Opportunities For Primary Prevention Research Articles

The bidirectional interplay of obstructive sleep apnea and viral respiratory infections in children: A novel opportunity for primary prevention.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and viral respiratory infections are highly prevalent conditions in children and a major cause of respiratory morbidity in this age group. Severe viral respiratory infections are a known risk factor for pediatric OSA, which is primarily caused by hypertrophy of upper airway lymphoid tissues (adenoids and tonsils). This review examines recent progress in understanding early-life development of lymphoid tissues in the human upper airway, with a particular focus on how respiratory viruses may influence this process and contribute to OSA pathogenesis. It also explores the bidirectional relationship between OSA and severe viral infections, highlighting the need for ongoing monitoring and novel primary prevention strategies to address these interconnected conditions.

Labour agentry and subsequent adverse mental health outcomes: A follow-up study of the ARRIVE Trial.

Labour can be traumatic for women who perceive they are not involved in decisions affecting their care during labour. Our objective was to assess the relation between labour agentry and subsequent mental health. Follow-up cohort study. U.S. Tertiary care center. Participants from Utah who participated in the ARRIVE (A Randomized Trial of Induction Versus Expectant Management) trial. During the ARRIVE trial, participants completed the Labor Agentry Scale twice, a validated questionnaire measuring perceived control of patients during childbirth. ARRIVE participants from Utah subsequently were asked to complete questions about mental health history and stressful events occurring since the trial, as well as surveys including the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PC-PTSD) screen, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) screen. The lower quartile of both agentry measurements defined a person's ordinal agentry category, used for assessing cohort characteristics by exposure category. Continuous minimum agentry was included in adjusted modelling. The primary outcome was a mental health composite including a positive screen for depression, anxiety, or PTSD or self-report of a diagnosis or exacerbation since their delivery. In all, 766 of 1042 (74%) people responded to the survey (median 4.4, range 2.5-6.4 years after delivery) and 753 had complete data for analysis. In unadjusted comparisons across ordinal agentry category, lower agentry was significantly associated with the primary composite endpoint, and depressive symptoms (test of trend p = 0.003 primary, p = 0.004 depression). Lower labour agentry scores were associated with incremental odds of the primary endpoint (1 SD [24 units], adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.21, 95% CI 1.41-1.03), driven by depressive symptoms or self-reported diagnosis (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.47-1.05). Lower labour agentry at the time of birth was associated with a greater risk for mental health conditions years after delivery, indicating a potential opportunity for primary prevention of subsequent depression.

The evolving landscape of oropharyngeal cancer: a window of opportunity for primary prevention.

The evolving landscape of oropharyngeal cancer: a window of opportunity for primary prevention.

Using mHealth for Primary Prevention of Dementia: A Proof-of-Concept Study on Usage Patterns, Appreciation, and Beliefs and Attitudes Regarding Prevention.

Health- and lifestyle factors account for a substantial part of all dementia cases, which opens the opportunity for primary prevention. However, the required behavioral change is complex and involves targeting multiple risk factors. mHealth interventions can potentially contribute to improving motivation in a low-cost and scalable way. To explore usage patterns, appreciation, and beliefs and attitudes regarding dementia risk reduction during the use of the MyBraincoach mobile app. Participants were community-dwelling middle-aged adults from the Netherlands and used either the standard (education) or extended (education+motivational triggers) app version for three months. Two panel studies were combined in this paper. Chi-square tests, t-tests and linear mixed models were used, adjusted for age, sex, and education. Of all participants (n = 299, 50.2% male), 167 (55.9%) had installed the app. The most reported reason for non-use was technical problems (47%). Those who used the app were at baseline already more positive about dementia risk reduction than those who did not use the app. Of all users who completed the evaluation (n = 102), 78.4% (n = 80) stated that the app provided a positive approach towards brain health and 80.4% (n = 82) felt better informed. Younger (<60y) and lower educated participants evaluated the app most positively. Usage of the app was low, but users showed more positive beliefs and attitudes regarding dementia risk reduction. Most users evaluated the app positively and stated to have gained knowledge on the topic. Improving the use of the app must keep high priority in future studies.

Prevalence of Modifiable Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Potential Opportunities for Primary Prevention Among Women Engaged in Screening Mammography: National Health Interview Survey Results.

To determine the prevalence of modifiable breast cancer risk factors among women engaged in screening mammography using nationally representative cross-sectional survey data and to inform potential opportunities for breast facilities to contribute to primary prevention. 2018 National Health Interview Survey respondents who were women ages 40-74 years without history of breast cancer were included and then categorized based on whether they reported screening mammography within the prior two years. Proportions of these women reporting evidence-based modifiable breast cancer risk factors, including elevated body mass index (BMI), lack of physical activity, or moderate or heavy alcohol consumption were calculated and stratified by demographics. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between these risk factors and sociodemographic characteristics. Among 4989 women meeting inclusion criteria and reporting screening mammography, 79% reported at least one modifiable risk factor. Elevated BMI was the most reported risk factor (67%), followed by lack of physical activity (24%) and alcohol consumption (16%). The majority of each race/ethnicity category reported at least one modifiable risk factor, with the highest proportion reported by Black respondents (90%). Asian, college educated, and higher-income participants were less likely to have at least one modifiable risk factor. Modifiable breast cancer risk factors are prevalent among women engaged in screening mammography. This provides potential opportunities for breast imaging facilities to contribute to the primary prevention of breast cancer by providing resources for lifestyle modification at the time of screening mammography.

Investigating causal relationships between obesity and skin barrier function in a multi-ethnic Asian general population cohort

BackgroundSkin diseases impact significantly on the quality of life and psychology of patients. Obesity has been observed as a risk factor for skin diseases. Skin epidermal barrier dysfunctions are typical manifestations across several dermatological disturbances.ObjectivesWe aim to establish the association between obesity and skin physiology measurements and investigate whether obesity may play a possible causal role on skin barrier dysfunction.MethodsWe investigated the relationship of obesity with skin physiology measurements, namely transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin surface moisture and skin pH in an Asian population cohort (n = 9990). To assess for a possible causal association between body mass index (BMI) and skin physiology measurements, we performed Mendelian Randomization (MR), along with subsequent additional analyses to assess the potential causal impact of known socioeconomic and comorbidities of obesity on TEWL.ResultsEvery 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI was associated with a 0.221% (95%CI: 0.144–0.298) increase in TEWL (P = 2.82E–08), a 0.336% (95%CI: 0.148–0.524) decrease in skin moisture (P = 4.66E–04) and a 0.184% (95%CI: 0.144–0.224) decrease in pH (P = 1.36E–19), adjusting for age, gender, and ethnicity. Relationships for both TEWL and pH with BMI remained strong (Beta 0.354; 95%CI: 0.189–0.520 and Beta –0.170; 95%CI: –0.253 to –0.087, respectively) even after adjusting for known confounders, with MR experiments further supporting BMI’s possible causal relationship with TEWL. Based on additional MR performed, none of the socioeconomic and comorbidities of obesity investigated are likely to have possible causal relationships with TEWL.ConclusionWe establish strong association of BMI with TEWL and skin pH, with MR results suggestive of a possible causal relationship of obesity with TEWL. It emphasizes the potential impact of obesity on skin barrier function and therefore opportunity for primary prevention.

Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention: A Dream Coming True?

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancer worldwide. CRC development occurs mainly through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, which can last decades, giving the opportunity for primary prevention and early detection. CRC prevention involves different approaches, ranging from fecal occult blood testing and colonoscopy screening to chemoprevention. In this review, we discuss the main findings gathered in the field of CRC chemoprevention, focusing on different target populations and on various precancerous lesions that can be used as efficacy evaluation endpoints for chemoprevention. The ideal chemopreventive agent should be well tolerated and easy to administer, with low side effects. Moreover, it should be readily available at a low cost. These properties are crucial because these compounds are meant to be used for a long time in populations with different CRC risk profiles. Several agents have been investigated so far, some of which are currently used in clinical practice. However, further investigation is needed to devise a comprehensive and effective chemoprevention strategy for CRC.

Volume atrophy in medial temporal cortex and verbal memory scores in American Indians: Data from the Strong Heart Study.

Distinguishing Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient subgroups may optimize positive clinical outcomes. Cortical atrophy is correlated with memory deficits, but these associations are understudied in American Indians. We collected imaging and cognition data in the Strong Heart Study (SHS), a cohort of 11 tribes across three regions. We processed 1.5T MRI using FreeSurfer and iterative principal component analysis. Linear mixed models estimated volumetric associations with diabetes. Over mean 7 years follow-up (N=818 age 65-89 years), overall volume loss was 0.5% per year. Significant losses associated with diabetes were especially strong in the right hemisphere. Annualized hippocampal, parahippocampal, entorhinal atrophy were worse for men, older age, diabetes, hypertension, stroke; and associated with both encoding and retrieval memory losses. Our findings suggest that diabetes is an important risk factor in American Indians for cortical atrophy and memory loss. Future research should examine opportunities for primary prevention in this underserved population.

Preventable Cancer in Israel.

Background: The cancer burden in Israel is substantial. Recently calculated population attributable fractions (PAFs) for modifiable cancer risk factors in the US and the UK have indicated much room for prevention. Our aim was to estimate PAFs for selected modifiable cancer risk factors in Israel. Methods: Exposure data on selected modifiable risk factors were based on national health surveys conducted in 2013–2015. Data on invasive cancer incidence in 2015 were retrieved from the Israel National Cancer Registry (INCR). Relative risks (RRs) for specific cancer sites were retrieved from the scientific literature. PAFs were calculated for selected modifiable risk factors using an approximate formula. Results: In 2015, 21% of all invasive cancer cases in Israel were attributed to smoking, 9% to excess body weight, and 1.5% to alcohol intake. Moreover, 32% of all invasive cancer cases were attributed to all modifiable risk factors (combined) included in our study. Conclusions: Quantifying the contribution of modifiable risk factors to the incidence of certain cancer types in Israel offers an opportunity for primary prevention and enables informed decision-making with respect to the prioritization of interventions.

Nutrition interventions for youth with dyslipidemia: a National Lipid Association clinical perspective

A heart-healthy lifestyle, beginning at an early age and sustained throughout life, may reduce risk for cardiovascular disease in youth. Among youth with moderate to severe dyslipidemia and/or those with familial hypercholesterolemia, lipid-lowering medications are often needed for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, lifestyle interventions are a foundation for youth with dyslipidemia, as well as those without dyslipidemia. There are limited data supporting the use of dietary supplements in youth with dyslipidemia at this time. A family-centered approach and the support of a multi-disciplinary healthcare team, which includes a registered dietitian nutritionist to provide nutrition counseling, provides the best opportunity for primary prevention and improved outcomes. While there are numerous guidelines that address the general nutritional needs of youth, few address the unique needs of those with dyslipidemia. The goal of this National Lipid Association Clinical Perspective is to provide guidance for healthcare professionals caring for youth with disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, including nutritional guidance that complements the use of lipid lowering medications.

Healthy diet, depression and quality of life: A narrative review of biological mechanisms and primary prevention opportunities.

Unipolar depressive disorder (UDD) affects more than 264 million people worldwide and was projected well before the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic to be the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years lost in 2030. It is imperative for leading economies to implement preventive strategies targeted towards UDD, given consistent policies are currently lacking. Recently established similarities between the aetiological hypotheses of depression and cardiometabolic diseases are shifting paradigms within this field. It is believed that dietary practices could potentially reduce the incidence of depression; similar to their effects on metabolism. Thus, the aim of this review was to compile current evidence on healthy dietary patterns as suitable contributors towards primary prevention strategies against UDD. Most of the well-known biological mechanisms behind depression have been positively associated with healthful diets and dietary patterns to varying degrees. Interestingly, a common factor of UDD is the production and overall effects of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein. These compounds have been associated with depressive symptoms, disturbances in neuroendocrine function, leaky gut, monoamine activity and brain function, while also being key factors in the development of cardiometabolic diseases. The Mediterranean diet (MD) in particular, is well supported by first-level evidence regarding its preventive qualities against metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and thus considered a model for healthy eating by various organizations. In one of the few clinical trials investigating these associations, the PREDIMED trial, individuals with diabetes assigned to a MD supplemented with mixed tree nuts experienced a 41% relative risk reduction for developing depression. Lastly, there is a need to include health related quality of life as an indicator of physical and mental well-being, considering its putative associations with depression and suicide risk. Going forward, focusing on clinical trials, using precise nutritional assessments, and identifying nutritional biomarkers which may be related to depression are needed to fully support the implementation of dietary recommendations in the field of psychiatry.

Sudden Cardiac Death in Systemic Sclerosis: Diagnostics to Assess Risk and Inform Management.

Cardiac disease is a leading cause of death in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) is thought to occur more commonly in SSc than in the general population. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis, myocarditis and ischaemic heart disease are all prevalent in SSc and can be reasonably hypothesised to contribute to an increased risk of SCD. Despite this, SCD remains a relatively understudied area of SSc with little understood about SSc-specific risk factors and opportunities for primary prevention. In this review, we present an overview of the possible mechanisms of SCD in SSc and our current understanding of how each of these mechanisms may contribute to cardiac death. This review highlights the need for a future research agenda that addresses the underlying epidemiology of SCD in SSc and identifies opportunities for intervention to modify the disease course of heart disease in SSc.

Missed opportunities in coronary artery disease: reflection on practice to improve patient outcomes.

Missed opportunities refer to incidents where different actions by those involved could result in more desirable outcomes. While missed opportunities are not an established concept in coronary artery disease (CAD), they are important because CAD is common and potentially life-threatening. Treatment of CAD has the potential to prevent poor patient outcomes which can have a downstream consequence on resource utilization and costs for healthcare providers. The missed opportunities in CAD could be divided into those related to prevention, early detection, diagnosis and treatment. The primary prevention opportunities include the management of patients with risk factors and comorbidities. In terms of diagnosis, a proportion of patients who have underlying CAD are admitted beforehand with symptoms which may be attributed to CAD. However, some may have been misdiagnosed with other conditions and are subsequently readmitted with a delayed diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. In acute coronary syndrome, there is a need for acute treatment and missed opportunities may arise from delay in diagnosis and missed reperfusion therapy. Finally, after coronary revascularization or medication management, there may be missed opportunities for patients related to secondary prevention such as smoking cessation, exercise, weight loss, attendance at cardiac rehabilitation and receipt evidenced-based therapies including antihypertensives, antiplatelet and statin therapy. Our review finds that missed opportunities can become apparent if looked for in the care of patients with CAD. While the term is nonspecific, it should be contextualized and described as those which are related to prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Only through reflection on clinical activities in relation to patient outcomes and the use of healthcare services can missed opportunities be identified so that better care can be delivered.

Mechanisms and primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV.

To highlight mechanisms of elevated risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) among people living with HIV (PLWH), discuss therapeutic strategies, and opportunities for primary prevention. HIV-associated ASCVD risk is likely multifactorial and due to HIV-specific factors and traditional risk factors even in the setting of treated and suppressed HIV disease. Although a growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation and immune activation are key drivers of atherogenesis, therapies designed to lower inflammation including colchicine and low-dose methotrexate have not improved secondary cardiovascular endpoints among PLWH. Statins continue to be the mainstay of management of hyperlipidemia in HIV, but the impact of newer lipid therapies including proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors on ASCVD risk among PLWH is under investigation. Aside from the factors mentioned above, healthcare disparities are particularly prominent among PLWH and thus likely contribute to increased ASCVD risk. Our understanding of mechanisms of elevated ASCVD risk in HIV continues to evolve, and the optimal treatment for CVD in HIV aside from targeting traditional risk factors remains unknown. Future studies including novel therapies to lower inflammation, control of risk factors, and implementation science are needed to ascertain optimal ways to treat and prevent ASCVD among PLWH.

Conceptualizing the commercial determinants of dietary behaviors associated with obesity: A systematic review using principles from critical interpretative synthesis.

IntroductionUnhealthy diet is an important preventable risk factor for overweight and obesity. Identifying the key drivers of an unhealthy diet is an important public health aim. “Big Food” has been identified as an influential factor shaping dietary behavior and obesity, and their practices have broadly been labeled as the “commercial determinants of obesity,” but there is a lack of definitions and conceptualizations for these terms. This review aimed to synthesize literature on the commercial determinants of dietary behavior associated with obesity. It presents the development of an integrative definition and a conceptual framework involving potential influences on dietary behavior, and it examines the prevalence of certain narratives within papers that focus on children and adolescents.MethodsFour electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) were searched up to December 2020. Eighty‐one articles met the inclusion criteria: they were published in a peer‐reviewed academic journal, described a practice from the food/beverage industry in relation to dietary behavior or obesity. Data were integrated using critical interpretative synthesis.ResultsThe commercial determinants of dietary behavior are conceptualized in terms of three corporate spheres of action—political and legal; production, processing and design; and marketing and preference shaping—which enable powerful food industry to successfully pursue their business, market, and political objectives. The most frequently reported sphere of action targeting children and adolescents was marketing and preference shaping.ConclusionsIn the included literature, the commercial determinants of dietary behavior associated with obesity have been conceptualized as being part of a complex system where corporate practices are enabled by power structures. The proposed framework can facilitate a structured identification and systematic study of the impact of specific aspects of food industry's strategies and increase opportunities for primary prevention by anticipating industry responses and by discouraging corporate practices that harm health.

Congenital anomalies in children with postneonatally acquired cerebral palsy: an international data linkage study.

To describe the major congenital anomalies present in children with postneonatally acquired cerebral palsy (CP), and to compare clinical outcomes and cause of postneonatally acquired CP between children with and without anomalies. Data were linked between total population CP and congenital anomaly registers in five European and three Australian regions for children born 1991 to 2009 (n=468 children with postneonatally acquired CP; 255 males, 213 females). Data were pooled and children classified into mutually exclusive categories based on type of congenital anomaly. The proportion of children with congenital anomalies was calculated. Clinical outcomes and cause of postneonatally acquired CP were compared between children with and without anomalies. Major congenital anomalies were reported in 25.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 21.7-29.9) of children with postneonatally acquired CP. Cardiac anomalies, often severe, were common and present in 14.5% of children with postneonatally acquired CP. Clinical outcomes were not more severe in children with congenital anomalies than those without anomalies. Cause of postneonatally acquired CP differed with the presence of congenital anomalies, with cerebrovascular accidents predominating in the anomaly group. Congenital anomalies were likely associated with cause of postneonatally acquired CP in 77% of children with anomalies. In this large, international study of children with postneonatally acquired CP, congenital anomalies (particularly cardiac anomalies) were common. Future research should determine specific causal pathways to postneonatally acquired CP that include congenital anomalies to identify opportunities for prevention. One-quarter of children with postneonatally acquired cerebral palsy (CP) have a major congenital anomaly. Cardiac anomalies, often severe, are the most common anomalies. Causes of postneonatally acquired CP differ between children with and without congenital anomalies.

Exploring Opportunities for Primary Prevention of Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism: Ready for Prime Time?

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important vascular disease and public health problem. Prevention of VTE has focused mainly on using thromboprophylaxis to avoid provoked VTE or recurrent VTE, with little attention paid to the possibility of preventing the one third to one half of VTEs that are unprovoked. We review growing research suggesting that unhealthy lifestyle risk factors may cause a considerable proportion of unprovoked VTE. Using epidemiologic data to calculate population attributable risks, we estimate that in the United States obesity may contribute to 30% of VTEs, physical inactivity to 4%, current smoking to 3%, and Western dietary pattern to 11%. We also review possibilities for VTE primary prevention either through a high‐risk individual approach or a population‐wide approach. Interventions for outpatients at high VTE risk but without VTE provoking factors have not been fully tested; yet, improving patient awareness of risk and symptoms, lifestyle counseling, and possibly statins or direct oral anticoagulants may prove useful in primary prevention of unprovoked VTE. A population approach to prevention would bolster awareness of VTE and aim to shift lifestyle risk factors downward in the whole population using education, environmental changes, and policy. Assuming the epidemiological associations are accurate, causal, and independent of each other, a reduction of obesity, physical inactivity, current smoking, and Western diet by 25% in the general population might reduce the incidence of unprovoked VTE by 12%. We urge further research and consideration that primary prevention of unprovoked VTE may be a worthwhile public health aim.

The epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in Chinese postmenopausal women and its association with age of menopause

ObjectivesTo investigate the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) in postmenopausal women and to evaluate the association between age of menopause and AF. Study designA total of 9117 postmenopausal women were selected from a cross-sectional study conducted among the general population of north-east China from September 2017 and March 2019. Main outcome measuresAF was diagnosed according to self-reported medical history of AF and/or current ECG findings. The epidemiology of AF including prevalence, awareness, use of anticoagulants and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women were carefully assessed. The association between age of menopause and AF was evaluated by stepwise logistic regression. ResultsThe prevalence of AF was up to 1.1 % (95 % CI, 0.9 %–1.3 %) in postmenopausal women, but the awareness of it was 61.2 %. The proportion of AF patients requiring treatment with an oral anticoagulant (OAC) was as high as 87.8 % according to CHA2DS2-VASc score, while only 5.8 % of them received it. The prevalence of cardiovascular risks factors was high among postmenopausal women with AF, but awareness, treatment and control of these comorbidities were unacceptably low. Compared with the women with premature menopause (< 45 years), participants reporting onset of menopause at 50−54 years had a significantly lower risk of AF (OR 0.49, 95 % CI 0.27–0.91). ConclusionsThe widespread use of OAC and the control of cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women with AF was of great significance in preventing AF-related stroke. The history of premature menopause provided a reliable opportunity for primary prevention of AF.

Follow-up of women with a history of gestational diabetes in Italy: Are we missing an opportunity for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease?

Gestational diabetes (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy worldwide, with 5 to 20% of newborns being offspring of mothers with GDM1,2. In addition to the impact of GDM on pregnancy care and outcomes3,4, it has become evident that GDM affects women well beyond delivery. Indeed, women with a history of GDM have an increased risk of being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) postpartum or later in their life, as well as an increased susceptibility to cardiovascular disease (CVD) 5,6. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia to enhance cognitive function and reduce the rate of Aβ deposition in older adults with symptoms of insomnia: A single-site randomized pilot clinical trial protocol

Lifestyle interventions to increase exercise and improve diet have been the focus of recent clinical trials to potentially prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, despite the strong links between sleep disruptions, cognitive decline, and AD, sleep enhancement has yet to be targeted as a lifestyle intervention to prevent AD. A recent meta-analysis suggests that approximately 15% of AD may be prevented by an efficacious intervention aimed to reduce sleep disturbances and sleep disorders. Chronic insomnia is the most frequent sleep disorder occurring in at least 40% of older adults. Individuals with insomnia are more likely to be diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and demonstrate decline in cognitive function at long-term follow-up. AD is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles in the brain, and growing evidence shows impaired sleep contributes to the accumulation of Aβ. An intervention aimed at improving insomnia may be a critical opportunity for primary prevention to slow cognitive decline and potentially delay the onset of AD. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is an efficacious treatment for insomnia, but the use of CBT-I to improve cognitive function and potentially reduce the rate of Aβ accumulation has never been examined. Therefore, the objective of the proposed study is to examine the efficacy of CBT-I on improving cognitive function in older adults with symptoms of insomnia. An exploratory aim is to assess the effect of CBT-I on rate of Aβ accumulation.