Opposite Category Research Articles

СЕМАНТИКА ПРОТИВОПОСТАВЛЕНИЯ КАК ОТРАЖЕНИЕ БИПОЛЯРНОГО ВОСПРИЯТИЯ МИРА В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ КИТАЯ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The semantics of contrast is an essential part of Chinese policy rhetoric which is conveyed through the lens of Chinese values and culture rooted in historical and national memory of the people. The category of opposition reflects Chinese mentality indicating that oppositions in the Chinese language are culturally determined. This semantics in English discourse of Chinese mass media has rarely been the focus of linguists’ attention. The current article presents the results of the research of binary oppositions in Chinese political discourse published in English (ChPDE). This article views linguistic representation of binary oppositions in ChPDE reflecting the Chinese linguistic world image. In this study, the methods of semantic, discourse, linguistic and cultural analysis were applied. It was discovered that in ChPDE, the features of Chinese-English language interference almost disappeared from grammatical and lexical levels, however English text still preserves Chinese connotations determined by the national mentality. It was demonstrated that bipolar world is formed by means of binary oppositions reflected in ChPDE where the semantics of oppositions is manifested by language means mostly on lexical level.

Validity of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire based on food groups and cooking with a protein supplement in Japanese collegiate athletes

A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) comprising a small number of food items may allow for more accurate assessment of habitual dietary intake in Japanese collegiate athletes. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of a commercially available FFQ (FFQg) with a newly added protein supplement item for assessing habitual dietary intake compared to the 24-hour dietary recall (24hDR) method using multiple statistical tests. A total of 108 participants (46 males) completed the FFQg on two separate days (FFQg1 and FFQg2) and 24hDRs on three non-consecutive days (two weekdays and one weekend day). Percentage differences, cross-classification analysis by quintile and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (CCs) were calculated to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of the FFQg. Results showed median percentage differences and de-attenuated CCs between the FFQg2 and 24hDRs were -3.4 (range: -46.8 - 25.1) and 0.33 (0.03 - 0.55), respectively, for 34 nutrients, and -16.1 (-51.4 - 45.0) and 0.34 (0.03 -0.64), respectively, for 18 food groups. Cross-classification analysis showed that median proportions of the “completely opposite category” between FFQg2 and 24hDRs for energy-adjusted intakes of nutrients and food groups were both within 5%. Median CCs for energy-adjusted intake between the FFQ1 and FFQ2 were 0.61 (0.40 - 0.82) for nutrients and 0.52 (0.40 - 0.87) for food groups. In conclusion, although estimating habitual dietary intake requires careful consideration, the FFQg offers reasonably valid measurements of ranking individuals to assess intakes of macronutrients and food groups in collegiate athletes, with a relatively good reproducibility.

Gender outlaws or a slow bending of norms? South African bisexual women’s treatment of gender binaries

A monosexual configuration of sexuality assumes that sexual desire is directed at either men or women. Bisexuality resists a choice between oppositional categories and is often theorised as having a transgressive potential to destabilise binary logic, not only in relation to sexuality but also to gender. There is, however, a lack of empirical work exploring how this potential might be realised in the accounts of bisexual individuals. Drawing on interviews with South African bisexual women, we use a narrative-discursive lens to examine the discursive resources employed by participants to trouble or resist hetero-gendered norms. Our findings demonstrate how resistance to the gender binary hinges on citational politics that are fundamentally gendered and linked to sexuality. Instead of entirely destabilising hetero-gendered norms, participants draw on gendered scripts that simultaneously expand norms to accommodate their sexual difference and, through processes of othering, function to reiterate hetero-gendered norms. While complete subversion of gender binaries is not possible in participants’ discursive contexts, what does occur is a ‘slow bending’ of norms. Theorising bisexuality as transgressing oppositional categories closes off opportunities to interrogate the pervasive influence of gender binaries in contexts that remain marked by pervasive heteronormativity and heterosexism. Significantly, it also obscures more modest improvisations of gender scripts that hold potential for destabilising gender binaries.

A Neural Mechanism of Social Categorization.

Humans readily sort one another into multiple social categories from mere facial features. However, the facial features used to do so are not always clear-cut because they can be associated with opponent categories (e.g., feminine male face). Recently, computational models and behavioral studies have provided indirect evidence that categorizing such faces is accomplished through dynamic competition between parallel, coactivated social categories that resolve into a stable categorical percept. Using a novel paradigm combining fMRI with real-time hand tracking, the present study examined how the brain translates diverse social cues into categorical percepts. Participants (male and female) categorized faces varying in gender and racial typicality. When categorizing atypical faces, participants' hand movements were simultaneously attracted toward the unselected category response, indexing the degree to which such faces activated the opposite category in parallel. Multivoxel pattern analyses (MVPAs) provided evidence that such social category coactivation manifested in neural patterns of the right fusiform cortex. The extent to which the hand was simultaneously attracted to the opposite gender or race category response option corresponded to increased neural pattern similarity with the average pattern associated with that category, which in turn associated with stronger engagement of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. The findings point to a model of social categorization in which occasionally conflicting facial features are resolved through competition between coactivated ventral-temporal cortical representations with the assistance of conflict-monitoring regions. More broadly, the results offer a promising multimodal paradigm to investigate the neural basis of "hidden", temporarily active representations in the service of a broad range of cognitive processes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Individuals readily sort one another into social categories (e.g., sex, race), which have important consequences for a variety of interpersonal behaviors. However, individuals routinely encounter faces that contain diverse features associated with multiple categories (e.g., feminine male face). Using a novel paradigm combining neuroimaging with hand tracking, the present research sought to address how the brain comes to arrive at stable social categorizations from multiple social cues. The results provide evidence that opponent social categories coactivate in face-processing regions, which compete and may resolve into an eventual stable categorization with the assistance of conflict-monitoring regions. Therefore, the findings provide a neural mechanism through which the brain may translate inherently diverse social cues into coherent categorizations of other people.

Telling Warlpiri Dog Stories

ABSTRACTOstensibly about dingoes and dogs, this paper explores aspects of the contemporary social world of Warlpiri people in the camps of the central Australian settlement of Yuendumu (Northern Territory) through canines. Analyses of dog socialisation, kinds of domestication, and the roles that camp dogs perform (such as protector, family, and witness) provide insights into Warlpiri notions of moral personhood and are employed to reflect about the ethical foundations of how the oppositional categories of Yapa (self, Indigenous, Black, colonised) and Kardiya (other, non-Indigenous, ‘whitefella’, coloniser) are conceptualised.

State Control over Public Service Providers in the Economic Sphere

The article substantiates criteria applied to differentiate public services and other publicly important activities into two opposite categories: administrative (non-economic) public services and economic (non-administrative) public services. Such an approach allows detecting differences in the ways organizations provide services. The author examines key features of exercising state control in the sphere of providing economic public services (transparency of the process of selecting service providers; quality assurance services) inter alia in the light of adoption of the law on the foundations of State and municipal control. Taking into account the relevant law enforcement practice, the author raises disputable practical questions and suggests ways to address them.

Entrepreneurs and the Social and Economic Dynamics of a Small Brazilian Community

In this paper, we attempt to study the relation between variance among entrepreneurs and the social and economic dynamics of a small Brazilian community that over a comparatively short period emerged from abandonment and obscurity to become one of the premier tourist destinations in the country. Although our study was unabashedly exploratory, inspired on the Grounded Theory method, we encountered several accounts reflecting the literature in our initial interviews. Some viewed the town's recent development as the result of the inspired intervention of a few prominent leaders while some viewed the town's trajectory as a straightforward result of macroeconomic evolution. The importance of variance among entrepreneurs and their relations among themselves and with the broader community became more apparent and we found a modest body of work that helped us to interpret our results and which we in turn will attempt to inform. We will explore our results and their likely relationship to existing theory, but for introductory purposes we preview six major findings: (1) The community has developed a shared vocabulary of oppositional categories which express the major social tensions created by the town's rapid development; (2) different entrepreneurial postures or types are located in different spaces created by the intersection or juxtaposition of these oppositional categories. the different types are aware of their location and the location of others in this positional scheme; (3) different types of entrepreneurs have different goals and preferences for the development of the community, which have radically different implications for the long term nature of the community; (4) the distribution of different types of entrepreneurs has an impact on the economic and social dynamics of the community; (5) the types of entrepreneurs identified by the community's cognitive system overlap but do not duplicate existing typologies in the entrepreneurship literature.

Dialogue Categories and Chiralities

In this paper, we consider a two-sided notion of dialogue category which we call dialogue chirality and which we formulate as an adjunction between a monoidal category \mathcal A of proofs and a monoidal category \mathcal B of counter-proofs equivalent to its opposite category \mathcal A^{\mathrm {op}(0,1)} . The two-sided formulation of dialogue categories is compared to the original one-sided formulation by exhibiting a 2-dimensional equivalence between a 2-category of dialogue categories and a 2-category of dialogue chiralities. The resulting coherence theorem clarifies in what sense every dialogue chirality may be strictified to an equivalent dialogue category.

The e-EPIDEMIOLOGY Mobile Phone App for Dietary Intake Assessment: Comparison with a Food Frequency Questionnaire.

BackgroundThere is a great necessity for new methods of evaluation of dietary intake that overcome the limitations of traditional self-reporting methods.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to develop a new method, based on an app for mobile phones called e-EPIDEMIOLOGY, which was designed to collect individual consumption data for a series of foods/drinks, and to compare this app with a previously validated paper food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).MethodsUniversity students >18 years of age recorded the consumption of certain foods/drinks using e-EPIDEMIOLOGY during 28 consecutive days and then filled out a paper FFQ at the end of the study period. To evaluate the agreement between the categories of habitual consumption for each of the foods/drinks included in the study, cross-classification analysis and a weighted kappa statistic were used.ResultsA total of 119 participants completed the study (71% female, 85/119; 29% male, 34/119). Cross-classification analysis showed that 79.8% of the participants were correctly classified into the same category and just 1.1% were misclassified into opposite categories. The average weighted kappa statistic was good (κ=.64).ConclusionsThe results indicate that e-EPIDEMIOLOGY generated ranks of dietary intakes that were highly comparable with the previously validated paper FFQ. However, it was noted that further testing of e-EPIDEMIOLOGY is required to establish its wider utility.

REPRESENTING CONJUNCTIVE DEDUCTIONS BY DISJUNCTIVE DEDUCTIONS

AbstractA skeleton of the category with finite coproducts${\cal D}$ freely generated by a single object has a subcategory isomorphic to a skeleton of the category with finite products ${\cal C}$ freely generated by a countable set of objects. As a consequence, we obtain that ${\cal D}$ has a subcategory equivalent with ${\cal C}$. From a proof-theoretical point of view, this means that up to some identifications of formulae the deductions of pure conjunctive logic with a countable set of propositional letters can be represented by deductions in pure disjunctive logic with just one propositional letter. By taking opposite categories, one can replace coproduct by product, i.e., disjunction by conjunction, and the other way round, to obtain the dual results.

Village Worlds: Yan Lianke’s Villages and Matters of Life

ABSTRACTYan Lianke (b. 1958) is one of China’s foremost contemporary writers of fiction and short stories, winning the Lu Xun Literary Prize in 2000 and the Franz Kafka Prize in 2014. This paper will examine the villages in Yan’s three novels, Ri Guang Liu Nian (Time That Flows, 1998), Lenin’s Kisses (2013) and The Explosion Chronicles (2016), and will discuss how life and death are at times synonymous in these villages and how these sites are unbounded by a rural—urban distinction. In his original style off mythorealism (shenshi zhuyi 神实主义),Yan exposes the flesh and blood of peasants against the historical backdrop of traumatic urbanisation in China through a rhetorical excess of both monstrous bodies and inanimate mannequins, showcasing a paradoxically professed non-existence of biological limits, such as illness and death. Yan’s works challenge the framework of biopolitics and its theoretical implication on the topic of neo-liberal governmentality in post-1949 China. Biopolitics works on the basis of keeping life and death in binary opposite categories. Yet in Yan’s novels, the sharp distinction between life and death is destabilised.The villagers’ bodies are neither secure nor precarious. These liminal existences drive economic growth in the space between the rural and the urban.

Powers of the Mask: Political Subjectivation and Rites of Participation in Local-Global Protest

Mask-wearing political protests have been global front page news for several years now; yet, almost no literature exists which attempts to engage the symbolic density and ritual role played by such mask-wearing acts. We argue that mask-wearing has political potentiality which relates to deeper-lying anthropological features of mask-wearing. The powers of the mask reside in the transformative ability of masks to unify and transcend key oppositional categories such as absence/presence and death/life, creating possibilities where conventional boundaries of the possible/impossible no longer restrict. By questioning the communicative rationality of the modern ‘public’ and the ‘sphere’ in which it operates, we approach mask-wearing as a ‘communicative opening’. Building on earlier critiques of liberal democratic normativity, we further argue that the ‘utopia of transparency’ is itself a regulatory power and that mask-wearing exposes the very notions that were supposed to form the background of modern, emancipatory politics: transparency, free speech and representative democracy.

THE CATEGORY OF OPPOSITION IN LEXICAL AND SEMANTICAL ASPECTS (BASED ON RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH LITERATURE)

Authors of the article represent a neat relevancy of the studied problem: the analysis of logical and philosophic category of opposition in the sight of its linguistic reflection. The aim of the article is to highlight the reflection of antinomy, which is considered as combination of mutually opposite statements about subjects and occurrence of reality, on antonymy in linguistics. Theoretical basis of the studied problem insures that the opposite nature of the universe is realized in various spheres of human activity with the help of contrast. Contrast principle underlies the organization of semiotic systems, such as philosophy and logic, architecture, painting, music and choreography, linguistics and stylistics. So long as language is a multilevel phenomenon, authors have developed the methodology the realization of linguistic contrast in different levels of Russian and English languages. As a result, of the given research we can define the following conclusions: the given analysis determines the contrast on all language levels, and demonstrates the multifaceted nature of the contrast, participated in a variety of structural and semantic types of opposition in English and Russian languages.

Development and Application of Web-Based Dietary Evaluation System Using Food Frequency Questionnaire for Korean Adolescents

We previously developed a dish-based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Korean adolescents and the developed FFQ’s reliability and validity was found reasonable. The objective of the current study was to construct web-based dietary evaluation system applying the FFQ for Korean adolescents and examine its applicability in the context of reliability and validity. A web-based dietary evaluation system was designed in a comprehensive approach, incorporating not only dietary data survey but also up-to-date nutrition information and individualized eating behavior guidelines. A convenience sample of 50 boys and girls aged 12-18 years agreed in the study participation and completed the FFQ twice and 3 days of dietary recall on the developed website during a two-month period. The FFQ’s reliability and validity was examined using correlation and cross classification analysis. We also measured participants’ subjective levels of the web site’s usability, visual effect, understanding, and familiarity. Spearman correlation coefficients for reliability ranged from 0.74(for vitamin A) to 0.94(for energy). From cross-classification analyses, the proportion of subjects in the same intake quartile was highest for energy(82.0%) and lowest for vitamin A(56.0%). With regard to validity analysis, Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.27(for PUFA) to 0.79 (for energy). The proportions of subjects in the opposite categories between the first FFQ and 3-day diet recall data were generally low from 0.00% (for fat) to 36.2% (for sodium). Average subjective levels of the website’s usability, visual effect, understanding, and familiarity were all found over 4 points out of 5 points. The developed web-based dietary evaluation system can serve as a valid and attractive tool for administering FFQ to Korean adolescents.

The Preposition-Opposeme of the Romanian Substantival Non-Ts

The aim of our paper is to prove that, in the Romanian language, at the intrapropositional level, the preposition/prepositional phrase can actualize two hypostases: preposition-relateme, marking the presence of relational meaning, vs preposition-opposeme, marking the absence of relational meaning, depending on the syntactic position in which it occurs alongside certain parts of speech with the status of lexemes, our analysis focusing on the substantival class: structural syntactic position of the type part of sentence and syntactical function, whatever these are, vs. non-structural syntactic position. Apposition or – as it is accepted, from a didactic point of view, by the Cluj-based neotraditional relational School of Grammar with which our research is affiliated – real apposition, by contrast with false apposition, is considered by G. G. Neamţu to be a non-structural syntactic position of the parenthetic or explanatory type, a peculiar syntactic phenomenon, which cannot be relationally subsumed through either coordination or subordination; in other words, it is a syntactical non-function or a non-Ts, regardless of the part of speech through which it is expressed. The placement of the preposition/prepositional phrase in front of the apposition does not change the non-relational context in which the latter is found (it becomes a preposition-opposeme and the apposition remains a non-Ts) or the casual substantival regime of this morphological value; it imposes, in the case of the substantival class that follows it (since Romanian is an inflected language), one of three possible cases – the accusative, the genitive or the dative. In the absence of the preposition/prepositional phrase, the flective of the substantival apposition represents, in its entirety, an opposeme (a unit of expression without a relational sense), a flective-opposeme, as the expression of the grammatical categories of opposition, implicitly, and the case, a flective-opposeme of case, the latter existing in a dichotomy with the flective-relateme of case, which may be actualized in certain syntactic structural positions of the type part of sentence and syntactic function, in the absence of the preposition-relateme.

Emergence of Intraverbals with Antonyms Derived From Relations with Verbal and Nonverbal Stimuli

The present research studied the emergence of intraverbals with antonyms (e.g., “Name the opposite of empty”–“Full”) derived from learning skills with verbal and nonverbal stimuli. Five 3-year-old children learned to select the nonverbal comparison identical to a sample stimulus or of an opposite category from the sample, with a conditional discrimination procedure (e.g., selecting an empty cup in the presence of an empty cup when the contextual stimulus was “same” and selecting a full cup when the contextual stimulus was “opposite”). Then, an intraverbal probe related to these concepts was presented (e.g., “Name the opposite of empty”–“Full”). If the participant failed in the intraverbal probe, additional skills were taught or probed, and the intraverbal probe was repeated, which included conditional discriminations with more verbal stimuli than the initial conditional discrimination (e.g., selecting a full cup when told, “Point to the opposite of ‘empty’”). All 5 children demonstrated the emergence of most or all intraverbals. Two children received the sequence with a second stimulus set; they showed the emergence of intraverbals quicker than with the first stimulus set. Thus, the emergence of intraverbals after learning relations with nonverbal stimuli was demonstrated in young children. The identification of the skills present when the intraverbals emerged suggests that learning some of these skills is required for emergence, and they may be important to understand the emergence of verbal skills.

Directed Containers as Categories

Directed containers make explicit the additional structure of those containers whose set functor interpretation carries a comonad structure. The data and laws of a directed container resemble those of a monoid, while the data and laws of a directed container morphism those of a monoid morphism in the reverse direction. With some reorganization, a directed container is the same as a small category, but a directed container morphism is opcleavage-like. We draw some conclusions for comonads from this observation, considering in particular basic constructions and concepts like the opposite category and a groupoid.

L-quantum spaces

In this paper, based on a complete residuated lattice L, we introduce the definitions of L-quantum spaces and continuous mappings. Then we establish an adjunction between the category of stratified L-quantum spaces and the opposite category of two-sided L-quantales. We also prove that the category of sober L-quantum spaces is dually equivalent to the category of spatial two-sided L-quantales.

Development and evaluation of a dish-based semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire for Korean adolescents

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe purpose of this study was to develop a dish-based semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire s(FFQ) for Korean adolescents and evaluate its reproducibility and validity.SUBJECTS/METHODSBased on 24-hour dietary recall data from the 4th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), we developed a FFQ with 71 items. From a quota sample of 160 adolescents recruited using gender and age group as stratification variables, 153 participated in the complete data collection process. The FFQ was administered to each subject twice, at an interval of 3-4 weeks, to evaluate the test-retest reliability. The validity of the FFQ was assessed relative to 8-day food record data.RESULTSThe study findings demonstrated the FFQ's satisfactory reproducibility. Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.64(for β-carotene) to 0.81(for protein). From cross-classification analyses, the proportion of subjects in the same intake quartile was highest for protein (65.4%) and lowest for vitamin A(47.1%). With regard to validity analysis, Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.27(for vitamin A and fiber) to 0.90 (for energy). The proportions of subjects in the opposite categories between the first FFQ and the 8-day food record data were generally low within the range from 0.74% (for energy and carbohydrate) to 13.2% (for α-carotene).CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, the dish-based semiquantitative FFQ developed in this study can be useful for grouping Korean adolescents according to major macro- and micronutrient intakes with reasonable reproducibility and validity.

„Bardzo nieliczni czują, że ich życie nie jest życiem, lecz śmiercią”. F. Dostojewski i L. Szestow wobec idei szczęścia i egzystencjalnej satysfakcji

In my paper I set the existential interpretation of Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground proposed by Lev Shestov against the religious and psychological interpretations of this novel in order to excavate a vital problem in Dostoevsky, which is the inversion of hierarchy in pairs of oppositional categories such as normality-pathology, happiness-unhappiness, harmony- dissonance, omnitude-lack, certainty-uncertainty, joy-despair, faith-doubt. Following Shestov I argue that Dostoevsky embraces those categories that are traditionally mistrusted and negatively valorized and by so doing he rehabilitates the “underground”, accursed and unhappy existence at the expense of regular, “normal” life, easily founding spiritual certainty and every day satisfaction. Such an un-problematic life Dostoevsky’s man from the underground regards as a false, smug and eventually – “dead”. In further part of my study I focus on the religious aspect of Shestov’s later philosophy and try to prove that the perspective of faith gradually introduced to his reading of Dostoevsky in no way cancels Shestov’s early philosophy of the underground, despair and tragedy. On the contrary: if faith “obtained” is likely to become yet another mask of “evidence” and “certainty” and in this way might put stop to existential doubts and spiritual dissatisfaction, then neither Dostoevsky, nor Shestov himself, can easily trust it. In this situation despair and tragedy cannot but hold in Dostoevsky’s and Shestov’s thought and the circle of searching and suffering must remain vicious. I demonstrate the consistency in Shestov’s philosophical thought on Dostoevsky and its constant adequacy for understanding one of the crucial existential dilemmas in the works of the Russian writer.