Opinion Questions Research Articles

Sleep disorders and a review of the uses of valerian, chamomile, lavender and passionflower: Pharmacy students’ knowledge and views

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that affects the quality and length of sleep. Individuals who suffer from insomnia may encounter daytime fatigue, mood problems, impaired concentration, and increased risk of chronic diseases. This disorder can be acute or chronic. Acute insomnia is short-term and usually triggered by stress or life events, while chronic insomnia is long-term and often associated with other medical or psychological conditions. Insomnia can be treated with medications, lifestyle changes or herbal remedies. Four different herbs are thought of as potential treatment for insomnia: Valerian, Chamomile, Lavender, and Passionflower. This paper analyzes the potential effects of these remedies and their effectiveness in treating insomnia. It also collected data on what pharmacy students know about sleep disorders and their opinions about aspects that affect sleep. A total of 40 students completed the demographic survey questions with a 100% response rate. Of these, 36 answered the five knowledge-based questions (89.5% response rate) and about 35 (88%) completed the opinion questions. The five opinion statements had an average agreement rate of 81.2% among the survey respondents.

Public Opinion and Drone Exports: Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment in the United States

Abstract Drones are now a mainstay in war. Yet not all countries can manufacture armed and networked drones, heightening global demand. While some drone-manufacturing countries have adopted permissive export policies, U.S. policymakers have been more restrictive, citing international legal commitments and domestic export controls. In this study, I consider drone exports as a question of both political economy and public opinion. I derive and test hypotheses about public support for drone exports through a conjoint survey experiment administered in the United States. I find that perceived alignment between the recipient country and United States, as well as the intended use of drones, are the most important factors shaping public support for drone exports. Export control measures are less relevant to public opinion. These findings offer the first experimental evidence about public opinion for drone exports, which have implications for the political economy of security and policies relating to the export of military technologies.

Knowledge of emergency dental management among a localized sample of athletic trainers.

Athletic trainers are often the point person when sports-related traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) occur. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge levels of the management of TDIs among athletic trainers in the Midwest United States, as well as evaluate variables that may influence knowledge levels. A survey was sent to athletic trainers licensed in Minnesota, Nebraska, and Iowa. The survey included 28 multiple-choice and fill in the blank questions split into three sections. The three sections included background, emergency management of TDIs, and opinion questions. Of the participants, 100% recalled receiving medical first aid training. However, only 71% recalled receiving formal training on emergency management of dental injuries. Although 75% were confident in managing a dental injury, over 63% of participants scored less than 70% in the knowledge score section. Majority of the participants (98.4%) reported that they believe training on the management of TDIs is important. Athletic trainers working with contact sports were more likely to have experienced managing TDIs more recently than those working in noncontact sports. This study shows the gaps in knowledge among athletic trainers pertaining to management of TDIs and emphasizes the importance of sports community having adequate education on emergency management of such dental injuries.

Seeking and sharing information about the threat of nuclear war

The present study contributes to information behavior research by examining how people seek and share information related to the threat of nuclear war. To achieve this, a sample of 1279 posts submitted to Quora—a social Q&A site—were scrutinized by means of qualitative content analysis. The analysis was based on identification of three question types indicative of attempts to seek information and five answer types expressive of information sharing. The findings indicate that the online participants mainly presented opinion questions, while the role of fact questions remained marginal. While sharing threat-related information, the participants primarily offered opinion answers. To a lesser extent, the repertoire of answers also included explanation, prediction, fact, action directive and encouragement answers. The predominance of opinion answers is understandable because there is no recent experience about the use of nuclear weapons against civil targets. Therefore, much of threat-related information shared in online discussion necessarily originates from people’s personal views of what a nuclear war and its effects could be like. The findings highlight that people mainly seek opinions of other people, rather than factual information about the threat of nuclear war.

Reflection on Business Communication in a “Fishbowl”: Increasing Active Learning and Course Effectiveness While Lowering Disconnection

Active learning is synonymous with learning by doing. Power in learning by doing has been amplified by a Confucian scholar “What I hear, I forget. What I see, I remember. What I do, I understand” (Xunzi, 340- 245 BC). In the business communication class, hearing is less effective than seeing and is less effective than experience. True learning must be active, where students’ experiences produce action and connection to the real-world workplace. This pilot study explores the “Fishbowl” active learning method to teach business communication. This case study is anchored in reflective practice and the theory of learning by doing. Data were collected from instructor reflections and students’ self-report data from class discussions during the spring 2022 semester. Findings indicate that (1) practical class discussions amplify the voices of the students rather than the teacher (2) students are willing to be actively engaged with the content if allowed, (3) asking open-ended, analytical, or opinion questions increase class participation, and (4) effective teaching and learning occurs when instructors engage in reflective practice.

Strategic Management Accounting Practices and Financial Performance of Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Previous studies acknowledge that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are key drivers to Kenya's economic development. Many of these SMEs face persistent constraints and do not realize their full potential, with many failing within their first three years of operation. A possible cause for the high failure rate is poor financial performance. Existing literature highlights one remedy as the use of strategic management accounting practices. This paper investigated the influence of strategic management accounting practices (SMAPs) on the financial performance of small and medium manufacturing enterprises (SMMEs) in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study used self-reporting opinion questions on Return on Investments (ROI), Return on Assets (ROA) and net profit margin as financial measures. A descriptive research design was used. Target population was 693 SMMEs in Nairobi. Data was collected through a self-administered cross-sectional survey. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 254 SMMEs with 156 usable responses. Data was analyzed using structural equation modelling to explain the relationships among multiple variables for SMAPs and financial performance. Results of hypothesis testing revealed that SMAPs significantly influence financial performance (chi-square (χ2) = 612.82, DF = 171, p-value = 0.000, CMIN/DF (x2 /df = 3.584, RMSEA = 0.114, IFI= 0.857, CFI= 0.856, NFI= 0.819, GFI =0.806, AGFI=0.751), where the model explains 43.7% in the variations on financial performance of SMMEs. Results suggest that the financial performance of SMMEs can be improved by deploying SMAPs. The study recommends that SMMEs should be encouraged to adopt SMAPs through policy and practice.

Strategic Management Accounting and Financial Performance of Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Previous studies acknowledge that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are key drivers to Kenya's economic development. Many of these SMEs face persistent constraints and do not realize their full potential, with many failing within their first three years of operation. A possible cause for the high failure rate is poor financial performance. Existing literature highlights one remedy as the use of strategic management accounting practices. This paper investigated the influence of strategic management accounting practices (SMAPs) on the financial performance of small and medium manufacturing enterprises (SMMEs) in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study used self-reporting opinion questions on Return on Investments (ROI), Return on Assets (ROA), operating profit and net profit margin as financial measures. A descriptive research design was used. Target population was 693 SMMEs in Nairobi City County. Data was collected through a self-administered cross-sectional survey. Survey questionnaires were administered to a representative sample of 254 SMMEs with 156 usable responses. Data was analyzed using structural equation modelling to explain the relationships among multiple variables for SMAPs and financial performance. Results of hypothesis testing revealed that SMAPs significantly influence financial performance (chi-square (χ2) = 612.82, DF = 171, p-value = 0.000, CMIN/DF (x2 /df = 3.584, RMSEA = 0.114, IFI= 0.857, CFI= 0.856, NFI= 0.819, GFI =0.806, AGFI=0.751), where the model explains 43.7% in the variations on financial performance of SMMEs. Results suggest that the financial performance of SMMEs can be improved by deploying SMAPs. The study recommends that SMMEs should be encouraged to adopt SMAPs through policy and practice.

Exploring the elements of opinion answers: the case of the Russo-Ukrainian war

Introduction. The present investigation contributes to information behaviour research by elaborating the nature of opinion as a type of information. To achieve this, the elements of opinion answers available on Quora - a major question and answers (Q&A) forum were analysed. Method. The empirical findings draw on the qualitative content analysis of 483 opinion answers dealing with the Russo-Ukrainian war. It was examined how the answerers articulated four main elements of opinion answers: (i) the stance taken on an issue or event, (ii) emotional reaction to it, (iii) suggestion for future action, and (iv) grounds used to bolster an opinion. Results. The answerers most frequently took a neutral or negative stance on the topics articulated in the opinion questions. The emotions expressed in opinion answers were negative, indicative of anger, hate and contempt. The answerers offered a number of suggestions mainly dealing with the ways in which the war could be ended. To bolster their answers, the answerers primarily drew on the views presented by political decision makers such as presidents and ministers. The answerers also supported their views by making references to external information sources and drawing on factual evidence, Moreover, negative evaluation of the qualities of an entity or event was fairly common. The answerers also drew on explanation to make it understandable the war-related events. Conclusion. Opinion is an important informational category whose significance is probably growing, due to the developments in today´s information and communication environments. In the media, more strongly than before, attention is devoted to people´s opinions, instead of merely emphasizing the role of irrefutable (objective) facts.

Review of Omega-3’s Health Benefits in Parkinson’s Disease and Students Survey

In this study, a literature search and review were conducted on the beneficial effects of omega-3 in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) along with a survey of pharmacy students. This survey was completed at Howard University College of Pharmacy as part of a Drug Informatics course, where first-year Doctor of Pharmacy students were taught how to conduct literature searches. The literature search retrieved a sufficient number of studies to support the use of omega-3 in PD. Based on this, a survey tool was developed and administered. A total of 42 student respondents participated in the survey. The survey questionnaire incorporated demographics, knowledge, and opinion-based questions. There were a set of knowledge and opinion-based questions included. The results show that on the overall knowledge-based questions, only a little over half of the participants (n=25; 59.5%) answered them accurately, which indicates limited knowledge among the participants. Among the knowledge questions, the highest number of accurate responses (n=30; 71.4%) was acquired for the statement that one should avoid eating foods high in fat or cholesterol while taking omega-3, since they also contain omega-3. Regarding the opinion questions, the respondents were divided evenly (50%; n=21) in most of the opinion questions. The question that acquired the highest variance was the one that refers to the belief that omega-3 supplement reduces the signs and symptoms of PD (mean 2.29+1.02). Overall, even though there are multiple studies that supported the beneficial use of omega-3, in this study, we found a limited knowledge and a wide variance of opinions among the study participants.

Review of phosphatidylserines health benefits in Parkinson’s disease and students survey

The goal of this study is two folds: to conduct a literature review of the beneficial use of phosphatidylserine in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and to determine the knowledge base and opinion of pharmacy students. The literature search that was conducted revealed there are only very few clinical studies found that show the beneficial effect of phosphatidylserine in PD. The students’ survey conducted was among 42 first-year professional pharmacy students. The goal was to gain insight into if they had knowledge of the supplement phosphatidylserine in PD. The survey data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results show that the participants have limited overall knowledge of the topic. The results from the opinion questions also varied highly among the participants. Demographic factors of age, educational level, and work experiences affected the outcome significantly. For example, the higher the age, education level, and number of years worked the more likely the participant believed phosphatidylserine would help with the treatment of PD. A few studies have shown the use of supplements is beneficial for cognitive disorders; however, none are showing the knowledge status of this usage amongst healthcare professionals. Based on studies reviewed, phosphatidylserine may be beneficial in slowing the progression of PD. That may be one of the reasons for the students’ limited knowledge shown in this study.

132 Management of horses transported by road in the US on journeys of three hours or less

Horses are regularly transported short distances by road in the US; however, general management practices when traveling less than 3 h are undefined. To investigate, we created an online survey through Qualtrics with questions about the management of an individual horse, plus a few opinion questions about transportation. A subset of 1169 responses from a larger survey were used; each describing a horse who was transported 3 h or less by road between March 2021 to 2022. The most common breeds represented were Quarter Horse (21.2%), Thoroughbred (16.7%) and Warmblood (9.9%). While the majority of horses were adults (60%, ages 5 to 15), 30% were 16 years or older; 58% of horses were geldings and 39% mares. Horses were most often used, and transported, for pleasure or trail riding (44.3%,) followed by showing and competition (31.2%). The majority of horses resided in the Southeast (41.6%) or Midwest (21.2%). A gooseneck (52.2%), slant load (48.4%) trailer with a step-up rear (52.5%) was most commonly used. Ventilation typically consisted of roof vents (71.9%) and side windows (81.9%); rubber mats (86.8%) and shavings or sawdust (61.4%) were the most common flooring and bedding types. Most horses were reported to have been tied (76.6%) at or above eye level (69.2%) during transport. While almost all horses wore halters (95.1%), 26.5% also wore some form of hoof or leg protection when being transported.Within the hour before transport the majority of horses had access to hay or pasture and water (60.2%) and 15.7% received an ulcer preventative or treatment. The majority of horses had access to hay during the transportation (65.6%), and 70.3% had access to hay or pasture and water within the hour following transport. The likelihood of a horse owner taking the temperature, pulse, and/or respiration (TPR) before or after transportation by road increased as the duration of trip increased beyond 3 h; however, 90% reported that they did not take TPR before or after a journey of 3 h or less. When asked various ways to monitor their horse during transport 60% of horse owners said they would be interested in using, or already used, video monitoring and 39% were interested in heart rate monitors. The biggest concern when transporting horses by road was injury to the horse (26.7%), followed by stress (23.1%) and dehydration or overheating (15.6%). The biggest factors when planning to travel were season or weather (24.1%), trip length (21.9%), horse health (16.8%) and traffic (15.5%). The results from the survey show how horse owners are managing horses when transporting by road over short distances in the US

Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions about Gender Equality

Teachers are the agent of social change. For teachers, promoting gender equality is not a question of opinion, but a requisite responsibility. The present study aims to examine the B.Ed. trainee students’ perception of gender equality. It followed a descriptive survey design for which one self-made questionnaires was used as the tool and focused group discussions arranged for qualitatively perspective. Total 136 B.Ed. trainee students was taken as sample from Aliah University and WBUTTEPA of Kolkata, West Bengal. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis was done. It is found the B.Ed. trainee students have average level of gender equality perception irrespective of their gender, place of residence stream, types of family. There exist no significant differences in the perception level of gender equality among the students from different categories such as gender, discipline, residential status and although there exist significance positive differences in between family types. Based on this study, guidance and suggestions may be provided to enhance students’ awareness, knowledge, understanding and competencies in relation to gender equality and to encourage student engagement in a global sustainable development. This study will give a direction to the management and administration for endorsing a favorable environment where seeds of human rights, gender equality, social justice can be sown.

Resiliência e espiritualidade de estudantes de Medicina durante isolamento social devido à pandemia da Covid-19

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the mental health of university students. In this period of uncertainty and challenges, the development of resilience, that is, the ability to deal with and recover from adverse situations, was necessary. From the perspective of social isolation, spirituality is shown to be an important resource for resignification, which can have a positive impact on students’ resilience. Objective: To identify the degree of resilience of medical students during the social isolation caused by COVID-19 and its relationship with spirituality and personal factors. Methodology: A mixed cross-sectional study carried out with medical students from Brazilian private and public institutions. Data were collected from June to September 2020 using a questionnaire containing sociodemographic and opinion questions about positive and negative aspects of social isolation, the Resilience Scale and the Spirituality-Related Attitudes Scale (ARES). For the analysis of the open responses to the questionnaire, a content analysis was performed with categorization of responses by topic. Result: 308 students participated in the study. The average scores found showed that the students showed moderate resilience and high spirituality. A weak positive correlation was observed between the degree of spirituality and resilience. The variables that positively impacted both resilience and spirituality were high level of satisfaction in studying to become a doctor, high level of happiness with life in recent months, better quality of life during isolation, having a religion and high importance attributed to the fact of having a religion. Female students aged over 25 years old showed greater spirituality. The most often cited positive points were related to social relationships, leisure and personal development. The most frequent negative points and difficulties were mental-physical-social health and remote teaching/adaptation to a new routine. Conclusion: The study suggests that students with greater spirituality are more resilient, being better able to deal with stressors; to adapt and have a positive view of adverse situations. These results can contribute to a reflection on educational strategies that aim to help students in coping with stressful situations, such as those experienced as a result of social isolation.

UMA ANÁLISE DO PROCESSO DE ELABORAÇÃO DE PERGUNTAS PRODUZIDAS POR LICENCIANDOS EM QUÍMICA A PARTIR DA LITERATURA DE DIVULGAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA

AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING QUESTIONS PRODUCED BY CHEMISTRY STUDENTS IN A TEACHING PROGRAM BASED ON SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION LITERATURE. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the use of scientific dissemination literature (SDL) in the process of formulating questions developed by chemistry students in a Teaching Program in Chemistry. To this end, the book entitled The Disappearing Spoon was analyzed in terms of categories referring to format and content, while the 18 questions produced by these students about the chapters read were analyzed in terms of presupposition and request. The investigation was carried out with 16 undergraduates who were taking a theoretical course on “Introduction to Chemistry”, as part of the Teaching Program in Chemistry. According to the analysis carried out, some particularities of format, such as the scarcity of visual resources, the autonomous structure of the chapters and the language, may have influenced the elaborated presentations. It is interesting to note that almost half of the questions produced were of an investigative nature, demonstrating the potential of SDL to stimulate high cognitive skills. In addition, the questions with investigative requests were mostly opinion questions, which may have been motivated by characteristics of the text read, such as the content with a controversial approach used by the author, when reporting on some aspects of scientific activity.

Права та обов’язки експертів з економічних питань у профільному і процесуальному законодавстві

The article considers the rights and obligations of experts on economic affairs in the relevant legislation (the Law of Ukraine "On Forensic Expertise"; the Instruction on the Appointment and Conduct of Forensic Examinations and Expert Studies and the Scientific and Methodological Recommendations on the Preparation and Appointment of Forensic Examinations and Expert Studies; the Instruction on the Peculiarities of Forensic Expert Activity by Certified Forensic Experts who do not work in state specialised expert institutions) and procedural legislation (the Criminal Procedure Code, the Civil Procedure Code, the Commercial Procedure Code and the Code of Administrative Procedure). The purpose of the article (to study the rights and obligations of forensic experts on economic affairs in accordance with the requirements of relevant and procedural legislation) is achieved by using the following general scientific and special research methods: abstract-logical, dialectical, generalization, grouping, and graphical. The study revealed that in conducting forensic examinations and expert studies on economic affairs, there are examinations of documents: accounting, taxation and reporting; economic activities of enterprises and organisations; and financial and credit transactions. At the same time, there is an inconsistency in the names of the types of forensic economic examinations in the relevant legislation. It is determined that the relevant legislation on the rights of experts, including those on economic affairs, provides for 6 of them in the Law of Ukraine "On Forensic Expertise", 8 in the relevant Instructions (only five are similar); the procedural codes establish 8 rights in the Criminal Procedure Code and 6 each in the Civil Procedure Code, the Code of Civil Procedure and the Code of Administrative Procedure (five are also similar). All types of relevant and procedural legislation provide two essentially identical duties of forensic experts (to perform the task and provide an expert opinion and answer questions, if necessary). The Code of Civil Procedure, the Code of Economic Procedure and the Code of Administrative Court Procedure declare only 2 duties each, the Law of Ukraine "On Forensic Expertise" - 3, the Code of Criminal Procedure - 5, and the Instructions - 8. At the same time, the relevant legislation and the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine add a general obligation to recuse an expert.

Assessment of Awareness and Opinion: Grape Seed Extract’s Health Benefits

Objective To determine pharmacy students’ opinion and knowledge of the role and overall health benefits of dietary and herbal supplements such as grape seed extract. Methods Forty-two pharmacy school students were asked to complete an online survey to assess their opinion and knowledge of the overall health benefits of grape seed extract using Likert-scale type questions. Results Respondents were given an optional survey which received a 100% response rate. The students were asked nine-demographic questions, four-general lifestyle opinion questions, and five-opinion questions on grape seed extract and its overall health benefits. When investigating students’ responses, there was a significant variation between those that agreed to feeling comfortable enough to recommend grape seed extract to a patient with high blood pressure and agreeing to not looking in research evidence to make themselves aware of the benefit of grape seed extract in lowering blood pressure (p value=0.021). The scores of the five knowledge questions asked to the participants averaged 63.3%, with most of the students scoring below average (n=22, 52.4%). The question that received the highest rate of correct answers was question #2 that states that grape seed extract can improve blood flow (n=29, 69%). When investigating significance in response to blood-related questions (Q# 1,2,5) vs other organ-related questions (Q# 3,4), the results were significant (p value<0.001). Conclusion Our results indicated that pharmacy students have a split general lifestyle opinion (n=22, 50%) when believing that grape seed extract had many benefits in lowering blood pressure. This study also indicated that first-year pharmacy students have limited knowledge of the application of grape seed extract in hypertension with an average passing score of 63.3% and over half (52.4%) of the students scoring below average. Results from this study additionally showed that demographic factors such as age, residence prior to attending pharmacy school and number of years worked prior to pharmacy school were significant in predicting the knowledge and opinion of grape seed extract. This supports the need to integrate more herbal product education within our pharmacy school modules. As patients become more interested in natural product therapies, it is the job of pharmacy students and pharmacists to educate themselves so they can aid in optimal care of all patients.

Use of metformin in the management of colorectal cancer: A survey

A survey was conducted among 42 Howard University first year professional pharmacy students regarding their knowledge and opinions about the use of metformin in colorectal patients. Twenty-five (59.5%) respondents agreed that metformin reduces the risk of colorectal cancer in type 2 diabetes patients, and the majority (n=22, 52.4%) disagreed with the statement that metformin is a drug recommended for colorectal cancer. Twenty-five (59.5%) replied that colorectal cancer is a common illness regardless of age range. Twenty-four (57.1%) survey participants responded in favor of patients taking metformin to lower the risk of colon cancer. On the other hand, the majority (n=25, 59.5%) agreed that colorectal patients with diabetes mellitus taking metformin have the same outcome as those who do not have diabetes. In response to the opinion part of the questionnaire, the majority (n=23, 54.7%) admitted to feeling comfortable about recommending metformin to increase the chance of survival of colorectal patients, while only 18 (42.8%) were confident in explaining the benefits of metformin in preventing colorectal cancer. Twenty-three (54.7%) of respondents prefer natural and holistic methods, and 16 (28.1%) knew someone with type 2 diabetes who was taking metformin for the prevention of colorectal cancer. Most respondents (n=29, 69%) believe prescription medications should be used to prevent colorectal cancer rather than metformin which has inadequate supporting evidence. A sub-analysis appears to indicate that female participants, those with previous pharmacy-related jobs, and those with fewer years of work experience disagree with most of the opinion questions compared to their counterparts. They also had a wider range of opinions among themselves compared to their counterparts.

Rationality (Online Discussions/Discussion Quality)

Rationality (Online Discussions/Discussion Quality)

Perceptions about the Management of Patients with DM2 and COVID-19 in the Hospital Care Setting.

Background: COVID-19 entails a higher rate of complications in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Likewise, COVID-19 infection can cause alterations in glucose metabolism that may lead to worse control. The aim of the study was to analyse the perceptions of a large group of Spanish physicians about the relationship between COVID-19 and T2DM, as well as the management, monitoring, and treatment of both diseases. Methods: A cross-sectional multicenter national project was conducted based on a survey which included opinion, attitude, and behavior (OAB) questions. Physicians specialised in internal medicine or endocrinology, whose usual clinical practices included the management of T2DM, responded to the survey between March and April 2021. Results: A total of 112 participants responded to the survey, from which 64.3% believed that COVID-19 entailed a higher risk of glycaemic decompensation irrespective of the presence of previously known T2DM. Obesity was considered a risk factor for poor control of T2DM by 57.7% and for a worse course of COVID-19 by 61.0%. Treatment intensification in not-on-target patients was considered by 57.1% in the presence of COVID-19 and by 73.2% in the absence of COVID-19. No participants considered the suspension of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) in ambulatory patients, 85.7% declared that this therapeutic approach in hospitalized patients should be kept, and 88.4% supported the option of maintaining DPP-4i when corticosteroids were prescribed. Conclusion: The physicians involved in the management of T2DM and COVID-19 are aware of the bidirectional relationship between both conditions. However, the monitoring and therapeutic management of patients with T2DM who are infected by SARS-CoV-2 needs improvement through the following of the current recommendations and available evidence.

Sentence subjectivity analysis of a political and ideological debate dataset using LSTM and BiLSTM with attention and GRU models

Subjectivity analysis is one of the key tasks in the field of natural language processing. Used to annotate data as subjective or objective, subjectivity analysis can be implemented on its own or as a precursor to other NLP applications such as sentiment analysis, emotion analysis, consumer review analysis, political opinion analysis, document summarization, and question answering systems. The main objective of this article is to test and compare six deep learning methods for subjectivity classification, including Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), bidirectional GRU, bidirectional LSTM, LSTM with attention, and bidirectional LSTM with attention. We introduced a combination method for subjectivity annotation using lexicon-based and syntactic pattern-based methods. We evaluated the performance of GloVe versus one-hot encoding. We also reformatted, preprocessed, and annotated a political and ideological debate dataset for use in subjectivity analysis. Our research compares favorably with the performance of existing research on subjectivity analysis, achieving very high accuracy and evaluation metrics. LSTM with attention performed the best out of all the methods we tested with an accuracy of 97.39%.