Opposite Dynamics Research Articles

Study of the pharmacokinetics of various drugs under conditions of antiorthostatic hypokinesia and the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen under long-term spaceflight conditions.

To study the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of drugs of different chemical structure and pharmacological action under conditions simulating the effects of some factors of spaceflight, as well as the peculiarities of the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen under long-term spaceflight conditions. The pharmacokinetics of verapamil (n=8), propranolol (n=8), etacizine (n=9), furosemide (n=6), and acetaminophen (n=7) in healthy volunteers after a single oral administration under normal conditions (background) and under antiorthostatic hypokinesia (ANOH), the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in spaceflight members under normal ground conditions (background) (n=8) and under prolonged spaceflight conditions (SF) (n=5) were studied. The stay of volunteers under antiorthostatic hypokinesia had different effects on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of drugs: Compared to background, there was a decreasing trend in Vz for verapamil (-54Δ%), furosemide (-20Δ%), propranolol (-8Δ%), and acetaminophen (-9Δ%), but a statistically significant increase in Vz was found for etacizine (+39Δ%); there was an increasing trend in Clt for propranolol (+13Δ%) and acetaminophen (+16Δ%), and a decreasing trend in Clt for etacizine, verapamil, and furosemide (-22,-23 and-9Δ% respectively) in ANOH. The relative bioavailability of etacizine, verapamil, and furosemide in ANOH increased compared to background (+40, +23 and +13Δ%, respectively), propranolol and acetaminophen decreased (-5 and-12Δ% accordingly). The relative rate of absorption of etacizine and furosemide in ANOH decreased (-19 and-20Δ%, respectively) while that of verapamil, propranolol, and acetaminophen increased (+42, +58 and +26Δ%, respectively). A statistically significant decrease in AUC0-∞ (-57Δ%), Cmax (-53Δ%), relative bioavailability of acetaminophen (-52Δ%) and a sharp increase in Clt (+147Δ%), Tmax (+131Δ%) as well as a trend towards a significant decrease in T1/2 (-53Δ%), MRT (-36Δ%) and a moderate increase in Vz (+24Δ%) were found under control compared to background. Unidirectional changes in AUC0-∞, Clt, T1/2, MRT and relative bioavailability of acetaminophen, which are more pronounced in SF and opposite dynamics for Cmax, Tmax, Vz were found in ANOH and SP compared to background studies. The data obtained allow recommending the studied drugs for rational pharmacotherapy in the possible development of cardiovascular disease in manned spaceflight.

Pathophysiological bases of maladjustment formation in high mountains and polar zones

The pathophysiological features of the development of maladjustment under mountain-cold conditions as a manifestation of the syndrome of mutual burdening are considered. In this study, contents of various literary sources, characterizing a persons resistance to the effects of a complex of factors under high mountains and polar zones conditions, were analyzed. With the simultaneous exposure to hypoxia and hypothermia from a pathophysiological point of view, intersecting links of terminological paths, often having diametrically opposite dynamics of changes in the characterized concepts, will be significant. Thus, in the terminological mitochondrial pathway of energy metabolism, uncoupling proteins are present, which, to increase the resistance to hypothermia, should be activated to switch the energy metabolism to predominantly use fatty acids. However, hypoxic conditions should be suppressed to maintain the level of adenosine triphosphate acid available for cells. In the terminological tract of compensatory reactions in response to hypoxemia, the volume of pulmonary ventilation is released, which must increase to improve tolerance to hypoxia, which, under mountain-cold conditions, increased heat loss and promote the deterioration of the condition, i.e., tolerance to low temperatures. Under hypoxic and hypothermic conditions, a synergistic interaction can form, which can be manifested by the development of a syndrome of mutual burdening, which will result in a significant decrease in the functional capabilities of the body, result, and productivity. Maladjustment to mountain cold, with maximum probability, will manifest as disorders of the central nervous system, decreased physical performance, depletion of the functional and regulatory reserves of the body, functional immunodeficiency, decreased regenerative potential, and development of endogenous intoxication. With a high degree of probability, a significant synergistic interaction of hypoxia and hypothermia can be found in relation to the indicators of pulmonary ventilation, blood gases (hypercapnia), acidbase balance (gas alkalosis and lactic acidosis), heart rate (tachycardia), blood pressure (hypotension), central venous pressure (increase), blood viscosity (increase) and its coagulability (hypercoagulation), peroxide and free radical oxidation (activation), and protein catabolism (increase). These changes will negatively affect the functional state of specialists performing complex professional tasks in polar latitudes.

The paradoxical effect of prior operating experience and observational learning on new market entry

AbstractWe study how prior operating experience interacts with observational learning to exert paradoxical effects on market entry. When a new market disrupts a firm’s standing routines, greater operating experience with these routines complicates adaptation and increases the firm’s uncertainty about the feasibility of entering, thereby delaying its entry. Yet, this entry uncertainty simultaneously prompts the firm to rely more heavily on learning from the observation of others entering which, in turn, hastens its entry. Patterns are opposite for firms that can leverage their standing routines into the new market. Here, greater operating experience and resultant momentum to extrapolate existing routines reduce a firm’s uncertainty about the feasibility of entry. This directly accelerates their entry but also diminishes the indirect, accelerating influence of observational learning. Because of these opposite dynamics, entry rates between firms with these different types of prior operating experience begin to diminish. Empirical analysis of entry patterns into the deregulation-created electric power trading market supports our theory and calls for modifications to previous expectations of prior operating experience exerting either a purely delaying or accelerating effect on entry, and, further, draws attention to the indirect pathways through which prior experience shapes entry patterns.

Seasonal dynamics of phyto- and zooplankton and their relationships in a small urbanized reservoir, by the example of the Lake Bolshoe Vasilievskoe (Togliatti city, Samara region, Russia)

The abiotic environmental factors and the composition of phyto- and zooplankton were homogeneous along the entire water body in a shallow polymictic hypereutrophic urbanized Lake Bolshoe Vasilievskoe (Togliatti city, Samara region, Russia). The species composition of phytoplankton was quite diverse and corresponded to the type characteristic of small water bodies of the middle and lower reaches of the Volga River. Zooplankton was represented quite poorly, mostly by eurybiont species, which were the indicators of a high degree of organic pollution. During theyear, the species composition of the entire phytoplankton and the complex of dominant forms of algae corresponded to a certain stage of the seasonal periodicity and successive change of hydro-climatic phases for shallow hypertrophic water bodies. We analyzed the communities of phyto- and zooplankton and their relationships under the influence of eutrophication and seasonal changes in abiotic environmental factors. Summer cycles of phyto- and zooplankton abundance and biomass dynamics had opposite dynamics. In autumn, there was a synchronous decrease in both abundance and biomass of phyto- and zooplankton, associated with the natural seasonal cycles of abiotic environmental factors. In winter, the abundance of warm-water zooplankton species was higher than that of typical cold-water species; the opposite patter was observed in summer. The method of the correlation pleiades of Terentyev revealed that phytoplankton was the main environment-forming component of the ecosystem in the Lake Bolshoe Vasilievskoe. It was also found that an increase in the level of trophicity of the Lake Bolshoe Vasilievskoe, including an increase in the concentration of biogenic elements (nitrogen, phosphorus), affected the zooplankton community through phytoplankton community indirectly.

Twenty years on – what can PISA tell us about educational inequality in France and England?

ABSTRACT This article examines French and English average performances and educational inequality in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) between 2000 and 2018. It asks why English average scores in 2018 are much higher than those of France when they were fairly similar in previous PISA assessments. It questions why the impact of socio-economic background on educational performance in England decreased while the reverse has been the case for France. This is all the more damning given the French republican espousal of égalité. It examines policies in both countries and analyses to what extent PISA has impacted on these. It argues that in England, policies of autonomy, accountability and competition, in line with the OECD and its own tradition of liberalism, have been implemented rigorously. In France, because of left-right oppositional dynamics and the role of embedded republican principles, the status quo has been maintained.

Discursive Strategies and Sequenced Institutional Change: The Case of Marriage Equality in the United States

Building on historical and discursive institutionalism, this article examines the agent-based dynamics of gradual institutional change. Specifically, using marriage equality in the United States as a case study, we examine how actors’ ideational work enabled them to make use of the political and discursive opportunities afforded by multiple venues to legitimize the process of institutional change to take off sequentially through layering, displacement, and conversion. We also pay special attention to how the discursive strategies deployed by LGBT advocates, religious-conservative organizations and other private actors created new opportunities to influence policy debates and tip the scales to their preferred policy outcome. The sequential perspective adopted in this study allows problematizing traditional conceptualizations of which actors support or contest the status quo, as enduring oppositional dynamics lead them to perform both roles in subsequent phases of the institutional change process.

Levels of the IGF system components in malignant lesions of the lungs with preventive effect of 1,3-diethylbenzimidazolium triiodide in the experiment.

e15095 Background: The system of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) is involved in carcinogenesis, since it promotes proliferation and survival of tumor cells. The purpose of the study was an analysis of the dynamics of the IGF system components in the lungs of rats with antitumor effect of 1,3-diethylbenzimidazolium triiodide. Methods: The main group included male (n=27) and female (n=27) white outbred rats with sarcoma 45 inoculated into the subclavian vein (2×106 cells in 0.5 mL saline) but not developed in the lungs due to administration of 1,3-diethylbenzimidazolium triiodide (intragastrically, 0.4 mg/kg once a day according to the regimen: administration for 5 days with a 2-day interval). Control group included males (n=14) and females (n=14) with sarcoma 45 growing in the lungs without treatment. Intact groups included 5 males and 5 females. After 4, 5 and 8 weeks of the experiment animals were decapitated, and levels of IGFI, IGFII, IGFBP1, IGFBP2 and IGFBP3 were measured by ELISA in 10% lung homogenates (CUSABIO BIOTECH Co., Ltd., China). Results: The sarcoma development in the lung was accompanied by the IGFI increase by 2.4-3.0 times in males and by 4.3 times in females, and the opposite IGFII dynamics: an increase in males (by 4.6 times) and decrease in females (by 4.3 times), together with the IGFBP decline. 1,3-diethylbenzimidazolium triiodide upregulated IGFI levels in the lungs of all rats on average by 1.3 times (p<0.05) and normalized IGFII in males, while increasing it in females by 1.6 times (p<0.05), together with higher (compared to controls) IGFBP levels. Conclusions: Preventive antitumor effect of 1.3-diethylbenzimidazolium triiodide is based on the stabilization of the IGF system grossly altered during the malignant process development in the lung.

Anthropogenic load іs a leading factor in the morphological variability of Chondrula tridens (Gastropoda, Enidae) in the northwestern Azov Sea region

Morphometric data are widely used in biology to assess intraspecific and inter-population variability and for bioindication and environmental condition assessment. The following hypotheses have been experimentally tested in the paper: 1) the vegetation type affects the change in the shell shape of Chondrula tridens martynovi Gural-Sverlova & Gural, 2010; 2) the change in the shell shape of this species is influenced by the biotope moisture regime; 3) the shell shape changes depending on the anthropogenic load level. The material in the form of empty, fully formed Ch. tridens shells was collected in 2019 in the north-western Azov region within the basin of the Molochna River. The collection points were located in settlements and outside them and differed in vegetation, moisture regime and level of anthropogenic load. The vegetation has been expertly attributed to two alternative types: herbaceous vegetation and tree plantations. By moisture level, the locations have been assessed as xerophytic and mesoxerophytic. The anthropogenic load levels have been assessed as low, medium and high. The study revealed that the morphological characteristics of Ch. tridens demonstrate a significant component of variability, which is due to the shell size. The shell size depends on the anthropogenic impact level. Under conditions of high anthropogenic impact, the shell size increases. Mollusks from locations with low and medium anthropogenic impact levels did not differ in shell size. After extraction of the size component, morphological properties develop three main trends of variability. The mouth apparatus development of mollusks does not depend on the vegetation type, but depends on the biotope moisture level and the anthropogenic transformation level. The mollusk shell elongation was observed to have the opposite dynamics of the height parameters in relation to the width and depended on the level of anthropogenic load. Rearrangement in the mouth apparatus depended on the biotope moisture level and the anthropogenic load level. There were distinguished four clusters, the quantitative morphological features of which allowed us to identify them as morphotypes. Each location was characterized by a combination of different morphotypes, according to which the sampling points may be classified. Morphotype 1 corresponds to biotopes with low level of anthropogenic load, morphotype 4 corresponded to biotopes with high anthropogenic load. Morphotypes 2 and 3 corresponded to moderate level of anthropogenic load. Vegetation type is not an important factor in determining the morphotypic diversity of populations. Under xerophytic conditions, morphotypes 2 and 3 are more common, and under mesoxerophytic conditions, morphotypes 1 and 4 are more common. The range of molluscs in different habitats needs to be expanded in the future to clarify climatic and other patterns.

The state of apoptosis factor system in mitochondria of skin and tumor cells in standard and stimulated growth of B16/F10 melanoma in female C57BL/6 mice

Purpose of the study. Studying the dynamics of factors of apoptosis in mitochondria of skin and tumors cells in female mice with melanoma growth stimulated by chronic neurogenic pain. Material and methods. The study included female С57ВL/6 mice (n=56) with a model of chronic neurogenic pain (CNP) produced by the bilateral sciatic nerve ligation and with transplanted B16/F10 melanoma. After 1–3 weeks of the tumor growth, levels of cytochrome C, caspase‑9 (Bioscience, Austria), Bcl‑2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austria), and AIF (RayBiotech, USA) were determined by ELISA, and levels of calcium (Са2+) were determined by the Arsenazo III method (Abris+, Russia) in mitochondria of tumors cells and skin not affected by the tumor growth. Results. In the CNP state, mitochondria of the skin cells showed a significant increase in Са2+ by 96.7 times, AIF by 1.4 times and Bcl‑2 by 5.9 times, while caspase‑9 decreased by 2.6 times, compared to the levels in intact mice. In the CNP‑stimulated melanoma growth, mitochondria of cells of the skin not affected by the tumor growth demonstrated a decrease in all studied indices, except caspase‑9 – its levels increased by 4.6 times after 3 weeks of the tumor growth. In mitochondria of the tumor cells within 1–3 weeks, levels of Са2+ decreased over time by 37.2–96.1 times, respectively, AIF by 49.4–2.0 times, Bcl‑2 by 3.0–1.5 times, cytochrome C by 15.3–8.8 times, and caspase‑9 increased by 1.7–4.4 times compared with the level in animals with pain. Conclusions. In general, the growth of melanoma stimulated by chronic pain and the standard melanoma growth were characterized by the opposite dynamics of levels of apoptosis factor both in mitochondria of skin cells and in mitochondria of tumor cells, with the exception of cytochrome C. Mitochondria of melanoma cells and of the unchanged skin have a similar tendency to change the levels of apoptosis factors, which may indicate their functioning in the conditions of the mitochondrial network at the level of one organ. Mitochondria of tumor cells provide the anti‑apoptotic state of the tumor itself and of the skin not affected by the malignant process, probably due to the stress state of the skin.

Evaluation of state budget structural changes based on the coefficient method

According to the current situation in the world economy connected with the coronavirus pandemic, it is difficult to predict GDP growth. Non-economic factors determine the rate of decline in economies of almost all countries. Accordingly, it is extremely difficult to ensure the stable functioning of financial systems. In this situation, the role of public finance, especially the state budget, significantly increases, given the peculiarities of the formation of different levels’ budgets. This research aims to evaluate state budget structural changes on the example of Ukraine. Based on the linear coefficient and the quadratic coefficient of absolute structural changes, the quadratic coefficient of relative structural changes, and integral coefficients of structural changes the authors analyzed the state of public finance in Ukraine since the formation of the state and local budgets and their optimal use to mitigate the effects of the pandemic on the economy can become one of the factors in maintaining financial stability and developing anti-crisis measures. The forecast values of the growth rate of budget revenues and expenditures confirm that the projected revenue gaps are significantly higher than the projected expenditure gaps. The cost structure of the state budget of Ukraine is characterized as a structure with a low level of differences. The Gatev and Ryabtsev coefficients demonstrate unidirectional dynamics. In contrast, Salai coefficient shows the opposite dynamics, which confirms a lack of stability in the cost structure. From 2008 to 2019, the chain rate of change has a significant variation range.

ЕКОНОМІЧНІ МЕХАНІЗМИ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ФОРМ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ВАНТАЖНОГО АВІАЦІЙНОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ

The article shows the strategic role of cargo air transport in the economies of the world, related to the maintenance of foreign trade, urgent delivery of goods, their transportation over long distances, and so on. The determining factors of the development of cargo air transport in the global economy are systematized: organizational innovations, information technologies, new forms of cooperation of air carriers and logistics solutions. The contribution of air transport to the formation of cargo turnover in Ukraine is determined. The opposite dynamics of volumes of cargo transportation by air and other types of transport is revealed. The contradiction between the low share of air cargo traffic and their strong absolute and structural growth is quantitatively shown. Air freight is defined by a market of oligopolistic competition due to a limited number of economic entities, the dominance of one large and several medium-sized players, the presence of barriers to entry, which are financial-investment and technical-technological nature. The attractiveness of the air freight market for investments is shown given the predominant positivity of financial results and the growing share of profitable enterprises. The institutional forms of organization of cargo air carriers (classic, combined, hybrid) are generalized, their advantages and disadvantages are defined. The principles of functioning of transport chains and realization of multimodal transportations on the basis of cargo air transport are substantiated. The main information systems of booking and management of air cargo transportation, distribution, pricing, calculations, tracking of luggage by buyers and sellers are characterized. The requirements of the International Air Transport Association for the use of innovative e-freight technologies in aviation are summarized, recommendations for joining the subjects of the domestic air cargo market in terms of electronic document management and simplification of customs procedures are developed. The improvement of economic mechanisms of development of cargo air transport in Ukraine on the basis of special economic zones of port type is offered.

Levels of the IGF system components in malignant lesions of the lungs with preventive effect of 1,3-diethylbenzimidazolium triiodide in the experiment

Background . The system of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) is involved in carcinogenesis. Objective . Studying the dynamics of the IGF system components in the lungs of rats with antitumor effect of 1,3-diethylbenzimidazolium triiodide (Stellanin). Design and methods . The main group included male (n = 27) and female (n = 27) white outbred rats with sarcoma 45 (s45) inoculated into the subclavian vein but not developed in the lungs (2 × 10 6 cells) due to Stellanin administration (intragastrically, 0.4 mg/kg once a day according to the regimen: administration for 5 days with a 2-day interval). Control group included males (n = 14) and females (n = 14) with s45 growing in the lungs without treatment. Levels of IGFI-II and IGFBP1-3 were measured by ELISA in 10 % lung homogenates obtained at weeks 4–8. Results . The s45 development in the lung was accompanied by the IGF-I increase by 2.4–3.0 times in males and by 4.3 times in females, and the opposite IGF-II dynamics: an increase in males (by 4.6 times) and decrease in females (by 4.3 times), together with the IGFBP decline. Stellanin upregulated IGF-I levels in the lungs of all rats on average by 1.3 times (p < 0.05) and normalized IGF-II in males, while increasing it in females by 1.6 times (p < 0.05), together with higher (compared to controls) IGFBP levels. Conclusion . Preventive anticancer effect of Stellanin is based on the stabilization of the IGF system grossly altered during the malignant process development in the lung.

Динамика содержания ИЛ-1β и ИЛ-10 в плазме крови у экспериментальных животных при моделировании раневого процесса в условиях низкогорья и в период деадаптации к высокогорью

The article presents the dynamics of the content of IL-1β and IL-10 in blood plasma in experimental animals when modeling a wounded process in low mountains and during the period of de-adaptation to high mountains while modeling a wounded process in conditions of low mountains and during a period of de-adaptation to high mountains. Animals were divided into 3 series: Series I — control series, permanently living in the conditions of Bishkek; II series — an experimental series, after a 3-day stay at the experimental high-mountain base of the KSMA named after I.K. Akhunbaev as part of the Central Scientific Research Laboratory, moved to the conditions of Bishkek with subsequent modeling and monitoring of the course of the wound process; III series - an experimental series, after a 30-day stay at the experimental high-mountain base of the KSMA named after I.K. Akhunbaev as part of the Central Scientific Research Laboratory, moved to the conditions of Bishkek, followed by modeling and monitoring the course of the wound process. Analysis of the data obtained shows that during aseptic inflammation, the opposite dynamics of the production of one of the key interleukins, with IL-1β, with a maximum concentration 12 hours after the onset of aseptic inflammation, was observed. The revealed changes in the content of cytokines during experimental aseptic inflammation determined the timely change and adequate duration of cellular reactions. In purulent inflammation, the dynamics of cytokine secretion was unidirectional, which led to a delay in all cellular phases of the inflammatory process. During the period of deadaptation after a long stay in high mountains, there is a low secretion of IL-1 and 10, associated with the depletion of protective and adaptive mechanisms.

When abortion becomes public - Everyday politics of reproduction in rural Zambia.

This article takes the public reaction to the discovery of an aborted foetus in a rural Zambian community as the empirical starting point for exploring the everyday politics of reproduction. It builds on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork on abortion and abortion policy in Zambia in 2017 and 2018, including participant observation in the community where the episode took place and interviews with clinic staff and neighbours. The article explores local dynamics of abortion opposition in a country where abortion is legally permitted on broad grounds. By analysing this case as an anthropological event, it discusses how opposition to abortion is dynamic and changes depending on the situation at hand. While abortions that avoid public attention may be silently tolerated, abortions that become openly known are harshly condemned. Through scrutiny of a specific case of collective moral judgement of abortion, the article examines how values like responsible motherhood, sexual virtue and protection of life emerge and are shared, allowing participants to protect and accumulate their own integrity in a moral economy that forges stronger social ties within the community. The article argues that even the harshest expressions of opposition to abortion may not be as categorical as they first appear. It calls for increased attention to dynamics of moral and political opposition to abortion to understand what is socially at stake for those who engage in it.

Regional Uneven Development of Agriculture in the World Economy at the Beginning of the XXI Century

The paper is devoted to one of the most acute problems in the world economy - regional uneven development of agriculture. The author determined the system of indicators that describe the uneven distribution of agricultural production between different regions of the world, studied the factors of efficiency of agricultural production - labor productivity, land productivity, capital productivity (capital return). The article demonstrates further consolidation of the trend of the second half of the XX century that manifested in the redistribution of agricultural production from North America and Europe to Asia, Africa, and Australia. The GDP created in agriculture in Asia already exceeded other regions of the world in 2000, and by 2017 the gap was even wider. Africa, having surpassed Europe in this indicator, ranked second in the world. The unevenness of economic growth in world agriculture manifested itself in the disproportions between the factors of efficiency of agricultural production - labor productivity and land productivity. Labor productivity was lowest in Asia and Africa, and the highest in Australia. Land productivity was characterized by diametrically opposite dynamics: the highest values were achieved in Asia, and the lowest - in Australia. The paper explains the disparity between labor productivity and land productivity by various technological modes of production (TMP) that have historically developed in agriculture in the East and West: land-saving TMP - in the East, and labor-saving TMP - in the West. The influence of informal institutions operating in traditional rural societies on the uneven development of agriculture is also studied. The disproportions in the development of the livestock sector of agricultural production, affecting the regional uneven development of the agricultural economy, are considered. The main forms and methods of organization of the livestock sector - from high-intensity to traditional - are analyzed. Special attention is paid to nomadic cattle breeding, which is currently preserved in various forms in 50 countries of the world. It is considered as a special nomad production mode. The article concludes that there is a need for a multipronged approach to conducting an international comparative analysis of capital productivity (index of capital return) in the agricultural sector of the economy that takes into account capital-labor ration a large-scale increase in labor productivity - a strategically important factor of economic growth in any country in the world.

Senescence and entrenchment in evolution of amino acid sites

Amino acid propensities at a site change in the course of protein evolution. This may happen for two reasons. Changes may be triggered by substitutions at epistatically interacting sites elsewhere in the genome. Alternatively, they may arise due to environmental changes that are external to the genome. Here, we design a framework for distinguishing between these alternatives. Using analytical modelling and simulations, we show that they cause opposite dynamics of the fitness of the allele currently occupying the site: it tends to increase with the time since its origin due to epistasis (“entrenchment”), but to decrease due to random environmental fluctuations (“senescence”). By analysing the genomes of vertebrates and insects, we show that the amino acids originating at negatively selected sites experience strong entrenchment. By contrast, the amino acids originating at positively selected sites experience senescence. We propose that senescence of the current allele is a cause of adaptive evolution.

Antagonistic control of Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cell proliferation and differentiation by PUF proteins FBF-1 and FBF-2.

Stem cells support tissue maintenance, but the mechanisms that coordinate the rate of stem cell self-renewal with differentiation at a population level remain uncharacterized. We find that two PUF family RNA-binding proteins FBF-1 and FBF-2 have opposite effects on Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cell dynamics: FBF-1 restricts the rate of meiotic entry, while FBF-2 promotes both cell division and meiotic entry rates. Antagonistic effects of FBFs are mediated by their distinct activities toward the shared set of target mRNAs, where FBF-1-mediated post-transcriptional control requires the activity of CCR4-NOT deadenylase, while FBF-2 is deadenylase-independent and might protect the targets from deadenylation. These regulatory differences depend on protein sequences outside of the conserved PUF family RNA-binding domain. We propose that the opposing FBF-1 and FBF-2 activities serve to modulate stem cell division rate simultaneously with the rate of meiotic entry.

ДИНАМІЧНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ СТАНУ ПОПУЛЯЦІЇ ВОВКА ТА ЛИСИЦІ Й ВИПАДКІВ СКАЗУ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ ПОЛТАВСЬКОЇ І СУМСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТЕЙ УКРАЇНИ

Мисливські ресурси потребують регулярного обліку кількісного їх складу, дослідження якісногостану диких тварин та умов їх існування, а також пошуку дієвих рішень для усунення проблем мис-ливського господарства.) Метою цієї статті було проведення порівняльного аналізу між чисельніс-тю популяції хижих тварин і кількістю випадків сказу на території Полтавської та Сумської обла-стей України. Як об’єкти, що досліджувалися, були обрані такі види хижих ссавців (род. Canidae) –вовк (Canis lupus L., 1758) та лисиця (Vulpes vulpes L.,1758). За даними Державного комітету ста-тистики України в період 1978–2019 років найбільша чисельність лисиці на території України спос-терігалася 1999 та 2000 років (126900 та 116650 голів відповідно). У період 2000–2014 років відбуло-ся різке зменшення популяції лисиць понад 50 %. Аналізуючи динаміку чисельності лисиці на терито-рії Полтавської області за 2011–2019 роки, ми дійшли висновку, що за вказаний період різких коли-вань у показниках не спостерігалося, але порівняно з 2011–2013 роками наступні періоди спостере-ження мали тенденцію до збільшення чисельності лисиць. Проведений аналіз чисельності лисиці натериторії Сумської області за аналогічний період показав протилежну динаміку зниження кількостітварин вдвічі з 2651 голів 2011 року до 1500 голів 2019 року. Аналіз звітності Державного комітетустатистики України щодо чисельності популяції вовка на території України загалом виявив, що кі-лькісний склад популяції вовка на території України збільшився вдвічі з 1190 голів 1978 року до 2468‒ 2013 року. В подальші шість років спостережень різких коливань у чисельності тварин не відбува-лося, а середні показники складали 2225±100,30. На початку періоду аналізу (2011–2019 роки) чисель-ність вовка на території Полтавської області становила від 17 голів 2011 року до 20 голів 2012 ро-ку. В наступний семирічний період (2013–2019 роки) кількість тварин у середньому становила6±1,07 голів, а 2019 року тварин взагалі не реєстрували, що говорить при знищення вовка як виду натериторії Полтавської області і може мати катастрофічні наслідки. Не менш серйозна ситуаціясклалася на території Сумської області за аналогічний період спостереження. За даними Держав-ного комітету статистики України в період 2011–2015 років кількість тварин у середньому стано-вила 75±6,60 голів, то вже в наступні періоди (2016–2019) середня кількість тварин становила2±2,89 голови, що на 97 % менше від первинних показників. При аналізі кореляції виявлено, що призменшенні чисельності популяції хижих тварин відмічається тенденція до збільшення випадків сказуяк у Полтавській, так і в Сумській областях України. Встановлено, що за 2010–2019 роки на тери-торії Полтавської області спостерігали значні коливання випадків через кожні 2‒3 роки. У струк-турі захворюваності тварин на сказ серед лисиць на території Полтавської області за 2015–2019роки спостерігали тенденцію до зменшення випадків. Протилежна ситуація випадків сказу спосте-рігалася серед лисиць на території Сумської області, при цьому відмічали значні коливання 2010 та2018 років, протягом 2015–2019 років на території Сумської області виявляли тенденцію до зрос-тання випадків сказу.

The use of methods of spatial displacement of the myocardial structure (speckle tracking) to determine the indications for coronary angiography in patients suffering from coronary heart disease

The indicators of global and segmental longitudinal deformation of the left ventricular myocardium are presented and analyzed in patients suffering from coronary heart disease. The latter, as before, remains one of the urgent diseases of the circulatory system. To verify and determine management tactics for patients suffering from coronary heart disease, coronary angiography is performed. Indications for its implementation are based on the results of exercise tests, in particular, stress echocardiography. However, its implementation can be difficult due to poor visualization of the walls of the left ventricle, and the conclusion is not without subjectivity. One of the modern methods for assessing the contractility of the left ventricular myocardium, both global and segmental, is the spatial displacement of the myocardial structure (speckle-tracking- echocardiography). The technique automatically calculates the longitudinal deformation of the myocardium, expressed as a percentage of the initial values. It was found that the global and segmental longitudinal deformation of the left ventricular myocardium in the majority of the evaluated segments in the examined patients did not differ before loading. When conducting a stress test, the exact opposite dynamics of changes in the parameters of the global and segmental longitudinal deformation of the left ventricular myocardium is observed. So, in patients with a high risk of complications of coronary heart disease, a decrease in these indicators was observed, in patients without a risk of complications, on the contrary, their increase was observed, which indicates an increase in myocardial contractility during physical exertion. It was revealed that the indicator of global longitudinal deformation of the left ventricular myocardium is highly informative. The lower value of the decrease in the global longitudinal deformation of the left ventricular myocardium was calculated, which can serve as an additional indication for coronary angiography.

Relationship between the growth in preterm infants and their nutritional state in neonatal period

We analyzed the physical development indicators of two groups of children aged 6 and 12 months who were born prematurely and had different dynamics of blood levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the neonatal period. At the age of 6 and 12 months, deviations in height or body weight from the reference values were more often observed in children who had a relatively low level of the hormone in the early neonatal period, followed by its increase in comparison with children who had the opposite dynamics of the hormone. In this group, a close relationship between somatometric indicators of infants and the blood content of IGF-1, albumin and glucose in newborns was revealed, which indicates a long-term persistence of the features of the nutritional status of the neonatal period and its influence on the subsequent physical development of these children.