Oplopanax Elatus Research Articles

Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of silver nanoparticles mediated by Oplopanax elatus adventitious root extract against mixed bacteria with different species

Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of silver nanoparticles mediated by Oplopanax elatus adventitious root extract against mixed bacteria with different species

Comparative analysis of the transcriptomes from regenerated plants and root explants of endangered Oplopanax elatus.

Oplopanax elatus is a plant of therapeutic significance in oriental medicine; however, its mass cultivation is limited owing to the difficulties in propagating it from seeds. In this study, we investigated the transcriptome profiles and transcriptional regulatory factors expressed during plantlet regeneration from root tissues of the endangered O. elatus. The RNA-seq results for the control and regenerated plants cultured in liquid medium for 8weeks showed that the clean length of the control group was 11,901,667,912 and that of the 8-week sample was 10,115,155,171, indicating a clean value of 97% for both samples. The number of mapped paired-end reads was 63,922,480 for the control group and 54,146,902 for the 8-week sample. The number of genes for which at least one clean data point was mapped was 43,177 in the control group and 42,970 in the 8-week sample. The results of the differentially expressed gene analysis indicate that the number of upregulated genes in the 8-week sample was 158, and the number of downregulated genes was 424. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the upregulated genes revealed that GO terms were classified into 14 categories, and genes expressed in the biological process category occurred most frequently. GO terms of the downregulated genes were evenly distributed into two categories: biological process and molecular function. From the upregulated genes, eight reference genes with significant differences in expression were selected and analyzed using real-time PCR. The Oe38836 gene (late embryogenesis abundant protein M17-like isoform X1) showed the highest expression rate that was more than tenfold that of the control. Oe40610 (auxin-responsive protein SAUR21-like) and Oe07114 (glucose-1-phosphate adenyl transferase-like protein) genes showed expression levels that were increased eightfold relative to the control. The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) results from the plants regenerated through liquid culture of O. elatus root tissue were confirmed using real-time PCR, indicating their reliability.

A novel antibacterial and anti-biofilm material: Biosynthetic silver nanoparticles mediated by extract from Oplopanax elatus adventitious roots

The search for plant resources involved in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is crucial for the diversity of AgNP materials. Oplopanax elatus is a valuable medicinal shrub and its adventitious root (AR) culture is a modern method for producing the raw material. To explore an efficient biosynthetic AgNPs, this study synthesized AgNPs using O. elatus AR extract (OE-AgNPs) and the characterization of OE-AgNPs was performed. Finally, the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of OE-AgNPs were investigated. The result showed that OE-AgNPs had an obvious absorption peak of nanosilver with a spherical shape and a silver-like face-centered cubic structure, which the OE-AgNPs were capped by compounds with aliphatic amine, amide, carbonyl, and hydroxyl groups of O. elatus AR extract, indicating a successful synthesis of OE-AgNPs. The 10–40 nm particles were the most abundant in the OE-AgNPs, accounting for 70%. OE-AgNPs had the strongest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa among six bacterial species tested, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.75 μg/mL, and the cell contents of E. coli and P. aeruginosa leaked out by OE-AgNP treatment, and bacterial respiration was inhibited. After OE-AgNP treatment, biofilms of E. coli and P. aeruginosa were efficiently scavenged with a scavenging rate of more than 60%; the extracellular polysaccharide concentrations in biofilms were also ruduced. The findings of this study suggested that OE-AgNPs could be used as a potential antibacterial and antibiofilm substance to apply in the product production and indicated the feasibility of expanding the application of O. elatus ARs.

Development of real-time PCR-based markers for differentiation of Oplopanax elatus and Aralia cordata in commercial food products.

The online version of this article contains supplementary material available 10.1007/s10068-023-01313-1.

Improving Flavonoid Accumulation of Bioreactor-Cultured Adventitious Roots in Oplopanax elatus Using Yeast Extract.

Oplopanax elatus is an endangered medicinal plant, and adventitious root (AR) culture is an effective way to obtain its raw materials. Yeast extract (YE) is a lower-price elicitor and can efficiently promote metabolite synthesis. In this study, the bioreactor-cultured O. elatus ARs were treated with YE in a suspension culture system to investigate the elicitation effect of YE on flavonoid accumulation, serving for further industrial production. Among YE concentrations (25-250 mg/L), 100 mg/L YE was the most suitable for increasing the flavonoid accumulation. The ARs with various ages (35-, 40-, and 45-day-old) responded differently to YE stimulation, where the highest flavonoid accumulation was found when 35-day-old ARs were treated with 100 mg/L YE. After YE treatment, the flavonoid content increased, peaked at 4 days, and then decreased. By comparison, the flavonoid content and antioxidant activities in the YE group were obviously higher than those in the control. Subsequently, the flavonoids of ARs were extracted by flash extraction, where the optimized extraction process was: 63% ethanol, 69 s of extraction time, and a 57 mL/g liquid-material ratio. The findings provide a reference for the further industrial production of flavonoid-enriched O. elatus ARs, and the cultured ARs have potential application for the future production of products.

Optimizing elicitation strategy of salicylic acid for flavonoid and phenolic production of fed-batch cultured Oplopanax elatus adventitious roots.

Oplopanax elatus is a valuable medicinal plant, but its plant resource is lacking. Adventitious root (AR) culture of O. elatus is an effective way for the production of plant materials. Salicylic acid (SA) exerts enhancement effect on metabolite synthesis in some plant cell/organ culture systems. To clarify the elicitation effect of SA on fed-batch cultured O. elatus ARs, this study investigated the effects of SA concentration, and elicitation time and duration. Results showed that flavonoid and phenolic contents, and antioxidant enzyme activity obviously increased when the fed-batch cultured ARs were treated with 100μM SA for 4 days starting on day 35. Under this elicitation condition, total flavonoid and phenolic contents reached 387 rutin mg/g DW and 128 gallic acid mg/g DW, respectively, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in the SA-untreated control. In addition, DPPH scavenging and ABTS+ scavenging rates, and Fe2+ chelating rate also greatly increased after SA treatment, and their EC50 values were 0.0117, 0.61, and 3.34mg/L, respectively, indicating the high antioxidant activity. The findings of the present study revealed that SA could be used as an elicitor to improve the flavonoid and phenolic production in fed-batch O. elatus AR culture.

Secondary Metabolites of Oplopanax elatus: Possibilities for Standardization of a Multiphytoadaptogen for Preventive Oncology

Secondary Metabolites of Oplopanax elatus: Possibilities for Standardization of a Multiphytoadaptogen for Preventive Oncology

Fed-batch culture of Oplopanax elatus adventitious roots: Establishment of a complete culture system

Fed-batch culture is rarely applied in plant organ culture, but it has been attempted to be used in Oplopanax elatus adventitious root (AR) culture. To establish a complete fed-batch O. elatus AR culture system, this study investigated the effects of sucrose, phosphorus, and nitrogen concentrations in the initial medium, and feeding time, feeding volume, and harvest time on AR biomass and flavonoid or polysaccharide accumulation. The results indicated the initial medium (3 L) containing 0.938 mM phosphorus and 40 mM nitrogen supplemented with 40 g/L sucrose, feeding with 2 L feeding medium on the 15th day, and harvesting on the 45th day were the most suitable conditions for the production of flavonoid- and polysaccharide-enriched ARs. In the established culture system, 76.7 mg/L/day of flavonoids and 200.9 mg/L/day of polysaccharides were obtained. This study suggested that fed-batch culture is a promising approach for mass production of O. elatus ARs.

Shifts in rhizosphere microbial communities in Oplopanax elatus Nakai are related to soil chemical properties under different growth conditions

Plant growth environment plays an important role in shaping soil microbial communities. To understand the response of soil rhizosphere microbial communities in Oplopanax elatus Nakai plant to a changed growth conditions from natural habitation to cultivation after transplant. Here, a comparative study of soil chemical properties and microbial community using high-throughput sequencing was conducted under cultivated conditions (CT) and natural conditions (WT), in Changbai Mountain, Northeast of China. The results showed that rhizosphere soil in CT had higher pH and lower content of soil organic matter (SOM) and available nitrogen compared to WT. These changes influenced rhizosphere soil microbial communities, resulting in higher soil bacterial and fungi richness and diversity in CT soil, and increased the relative abundance of bacterial phyla Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes and Patescibacteria, and the fungi phyla Mortierellomycota and Zoopagomycota, while decreased bacterial phyla Actinobacteria, WPS-2, Gemmatimonadetes, and Verrucomicrobia, and the fungi phyla Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Redundancy analysis analysis indicated soil pH and SOM were the primarily environmental drivers in shaping the rhizosphere soil microbial community in O. elatus under varied growth conditions. Therefore, more attention on soil nutrition management especially organic fertilizer inputs should be paid in O. elatus cultivation.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Oplopanax elatus Nakai Adventitious Roots Extract by Regulating CYP450 and PPAR Signaling Pathway.

O. elatus Nakai is a traditional medicine that has been confirmed to exert effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, and is used for the treatment of different disorders. However, its potential beneficial effects on drug induced hepatotoxicity and relevant molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the protective effect and further elucidated the mechanisms of action of O. elatus on liver protection. O. elatus chlorogenic acids-enriched fraction (OEB), which included chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid A, were identified by HPLC-MS/MS. OEB was administrated orally daily for seven consecutive days, followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of an overdose of APAP after the final OEB administration. The effects of OEB on immune cells in mice liver were analyzed using flow cytometry. APAP metabolite content in serum was detected using HPLC-MS/MS in order to investigate whether OEB affects CYP450 activities. The intestinal content samples were processed for 16 s microbiota sequencing. Results demonstrated that OEB decreased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase contents, affected the metabolism of APAP, and decreased the concentrates of APAP, APAP-CYS and APAP-NAC by inhibiting CYP2E1 and CYP3A11 activity. Furthermore, OEB pretreatment regulated lipid metabolism by affecting the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling pathway in mice and also increased the abundance of Akkermansia and Parabacteroides. This study indicated that OEB is a potential drug candidate for treating hepatotoxicity because of its ability to affect drug metabolism and regulate lipid metabolism.

Chemical profiling of root bark extract from Oplopanax elatus and its in vitro biotransformation by human intestinal microbiota.

Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai, in the Araliaceae family, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat diseases as an adaptogen for thousands of years. This study established an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) method to identify chemical components and biotransformation metabolites of root bark extract from O. elatus. A total of 18 compounds were characterized in O. elatus extract, and 62 metabolites by human intestinal microbiota were detected. Two polyynes, falcarindiol and oplopandiol were recognized as the main components of O. elatus, whose metabolites are further illustrated. Several metabolic pathways were proposed to generate the detected metabolites, including methylation, hydrogenation, demethylation, dehydroxylation, and hydroxylation. These findings indicated that intestinal microbiota might play an essential role in mediating the bioactivity of O. elatus.

Sesquiterpenes From Oplopanax elatus Stems and Their Anti-Photoaging Effects by Down-Regulating Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Expression via Anti-Inflammation.

In the process of continuing to investigate ultraviolet b (UVB) irradiation protective constituents from Oplopanax elatus stems, nine new sesquiterpenes, named as eurylosesquiterpenosides A–D (1–4), eurylosesquiterpenols E–I (5–9), and ten known ones (10–19) were gained. Their structures were established by analysis of their NMR spectroscopic data, and electronic circular dichroism calculations were applied to define their absolute configurations. In addition, UVB induced HaCaT cells were used to study their anti-photoaging activities and mechanism. The results consolidated that compounds 7, 11, and 14 could improve the survival rate of HaCaT cells in concentration dependent manner at 10, 25, and 50 μM. Furthermore, western blot assay suggested that all of them could inhibit the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), and increase the level of type I collagen markedly. Compounds 11 and 14 could reduce the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38, respectively. Besides, compounds 7, 11, and 14 could significantly down-regulate the expression of inflammation related protein, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2, which indicated that they played anti-photoaging activities by reducing MMP-1 expression via down-regulating the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in UVB-induced HaCaT cells.

The phenolic acids from Oplopanax elatus Nakai stems and their potential photo-damage prevention activity.

25 phenolic acids, including four new isolates, eurylophenosides A-D (1-4) and 21 known ones (5-25) were isolated and identified from the stems of Oplopanax elatus Nakai. Among the known compounds 5-9, 11-13, 16, 18-25 were isolated from the genus for the first time; 17 was first obtained from the plant; and the NMR data of 22 was reported here first. Meanwhile, the UVB-induced photodamage model of HaCaT cells was used to study the prevent-photodamage abilities of compounds 1-2, 4-8, 11-13 and 15-25 with a nontoxic concentration at 50μM. Moreover, a dose-dependent experiment was conducted for active compounds at the concentration of 10, 25, and 50µM, respectively. Consequently, pretreatment with compounds 1, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24 and 25 could suppress the cell viability decreasing induced by UVB irradiation in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicated that phenolic acids were one kind of material basis with prevent-photodamage activity of O. elatus.

Falcarindiol and dichloromethane fraction are bioactive components in Oplopanax elatus: Colorectal cancer chemoprevention via induction of apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest mediated by cyclin A upregulation.

Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai has a long history of use as an ethnomedicine by the people living in eastern Asia. However, its bioactive constituents and cancer chemopreventive mechanisms are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to prepare O. elatus extracts, fractions, and single compounds and to investigate the herb's antiproliferative effects on colon cancer cells and the involved mechanisms of action. Two polyyne compounds were isolated from O. elatus, falcarindiol and oplopandiol. Based on our HPLC analysis, falcarindiol and oplopandiol are major constituents in the dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) fraction. For the HCT-116 cell line, the dichloromethane fraction showed significant effects. Furthermore, the IC50 for falcarindiol and oplopandiol was 1.7 μM and 15.5 μM, respectively. In the mechanistic study, after treatment with 5 μg/ml for 48 h, dichloromethane fraction induced cancer cell apoptosis by 36.5% (p < 0.01% vs. control of 3.9%). Under the same treatment condition, dichloromethane fraction caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase by 32.6% (p < 0.01% vs. control of 23.4%), supported by upregulation of key cell cycle regulator cyclin A to 21.6% (p < 0.01% vs. control of 8.6%). Similar trends were observed by using cell line HT-29. Data from this study filled the gap between phytochemical components and the cancer chemoprevention of O. elatus. The dichloromethane fraction is a bioactive fraction, and falcarindiol is identified as an active constituent. The mechanisms involved in cancer chemoprevention by O. elatus were apoptosis induction and G2/M cell cycle arrest mediated by a key cell cycle regulator cyclin A.

Fed-batch culture of Oplopanax elatus adventitious roots: Feeding medium selection through comprehensive evaluation using an analytic hierarchy process

Adventitious root (AR) culture is an efficient route for the production of bioactive compounds of Oplopanax elatus. In fed-batch culture, selecting feeding media is a critical strategy for the successful culture. Therefore, this study examined the effects of four feeding medium factors (sucrose concentration, medium salt strength, phosphorus and nitrogen concentration) on culture efficiency of O. elatus ARs by investigating AR dry weight and flavonoid and polysaccharide contents, and the optimal conditions were confirmed by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Results showed that the sucrose concentration affected AR dry weight and polysaccharide content but unaffected flavonoid content. The maximum AR dry weight, flavonoid and polysaccharide contents were obtained with different salt strengths of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Although the phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations did not affect AR dry weight, they affected flavonoid and polysaccharide contents. The optimal conditions of the above four factors, namely, 60 g/L sucrose, 1-fold salt strength of MS medium, 0.94 mM phosphorus, and 30 mM nitrogen, were confirmed on the basis of comprehensive scores from AHP analysis. The findings of the present study provide a reference for further perfectly establishing a fed-batch culture system of O. elatus ARs. The application of AHP method lays the foundation for experiments with multiple indexes to analyze data scientifically and reliably in the field of plant cell culture.

RESEARCH OF NEW PHYTOADAPTOGENS AND POSSIBILITIES OF HERBAL FORMULAS APPLICATION

Classic phytoadaptogens (Panax ginseng, Rhodiola rosea, Aralia mandshurica, Oplopanax elatus, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Leuzea carthamoides, Schisandra chinensis) have a complex protective effects, increasing the antitumor control of organisms. However, resistance to some adaptogens can develop. Therefore, the elaboration of multicomponent phytoadaptogen complexes based on the principle of a rational combination of complementary biologically active substances are relevant and scientifically significant. The use of several adaptogens in the herbal formula considers the absence of the organisms resistance. The review presents Russian and foreign studies devoted to the search for potential phytoadaptogens, as well as the development of complexes based on them. The possibility of regulating the protective systems of organism by components of phytoextracts with different points of pharmacological action has been shown. The advantages of multicomponent phytomixtures in comparison with individual adaptogens are substantiated. The many-sided experimental in vitro and in vivo investigations of Russian herbal formula are colligated. Its clinical application has been demonstrated in relation to a benign tumour, precancerous disease, advanced cancer process, and neurodegenerative pathology. The prospects of using the herbal formula preparations as a part of integrative medicine including oncological and age-related pathologies are shown.

Inhibitory Mechanisms of Water Extract of Oplopanax elatus on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells.

To study the anti-inflammatory action and cellular mechanism of Oplopanax elatus. A hot water extract of OE (WOE) was prepared and a major constituent, syringin, was successfully isolated. Its content in WOE was found to be 214.0 µg/g dried plant (w/w). Their anti-inflammatory activities were examined using RAW 264.7 macrophages and a mouse model of croton oil-induced ear edema. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage cell line, WOE was found to significantly and strongly inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production [half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)=135.2 µg/mL] and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-induced NO production (IC50=242.9 µg/mL). In the same condition, WOE was revealed to inhibit NO production by down-regulating iNOS expression, mainly by interrupting mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway. The activation of all three major MAPKs, p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, was inhibited by WOE (50-300 µg/mL). On the other hand, WOE reduced PGE2 production by inhibiting COX-2 enzyme activity, but did not affect COX-2 expression levels. In addition, WOE inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. In croton oil-induced ear edema in mice, oral administration of WOE (50-300 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited edematic inflammation. Water extract of OE exhibited multiple anti-inflammatory action mechanisms and may have potential for treating inflammatory disorders.

Oplopanax elatus adventitious root production through fed-batch culture and their anti-bacterial effects

Fed-batch culture (FBC) is extensively used in microbial culture to achieve a high yield of the desired products. However, the FBC application is less in plant cells or organs because of relatively complex chemical components in the culture medium. To develop the FBC of adventitious roots (ARs) of Oplopanax elatus, the present study designed two FBC systems, where the initial culture media were controlled as 3 L of half- (FBC1) and full-strength (FBC2) of Murashige and Skoog medium, and the culture efficiency was compared with the batch culture (BC). The result showed that AR biomass and bioactive compound accumulation were favorable in both FBC systems compared with those in the BC system. Between FBC1 and FBC2, a significant difference was exerted, with the former showing a good culture efficiency, and 5381.6 mg l−1 of total polysaccharides and 950.8 mg l−1 of total flavonoids were produced in FBC1. In addition, the anti-bacterial property of O. elatus ARs was evaluated for their further using in the production of relative products. The extract from FBC1-cultured ARs (OAE) inhibited growth of bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis, and a higher anti-bacterial effect was found on E. coli. Consequently, the effects of OAE on cell permeability and oxidative respiratory metabolism of E. coli were investigated. The levels of alkaline phosphatase activity, nucleotide or protein leakage, and electrical conductivity in the bacterial substrate were increased by the OAE treatment, illustrating that OAE changed the permeability of cell membranes or walls of E. coli. Simultaneously, OAE inhibited the respiratory of E. coli and a low superposition rate (30.5%) was found in the combination group of OAE with sodium phosphate. Furthermore, the activity of the key enzyme (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) in the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway was obviously decreased by the OAE treatment, confirming that OAE exerts its anti-bacterial effect on E. coli by regulating the HMP pathway. Fed-batch culture improves culture efficiency of Oplopanax elatus adventitious roots. Large amounts of polysaccharides and flavonoids were produced in fed-batch culture. Adventitious roots possessed higher anti-bacterial effect against Escherichia coli. Cell permeability of Escherichia coli were changed by treatments of adventitious root extracts. Extracts inhibited respiratory of Escherichia coli by affecting hexose monophophate pathway.

땃두릅나무 재분화 유식물체의 순화 체계 및 생육 특성

땃두릅나무 재분화 유식물체의 순화 체계 및 생육 특성

Adventitious root cultures of Oplopanax elatus inhibit LPS-induced inflammation via suppressing MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Bioreactor-cultured adventitious roots (ARs) of the endangered medicinal plant Oplopanax elatus Nakai is a novel alternative plant material. To utilize ARs in the product production, the present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of O. elatus ARs. In the in vivo experiment, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury disease model was established and several inflammatory indexes were determined. For the LPS-stimulated mice, after pretreatment of AR crude extract (200mg/kg), cell infiltration in lungs was decreased, the production of proinflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6, and 1β in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was evidently reduced, which indicated that O. elatus ARs had an anti-inflammatory effect. In the in vitro experiment, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions (12.5, 25, and 50μg/mL) were used to treat LPS-induced peritoneal macrophages (PMs) of mice. The production of NO, prostaglandin E2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated PMs was obviously inhibited (p < 0.05) after pretreatment with EtOAc fractions, and the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase were also suppressed. To clarify the anti-inflammatory mechanism, effects of EtOAc fraction on changes of proteins related to the pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were investigated. The phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases, c-jun n-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK in LPS-induced PMs was inhibited after pretreatment of EtOAc fractions. In addition, EtOAc fractions enhanced inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B-α expression and decreased nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB. Thus, EtOAc from O. elatus ARs is involved in regulating MAKP and NF-κB signaling pathways to inhibit LPS-induced inflammation.