textit{non}-chiral, Schr\"odinger-type modes on the domain wall of a generalized Weyl equation -- describing a pair of opposite-chirality Weyl fermions acting as a \textit{dipolar} source of Berry curvature. A rotation-invariant lattice regularization of the generalized Weyl equation manifests a generalized Thouless pump -- which translates charge by one lattice period over \textit{half} an adiabatic cycle, but reverses the charge flow over the next half.

Internal-Field-Enhanced Charge Separation in a Single-Domain Ferroelectric PbTiO3 Photocatalyst.

Ferroelectric materials with spontaneous polarization-induced internal electric fields have drawn increasing attention in solar fuel production due to the intrinsic polarized structure. However, the origination of charge separation in these materials at the nano/microlevel is ambiguous owing to the complexity of the multielectric fields. Besides, the observed charge separation ability is far from theoretical expectation. Herein, by spatially resolved surface photovoltage spectroscopy, it is clearly demonstrated that the depolarization field in single-domain ferroelectric PbTiO3 (PTO) nanoplates is the main driving force for charge separation and it can effectively drive photogenerated electrons and holes to the positive and negative polarization facets, respectively. Moreover, the charge separation ability of PTO nanoplates increases with increasing particle size along the polarization direction, due to the increasing potential difference between the opposite polarization facets. Furthermore, this driving force for charge separation directly contributes to the enhancement of the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction activity in ferroelectrics. Finally, it is proved that the screening field compensates part of the depolarization field and can be diminished by adding a dielectric layer on the ferroelectric surface. These findings demonstrate the importance of increasing the depolarization field and decreasing the screening field for efficient charge separation in ferroelectric semiconductor photocatalysts.

PTSD and PTG among Israeli mothers: Opposite facets of exposure to terrorism.

The aim of the this study was to test the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic growth (PTG), and coping strategies among Israeli mothers with prolonged exposure to rocket missiles. One hundred fifty-two mothers, from the Western Negev region of Israel, took part in the study. Respondents were affected by prolonged exposure to missile attacks even when they themselves had not been hit or injured. A positive correlation was found between PTSD and PTG. Problem-focused coping was found to mediate the relationship between PTSD and PTG; the higher the PTSD, the greater the use of problem-focused coping and the greater the posttraumatic growth. The results help understand the association between PTSD and PTG. The finding whereby problem-focused coping mediates the PTSD-PTG relationship is important for comprehending the association between the variables and the significance of growth in human life and for constructing intervention programs that promote growth following trauma. In addition, the study contributes to raising awareness both of how mothers cope and that they are a separate risk group with distinct growth possibilities.

Contacting ZnO Individual Crystal Facets by Direct Write Lithography.

Many advanced electronic devices take advantage of properties developed at the surface facets of grown crystals with submicrometer dimensions. Electrical contacts to individual crystal facets can make possible the investigations of facet-dependent properties such as piezoelectricity in ZnO or III-nitride crystals having noncentrosymmetric structure. However, a lithography-based method for developing contacts to individual crystal facets with submicrometer size has not yet been demonstrated. In this report we study the use of electron beam-induced deposition (EBID), a direct write lithography method, for contacting individual facets of ZnO pillars within an electron microscope. Correlating structural and in situ deposition and electrical data, we examine proximity effects during the EBID and evaluate the process against obtaining electrically insulated contact lines on neighboring and diametrically opposite ZnO facets. Parameters such as incident beam energy geometry and size of the facets were investigated with the view of minimizing unwanted proximity broadening effects. Additionally, we show that the EBID direct write method has the required flexibility, resolution, and minimized proximity deposition for creating prototype devices. The devices were used to observe facet-dependent effects induced by mechanical stress on single ZnO pillar structures.

Anisotropic Growth of Iron Pyrite FeS2 Nanocrystals via Oriented Attachment

Pyrite (FeS2) material is attractive for applications in solar cells, lithium batteries, and hydrogen production because of its abundant, nontoxic features as well as the extraordinary electrical and optical properties. Pyrite (FeS2) nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized via hot injection method, and the crystalline structure and morphologic evolution of pyrite NCs were investigated. We found that pyrite (FeS2) NCs were generated from a mackinawite FeS0.94 nanosheets template. The initial anisotropic growth of NCs was dominated by oriented attachment mechanism. Ostwald ripening growth became obvious as time progressed, resulting in faceted NCs. In accordance with the analysis of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images and surface free energies, we found that the attachment occurs between the opposite facets with high surface free energies including (210)-Fe and (210)-2S as well as (001)-Fe and (001)-2S. The attachment could also happen through a “point-contact” followed by interparti...

Reproductive asynchrony and infanticide in house mice breeding communally

Earlier findings suggest that female house mice, Mus musculus , breeding communally care for each other's offspring indiscriminately in a communal nest. The ultimate explanation for this apparently altruistic behaviour is still not well understood. Communal breeding creates a situation in which deceptive behaviour may be an alternative tactic, possibly coexisting with genuine altruism. To investigate this phenomenon we studied caring behaviour and infanticide as two opposite facets of communal breeding in triplets of unrelated females, and developed a dynamic model to help interpret our results. Of the 142 litters observed, in 30 all pups were killed by adult females and in 37 only some of the litter survived infanticide. Our empirical results are in concordance with our model's prediction and show that asynchrony in reproduction has a strong nonlinear effect on reproductive success: pups of litters born in the middle of the caring period of any female in the group had the lowest expected survival probability. Females that partly or totally lost their litter tended to spend less time caring for pups that were not their own, but they still contributed considerably to the common care. These findings suggest that infanticide is an effective strategy to exploit nestmates. As house mice are unable to discriminate between similarly aged young pups, synchronous breeding (e.g. by oestrus synchronization) may be an effective counterstrategy against infanticidal conspecifics. • We studied infanticide and parental care in laboratory mice breeding communally. • Females that suffered infanticide continued to care for pups in the communal nest. • Infanticide occurred most frequently in litters born asynchronously. • We developed a dynamic model to understand the temporal dynamics of infanticide. • Infanticide may function as a manipulative tactic in communal nests.

The two opposite facets of arsenic: toxic and anticancer drug

Arsenic compounds have been known and used for centuries but their effects in living organisms still represent a large unknown. Arsenic compounds have paradoxical effects: they are threatening to human health, especially upon long-term exposure that can induce the development of cancer; however, they are used as drugs against cancer. This review focuses on the effects shown by clinically and environmentally relevant arsenic compounds in living organisms with a focus on the calcium–apoptosis link.

Belt diameter of [formula omitted]-zonotopes

A Π-zonotope is a zonotope that can be obtained from permutahedron by deleting zone vectors. Any face F of codimension 2 of such zonotope generates its belt, i.e. the set of all facets parallel to F. The belt diameter of a given zonotope Z is the diameter of the graph with vertices correspondent to pairs of opposite facets and with edges connect facets in one belt.In this paper we investigate belt diameters of Π-zonotopes. We prove that any d-dimensional Π-zonotope (d≥3) has belt diameter at most 3. Moreover if d is not greater than 6 then its belt diameter is bounded from above by 2. Also we show that these bounds are sharp. As a consequence we show that diameter of the edge graph of dual polytope for such zonotopes is not greater than 4 and 3 respectively.

Surfaces of intermetallic compounds: Anab initioDFT study for B20-type AlPd

The low-index surfaces of the AlPd compound crystallizing in the B20 (FeSi-type) structure have been investigated using ab initio density functional methods. The space group of the B20 structure is $P{2}_{1}3$, with four threefold rotational axes along the $\ensuremath{\langle}111\ensuremath{\rangle}$ directions and three twofold screw axes along the $\ensuremath{\langle}100\ensuremath{\rangle}$ directions, but no inversion symmetry. The B20 structure exists in two enantiomorphic forms related by inversion. The termination of the structure perpendicular to the twofold screw axes is uniquely defined: The corrugated {100} surfaces are formed by the characteristic zigzag Al-Pd chains separated by shallow troughs. Perpendicular to the $\ensuremath{\langle}210\ensuremath{\rangle}$ directions the structure consists of slightly puckered planes containing Al and Pd in equal numbers. The {210} surfaces shows pseudo-fivefold symmetry. Their structure is shown to be closely related to that of the {110} surfaces of the B2 structure. Both the {100} and {210} surfaces undergo some structural relaxation, but no reconstruction changing their $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ periodicity. While perpendicular to the $\ensuremath{\langle}$100$\ensuremath{\rangle}$ and $\ensuremath{\langle}$210$\ensuremath{\rangle}$ directions only one surface termination is possible, perpendicular to the threefold $\ensuremath{\langle}$111$\ensuremath{\rangle}$ directions there are several possible surface terminations differing in structure and chemical composition. Because of the lack of inversion symmetry the threefold {111} surfaces have polar character. The (111) and $(\overline{1}\overline{1}\overline{1})$ surfaces are not equivalent; the (111) surfaces of one enantiomorph are identical to the $(\overline{1}\overline{1}\overline{1})$ surfaces of the other form (and vice versa). In both the (111) and $(\overline{1}\overline{1}\overline{1})$ directions several surface terminations are possible. The formation of threefold surfaces has been studied by simulated cleavage experiments and by calculations of the surface energies of all possible terminations. Perpendicular to the $\ensuremath{\langle}111\ensuremath{\rangle}$ direction the lowest energy has been found for a bilayer with three Al atoms per surface cell in the upper layer and one Al and one Pd in the lower part. The preferable termination perpendicular to the $\ensuremath{\langle}\overline{1}\overline{1}\overline{1}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ direction is more symmetric; it consists again of a bilayer with three Al atoms in the upper and three Pd atoms in the lower part. The surface energy of this termination further decreases if the Pd triplet is covered by additional Al atom. The calculated surface energies permit us to perform a Wulff construction of the equilibrium shape of AlPd crystallites. {100} and {210} facets together occupy 77$%$ of the surface area in about equal proportion. The high anisotropy of the energy of the {111} surfaces results in the substantial difference of the surface areas of the opposite threefold facets.

Protein kinase C regulates mood-related behaviors and adult hippocampal cell proliferation in rats

The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology and therapeutics of bipolar disorder are still unknown. In recent years, protein kinase C (PKC) has emerged as a potential key player in mania. To further investigate the role of this signaling system in mood regulation, we examined the effects of PKC modulators in behavioral tests modeling several facets of bipolar disorder and in adult hippocampal cell proliferation in rats. Our results showed that a single injection of the PKC inhibitors tamoxifen (80 mg/kg, i.p.) and chelerythrine (3 mg/kg, s.c.) attenuated amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and decreased risk-taking behavior, supporting the efficacy of PKC blockade in acute mania. Moreover, chronic exposure to tamoxifen (10 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 14 days) or chelerythrine (0.3 mg/kg/day, s.c., for 14 days) caused depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test, and resulted in a reduction of cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Finally, we showed that, contrary to the PKC inhibitors, the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) enhanced risk-taking behavior and induced an antidepressant-like effect. Taken together, these findings support the involvement of PKC in regulating opposite facets of bipolar disorder, and emphasize a major role for PKC in this disease.

Vertical “III–V” V-Shaped Nanomembranes Epitaxially Grown on a Patterned Si[001] Substrate and Their Enhanced Light Scattering

We report on a new form of III-V compound semiconductor nanostructures growing epitaxially as vertical V-shaped nanomembranes on Si(001) and study their light-scattering properties. Precise position control of the InAs nanostructures in regular arrays is demonstrated by bottom-up synthesis using molecular beam epitaxy in nanoscale apertures on a SiO(2) mask. The InAs V-shaped nanomembranes are found to originate from the two opposite facets of a rectangular pyramidal island nucleus and extend along two opposite <111> B directions, forming flat {110} walls. Dark-field scattering experiments, in combination with light-scattering theory, show the presence of distinctive shape-dependent optical resonances significantly enhancing the local intensity of incident electromagnetic fields over tunable spectral regions. These new nanostructures could have interesting potential in nanosensors, infrared light emitters, and nonlinear optical elements.

Asymmetric effect of (000 $\bar{1}$ ) and (0001) facets on surface and interface properties of CdS single crystal

A different effect of (0001) and (000\(\bar{1}\)) crystal facets of the cadmium sulfide (CdS) wurtzite structure terminated with Cd and S atoms, respectively, was observed in respect to the properties of the crystal surface and interface with metal or organic semiconductor contacts. In addition to the different surface morphology, a bare CdS single crystal showed different features in photoluminescence from the Cd- and S-terminated surfaces. Different adhesive behavior of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) films in respect to the Cd- and S-terminated facets of the crystal has also been found. Photovoltaic properties of hybrid CdS/PEDOT:PSS heterojunctions have been shown to be sensitive in respect to the crystal facet used. Thin films of aluminum (Al) equally deposited onto the opposite crystal facets revealed much smaller sheet resistance on the sulfur facet than on the cadmium one, which has been assigned to the difference in both chemical interaction with the surface atoms and surface morphology. Current–voltage characteristics of an apparently symmetric Al/CdS/Al structure with Al electrodes deposited onto the opposite crystal facets showed asymmetric behavior depending on the bias direction applied to the Cd or S-terminated facet, with the barrier for electrons at the Al/S-terminated interface, respectively.