Ophthalmology In China Research Articles

Present Situation and Trend of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Ophthalmology in China in the Era of Precision Medicine

Present Situation and Trend of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Ophthalmology in China in the Era of Precision Medicine

Application of team-based learning to ophthalmology in China.

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to explore whether team-based learning (TBL) was more effective than traditional didactic lectures (TDLs) in improving medical students' problem-solving and study skills in the clinical course of ophthalmology. In addition, we were also concerned about Chinese students' satisfaction with TBL.MethodsOur study program involved 275 students of the 5-year clinical medicine program from Central South China University, of which 140 were enrolled in a modified TBL course. A questionnaire that included closed-ended and open-ended items was distributed to students immediately following the completion of the TBL session, and 108 valid questionnaires were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data. The effects of the TBL module on students' performance were measured between the groups using a one-way between-group analysis of variance (ANOVA) test by the individual readiness assurance test (IRAT), the group readiness assurance test (GRAT), and final examination scores (FESs), compared with a class without the TBL session.ResultsWith our modified TBL strategy, 140 students achieved a mean test score of 72.65 on test questions that assessed their knowledge of ophthalmology compared to 135 students who achieved a mean score of 70.8 using the TDL method (p = 0.3434). The performance in a pre-class quiz was significantly better in the GRAT compared to the IRAT. In comparison to the TDL session, the modified TBL was preferred and acceptable by most medical students.ConclusionsBy applying the modified TBL to ophthalmology, students improved their performance, self-study, and teamwork, and their class engagement and satisfaction were enhanced. However, TBL should be further optimized and developed to enhance educational outcomes.

Recommendations for Off-Label Drug Use in Ophthalmology in China: A Clinical Practice Guideline.

Off-label drugs use is widespread in ophthalmology due to the delay in drug approvals and package inserts update. It has been found to vary among different medical institutions in China, leading to safety problems since inappropriate use. Guidance is urgently needed regarding how best to use the drugs for unapproved indications and routes of administration. We aimed to develop an evidence-based guideline to guide off-label drugs used in ophthalmology in China. The practice guideline was developed by the Hospital Pharmacy Professional Committee, Chinese Pharmaceutical Association, following the WHO handbook for guideline development. The guideline was initially registered in the International Practice Guidelines Registry Platform (IPGRP-2021CN096). The clinical questions included in the guideline were identified through a three-round Delphi vote. Databases search was performed in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and WanFang Database from their inception to 31 March 2021. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses for each clinical question were conducted individually to synthesize available scientific evidence. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the quality of evidence and grade the recommendations’ strengths. The multidisciplinary guideline groups were set up, including ophthalmologists, pharmacists, methodology experts, pharmacologists, pharmacoeconomists, and lawyers. The guideline identified 25 clinical questions included. A total of 32 systematic reviews, including 24 conducted by the systematic review group and eight high-relevance published within 2 years, were referred to address these questions. Finally, the guideline presented 32 recommendations addressing 25 clinical questions, involving five strong recommendations and 27 weak recommendations for the treatment of ocular fundus, corneal disease, glaucoma, and endophthalmitis. Current evidence from clinical studies supports the off-label drugs used in ophthalmology. We developed an evidence-based guideline using a rigorous multidisciplinary approach to guide these usages in route clinical practice.

Data analysis of application and funding of ophthalmology projects funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China from 2010 to 2021

Objective: To review the application for funding of ophthalmologic projects from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and the current research progress, and to provide reference for the promotion of basic eye research in China. Methods: The NSFC application and funding information of ophthalmology-related projects from 2010 to 2021 were collected as a database for further analysis. The main categories of the analysis included the number of application and funding, the funding ratio, the research directions and the funded organizations. Results: During the 12 years, 13 267 applications were received in the field of ophthalmology, with an increase of 157.21% (1 025/652) in 2021 compared with 2010, and the number of applications for the Youth Foundation grew significantly. There were 2 221 funded projects, with an increase of 81.51% (97/119) in 2021 compared with 2010. After 2017, the number of funded projects was basically around 200 per year, with a funding rate of 16.74%(2 221/13 267). The funding amount was 1 026.9 million yuan in total, with an average of 462 400 yuan. Sun Yat-sen University (1 060 applied and 265 funded projects), Fudan University (759 applied and 186 funded projects), Shanghai Jiaotong University (820 applied and 178 funded projects), Wenzhou Medical University (625 applied and 113 funded projects) and Capital Medical University (538 applied and 95 funded projects) were the top five institutions in terms of the number of application and funding. Conclusions: From 2010 to 2021, the application number of ophthalmology projects increased rapidly, while the number of funded projects increased slowly, and the funding ratio decreased year by year. With the support of NSFC, the basic research of ophthalmology in China has made great progress. However, we still need to find and solve problems to promote the sustainable advance of ophthalmology. (This article was published ahead of print on the official website of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology on January 21, 2022).

Application of Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology in China

Application of Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology in China

Backgrounds, Contents, and Influences of <i>Xi Yi Yan Ke</i> (<i>Ophthalmology in Western Medicine</i>), the First Western Medical Monograph on Ophthalmology in China

John Glasgow Kerr was the second director of the First Western-Style Hospital in China, which was an eye hospital. Xi Yi Yan Ke (Ophthalmology in Western Medicine), which is translated and compiled by Dr. Kerr and first published in 1871 and reprinted in 1880, was the first western medical monograph on ophthalmology in China. The book consists of 53 sections, covering symptom inquiry, symptom examination, cataract surgery, ophthalmoscopy, conjunctival disease, eye trauma, corneal disease, scleral disease, retinal, and optic nerve diseases, glaucoma, and others. There are 23 (groups of) pictures, mainly about the anatomy of the eyeball, eye muscles, optic nerve, various instruments for ophthalmic surgery, etc. As a western medical book, Xi Yi Yan Ke attached great importance to eye disease surgeries, which promoted the treatment of eye diseases and the development of western medicine in China. However, it also had some limitations due to the limitations of western medicine at that time.

Prevention of blindness and ophthalmic epidemiology in China over the past 70 years

Prevention of blindness is of paramount importance for eye care and health care in China. In the past 70 years, we have embraced a lot of advancements in practice, manpower and landmark studies for the prevention of blindness and development of ophthalmic epidemiology. This summary is dedicated to our predecessors and successors for their contributions to the progress of ophthalmology in China, particularly workers in the field of prevention of blindness and ophthalmic epidemiology. Congratulations on the 70th anniversary of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56: 561-566).

A summary of 70 years of cataract diagnosis and treatment in China

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the unremitting efforts of several generations of ophthalmologists, the level of cataract diagnosis and treatment in our country has made great progress, which has made a significant contribution to the cause of preventing and treating blindness. On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, this article reviews the development of cataract surgery and intraocular lenses, aiming to help better understand the key points and breakthroughs in cataract diagnosis and treatment in our country at various historical periods, and to encourage the new generation of ophthalmologists to work hard to further promote the progress of ophthalmology in China. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56: 321-324).

Chinese ophthalmic school education: present and future

The Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center (ZOC), established by Professor Yaozhen Chen (Eugene Chan) and Professor Wenshu Mao (Winifred Mao) in October 1965, has enjoyed worldwide fame due the good performance and professional skills of the faculty. The past 55 years have witnessed huge successes for the ZOC from one generation to another, including individuals such as Prof. Shaozhen Li, Prof. Jiaqi Chen, Prof. Jian Ge, Prof. Minbin Yu and Prof. Yizhi Liu, etc. The Center was the first 3-A-Class ophthalmic hospital in China, the only State Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology in China and was ranked first for nine consecutive years in the ophthalmology category for the Specialized Department List for Chinese Hospitals. At present, it has become a “Whampoa military academy” training center for Chinese ophthalmologists, and numerous ophthalmologists are proud of being born in “ZOC”.

Review and outlook of the eye health in China

Eye health is a new concept that has been put forward in recent years as a result of the long term practice of prevention and treatment of blindness. The full understanding of the origin, goal and value of eye health is of great significance for promoting the prevention and treatment of eye diseases and the development of ophthalmology in China. In the past several decades, China has made great achievements in the development of eye health, while some challenges still remained. We should learn the actual requirements of the prevention of blindness and visual impairment and the public eye care, focus effectively on the major tasks, set explicit goals, gradually promote the development of eye health cause. At present, avoidable cataract blindness and visual impairment and un-corrected refractive error are the key eye diseases, while persons aged 50 years or above are the population that needs special attention in terms of eye health. We should continue to strive for greater achievements in the cause of eye health. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54:561-564).

A comparison of ophthalmic education in China and America

Training qualified ophthalmic professional is crucial for any eye care system worldwide. Education of modern western Ophthalmology in China started late but develops rapidly. This review focused on ophthalmic education in China and US, describing details of the programs and analyzing the differences. This summary may provide useful information for practitioners of medical education from both countries and help improve the present training designs.

Pioneer of Chinese Ophthalmology--130th Anniversary of Beijing Tongren Hospital.

Much has been achieved in clinical and scientific research in the past 130 years by Beijing Tongren Hospital, which has evolved from an eye clinic to a comprehensive hospital with an ophthalmology department known as one of the best in China. This article presents the most historic moments and events in the development of a hospital with the largest eye care service volume. In addition, given the leading position of Tongren, the development of ophthalmology in Tongren is also the epitome of the development of modern ophthalmology in China. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology (BIO) was established in 1959 as an affiliated institution under Tongren, aiming at carrying out applied science and basic science research, and directors of BIO have thus far served 4 terms as president of the Chinese Ophthalmological Society. In 2002, Beijing Tongren Eye Center (hereafter referred to as the Eye Center) was established to combine all the ophthalmic resources within Tongren. In 2017, the Eye Center alone had a surgical volume of 78,223, with surgeries for cataract, refractive errors, fundus, glaucoma, and corneal disease being the 5 most common, and 902,409 outpatient visits. Equipped with the leading experts and equipment, Tongren is dedicated to the battle against major eye diseases by carrying out large population-based epidemiological surveys and basic science research on pathogenesis and effective treatments, thereby making contributions to the development of the science of ophthalmology along with the delivery of eye care services in China and beyond.

Beijing Eye Public Health Care Project

The Beijing Eye Public Health Care Project was designed to screen all elderly subjects (age 55-85 years) of the rural region of Greater Beijing. It was developed as a preparatory step for a telemedicine-based public health care system in ophthalmology in China. Population-based public health care project. Elderly subjects (age 55-85 years) of the rural region of Greater Beijing. Project participants were visited, interviewed, and examined by 2500 high school graduates trained as ophthalmic technicians. If visual acuity was <0.30, subjects were referred to primary health care centers where ocular photographs were taken. Using telemedicine, the photographs were transmitted to a reading center and causes for visual impairment were diagnosed. Practicability of a mass screening system in ophthalmology; prevalence of visual impairment and causes for it. Out of 692 323 eligible inhabitants, 562 788 (81.3%) subjects participated. Visual impairment in ≥1 eye was detected in 54 155 (9.62%) subjects, and among them, 30 164 (5.36%) subjects had bilateral visual impairment. Ocular fundus photographs were taken for 37 281 subjects. Cause for visual impairment was cataract in 19 163 (3.41%) of all screened subjects, glaucoma in 1606 (0.29%) subjects, diabetic retinopathy in 905 (0.16%) subjects, other macular diseases in 2700 (0.48%) subjects, pterygium in 1381 (0.25%) subjects, and corneal leukoma in 283 (0.05%) subjects. For 5853 (1.04%) subjects, a diagnosis of premature or mature cataract was made showing the urgent need of cataract surgery. After cataract surgery, visual acuity was ≥0.30 in 1464 (91.7%) of 1596 postoperatively reexamined subjects. Using a telemedicine approach, the Beijing Eye Public Health Care Project developed, applied and tested an infrastructure for ophthalmic mass screening of >500 000 elderly inhabitants with a response rate of >80%. Beside cataract, retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma were major causes for visual impairment. The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.

Correlation between Download and Citation and Download-citation Deviation Phenomenon for Some Papers in Chinese Medical Journals

The authors collected the numbers of citations and downloads from 2005 to 2009 of papers in five Chinese general ophthalmological journals: Recent Advances in Ophthalmology, Chinese Ophthalmic Research, Ophthalmology in China, Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology and Chinese Journal of Practical Ophthalmology, published in 2005 from the Chinese Academic Journals Full-text Database and the Chinese Citation Database in Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) to determine the correlation between download and citation and the peak time of download frequency (DF). The citations from 2000 to 2009 of papers published in 2000 were collected to determine the peak time of citation frequency (CF) of medical papers. There is a highly positive correlation between DF and CF (r = 4.91, P = 0.000).

Correlation between Download and Citation and Download-citation Deviation Phenomenon for Some Papers in Chinese Medical Journals

The authors collected the numbers of citations and downloads from 2005 to 2009 of papers in five Chinese general ophthalmological journals: Recent Advances in Ophthalmology, Chinese Ophthalmic Research, Ophthalmology in China, Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology and Chinese Journal of Practical Ophthalmology, published in 2005 from the Chinese Academic Journals Full-text Database and the Chinese Citation Database in Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) to determine the correlation between download and citation and the peak time of download frequency (DF). The citations from 2000 to 2009 of papers published in 2000 were collected to determine the peak time of citation frequency (CF) of medical papers. There is a highly positive correlation between DF and CF ( r = 4.91, P = 0.000).

To expand the grand prospect of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology following the fine tradition

When we celebrate the diamond jubilee of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology (CJO), we also reviewed its past and prospected its future. Under the effort by the editorial members and the great majority of ophthalmologists for sixty years, CJO has become the most authoritative and academic journal in ophthalmology in China, and has formed the fine tradition of "to respect the profession, to believe the truth and to advance bravely". At present, CJO has a basis to further become the most authoritative academic journal in ophthalmology not only in the domestic but also in the world. For realizing the grand prospect, we should do more arduous effort for facing the all kind of the challenges in our ways forward; we should let the editorial committee to play the full role in our work; we should continue to raise the professional level of all editorial personnel; we should make great efforts to find and edit more and more articles with the high quality; we should observe the morals and ethics for editorial personnel; we should hear and accept the opinions, suggestions and criticisms; we should strength the international cooperation and communication.

To strengthen the academic morality standard for promoting the further development of ophthalmology

It is imperative and urgent to strength the academic ethic construction in ophthalmology in China. In the rapid development of ophthalmology in recent years, there exit some manifests of academic ethic anomy and unhealthy climate. We should adopt some effective measures to standardize the academic behavior, and clean and create the favourable academic behavior, in order to promote the academic activities in ophthalmology. The rule on the academic ethic standard by Chinese Ophthalmological Society published in this journal is an important measure for strengthening the academic ethic construction in ophthalmology, and deserve to be noted and practiced by all of ophthalmologists and visual researchers.

The general situation of the development of ophthalmology in recent five years in China

The ophthalmology in China keeps the tendency of fast development since the new century. The clinic service in ophthalmology has obviously been improved. The actual strength of the ophthalmic organizations was enhanced. The whole level of eye doctors was advanced. The inland and international academic meetings were flourishing. The development in ophthalmology made progress.

Review and suggestions for the Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology at its 55th anniversary

This article reviews the development of the Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology during the last 55 years, mainly focuses on the extraordinary achievements of this journal in this new century from a reader's perspective. Meanwhile, several existing problems have been pointed out, suggestions are given to the journal on promoting its strengths and correcting weaknesses in an attempt to improve the overall development of ophthalmology in China.

Ophthalmology in China. Endogenous uveitis in a Chinese ophthalmological clinic.

In contrast to the large amount of literature concerning the types, incidence, and clinical description of uveitis in the West, Japan, and various areas of Africa, there is little such information available concerning uveitis in China. Previous clinical work at Hunan Medical College, Changsha, China, revealed that various types of uveitis were frequently seen, but because no specific clinical service for uveitis existed, there were no standardized uveitis records, no consistent terminology, no rational plan of therapy, and no attempt to establish an etiologic diagnosis. In May 1983, a Uveitis Service was established at Hunan Medical College in the Department of Ophthalmology of the Second Affiliated Hospital. A specific clinical study protocol was instituted, and separate patient records were kept. An article concerning the recognition, management, and complications of uveitis was published in Chinese 1 and widely disseminated. Ophthalmologists were encouraged to refer interesting and difficult uveitis cases to the Uveitis