Ophthalmological Diagnosis Research Articles

Caractéristiques cliniques, radiologiques, anatomopathologiques, thérapeutiques et évolutives de l’amylose périoculaire et/ou intraorbitaire : à propos de 6 cas et revue de la littérature

To assess demographic, clinical, radiological, pathological features, treatment and follow-up of periocular or/and orbital amyloidosis. We conducted an observational retrospective monocentric study from January 2004 to April 2017 in patients diagnosed with histologically proven periocular or/and orbital amyloidosis. Six patients were included (2 females, 4 males). Mean age was 76.8 years (range 66-88 years). Mean time between first ophthalmological symptoms and diagnosis was 27 months (range 11-36 months). The main symptoms were subconjunctival infiltration (6 patients; 100%), periocular pain or discomfort (4 patients; 66.6%) and subconjunctival hemorrhage (1 patient; 16.6%). Clinical findings included ptosis (4 patients; 66.6%), keratitis (3 patients; 50%) leading to corneal perforation in one patient, and proptosis (3 patients; 50%). One-half of the patients showed bilateral involvement. AL amyloidosis was identified on immunohistochemistry in 5 patients (83.3%). One case of B cell marginal zone orbital lymphoma was diagnosed. Systemic work-up was negative for all patients. Treatment consisted of simple monitoring (1 patient; 16.6%), surgical debulking (3 patients; 50%), ptosis surgery (1 patient; 16.6%), eyelid or eyelash malposition surgery (2 patients; 33.3%) and orbital radiation beam therapy (2 patients; 33.3%). Mean follow-up was 14.6 months (range 6-36 months), and no progression nor recurrence were noted. Periocular or/and orbital amyloidosis is rarely encountered. Diagnosis is based on pathological examination, and immunohistochemistry analysis should always be performed to guide systemic work-up. Orbital lymphoma and multiple myeloma should be ruled out if AL amyloidosis is diagnosed. Progression is slow, and surgery is the mainstay of treatment in symptomatic patients. Long-term multidisciplinary follow-up is advocated.

Gold nanoparticles in ophthalmology.

Many research projects are underway to improve the diagnosis and therapy in ophthalmology. Indeed, visual acuity deficits affect 285 million people worldwide and different strategies are being developed to strengthen patient care. One of these strategies is the use of gold nanoparticles (GNP) for their multiple properties and their ability to be used as both diagnosis and therapy tools. This review exhaustively details research developing GNPs for use in ophthalmology. The toxicity of GNPs and their distribution in the eye are described through in vitro and in vivo studies. All publications addressing the pharmacokinetics of GNPs administered in the eye are extensively reviewed. In addition, their use as biosensors or for imaging with optical coherence tomography is illustrated. The future of GNPs for ophthalmic therapy is also discussed. GNPs can be used to deliver genes or drugs through different administration routes. Their antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties are of great interest for different ocular pathologies. Finally, GNPs can be used to improve stereotactic radiosurgery, brachytherapy, and photothermal therapy because of their many properties.

Retinal blood vessel segmentation using fully convolutional network with transfer learning

Since the retinal blood vessel has been acknowledged as an indispensable element in both ophthalmological and cardiovascular disease diagnosis, the accurate segmentation of the retinal vessel tree has become the prerequisite step for automated or computer-aided diagnosis systems. In this paper, a supervised method is presented based on a pre-trained fully convolutional network through transfer learning. This proposed method has simplified the typical retinal vessel segmentation problem from full-size image segmentation to regional vessel element recognition and result merging. Meanwhile, additional unsupervised image post-processing techniques are applied to this proposed method so as to refine the final result. Extensive experiments have been conducted on DRIVE, STARE, CHASE_DB1 and HRF databases, and the accuracy of the cross-database test on these four databases is state-of-the-art, which also presents the high robustness of the proposed approach. This successful result has not only contributed to the area of automated retinal blood vessel segmentation but also supports the effectiveness of transfer learning when applying deep learning technique to medical imaging.

In vivo THz sensing of the cornea of the eye

Measurement of the absolute value of the humidity of the cornea of the human eye and its dynamics is of paramount importance for the preservation of eyesight. In the present paper we have demonstrated that terahertz technologies can be practically applied for quantitative measurement of the physiological dynamics of tear film and sensing of corneal tissue hydration. We suggest uses of the equipment for application in clinics and a method for absolute calibration of the values for measurement. The proposed method is fundamentally different from existing and currently available methods of ophthalmological diagnosis. This suggests that the developed technique may have high diagnostic significance and can be used in the study and treatment of several diseases of the ocular surface.

Respostas do treinamento sensório-motor no equilíbrio e coordenação de crianças com deficiência visual

Introduo : A presena de restries visuais na infncia leva a desvios e difi - culdades nas habilidades sensrio-motoras. Objetivos : Verificar as respostas do treinamento sensrio-motor no equilbrio e coordenao de crianas com defici - ncia visual. Mtodos : Trata-se de um relato de casos no controlado, transversal. A amostra foi composta por duas crianas em idade escolar, com diagnstico oftalmolgico de baixa viso e cegueira total. Foram aplicados o Teste de equil - brio de Berg e o Teste de Coordenao Corporal para Crianas - Bateria de Testes KTK antes e aps 10 atendimentos, durao mdia de 50 minutos, duas vezes na semana. Resultados : Para a Criana 1 observou-se melhora de aproximada - mente 11% para coordenao e 13% no equilbrio; e para a Criana 2 verificou-se aumento de 17% na coordenao, e 6% para o equilbrio. Concluso : O protocolo utilizado trouxe benefcios para o equilbrio e resposta motora destas crianas com deficincia visual.

Reference 3 T MRI parameters of the normal human eye

The purpose of this study is to establish magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) standard normative reference quantitative markers for future possible diagnosis in Ophthalmology based on relaxation times (T1 and T2) and retina/choroid complex (RCC) layer thickness values measured in vivo in normal human eyes.This research followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local Ethical Committee. 15 healthy subjects volunteered to undergo MRI of both eyes. 3 T MRI was performed using a circular surface detector coil with a 15 min acquisition protocol for each eye. The most important normal human eye structures were visualized and characterized geometrico-physicochemically by the 35 MRI standard normative reference markers (20 RCC thicknesses, 8 T1 and 7 T2) calculated. Future possible pathology management could be based on the relative-to-normal differences between the standard normative reference MRI markers calculated in this study and the corresponding MRI markers calculated in the future in disease-suspected eyes.In conclusion, this research demonstrates that ocular MRI at 3 T, performed without contrast agents, brings useful additional multiparametric quantitative information for future possible automated medical diagnosis, staging and evaluation of ocular disease mechanisms.

A 10-year monitoring of the eyesight in patients after kidney transplantation.

A pilot study of a 10-year analysis of the eyesight characteristics in patients after renal transplantation with a view to a later wider study of the same population.The study encompassed 50 eyes in 25 patients who underwent renal transplantation in the years 2007 and 2008. All patients underwent: visual acuity measurement, tonometry, slit lamp examination, and spectroscopic optical coherence tomography.Changes in the eyes observed during the 10-year observation period included mostly: cataract (48%), hypertensive angiopathy (28%), diabetic macular edema (16%), and glaucoma (16%). Ten years after the renal transplant visual acuity declined in 15 patients (60%). In 67% of those with eyesight deterioration the cause was cataract, while in patients with no changes in the eyesight (n = 10) cataract was diagnosed only in one. Patients with cataracts had been more often treated with cyclosporine, and that difference was statistically significant (73% vs 21%; P < .05). Comparing patients with hypertensive angiopathy with controls has shown that in the first group creatinine levels were statistically significantly higher (1.6 vs 1.16 mg/dL; P < .05). Patients with angiopathy had been also longer on renal replacement therapy before transplant (57 vs 26 months, P > .05), and this group included also statistically more persons after retransplantation (43% vs 5%, P < .05).Most frequent ophthalmological diagnoses in patients after a kidney transplant include cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and hypertensive angiopathy. Visual acuity deterioration was seen in 60% of patients and was mainly the effect of cataract progress. The effect of cyclosporine on cataract progress was significant. The diagnosis of hypertensive angiopathy corresponded with poorer function of the transplanted kidney.

Respiratory distress in the newborn - an ophthalmologic diagnosis

The presence of a congenital dacryocystocele is rare, the presence of two with nasal extension compromising respiratory function, make this an atypical case that requires immediate action by the ophthalmologist. We present the case of a newborn that during the first hours of life presented respiratory distress. Dacryocystocele resolution and symptomatic improvement were observed after conservative treatment. Keywords: congenital dacryocystocele; newborn; respiratory distress; conservative treatment

Uveoretinal Adverse Effects Presented during Systemic Anticancer Chemotherapy: a 10-Year Single Center Experience.

BackgroundThe present study describes our 10-year experience with uveoretinal adverse events that manifest because of chemotherapy.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed for all patients who presented to the ophthalmologic department while undergoing systemic chemotherapy between July 2005 and June 2015.ResultsA total of 55 patients (mean age, 51.2 years, 38 women [69.1%]) suspected of having uveoretinal disease owing to the use of chemotherapeutic agents alone were enrolled. Breast cancer was the predominant disease (36.4%); noninfectious anterior uveitis (21.8%) was the most common condition. Bilateral involvement was observed in 16 patients (29.1%). Although cisplatin (21.8%) was the most commonly used drug, daunorubicin, cytarabine, tamoxifen, toremifene, and imatinib were also frequently used. The median duration until ophthalmologic diagnosis was 208.5 days (range, 19–5,945 days). The proportion of patients with final visual acuity (VA) < 20/40 Snellen VA (0.5 decimal VA) was 32.7%. However, no relationship was observed between final VA < 20/40 and age, sex, therapeutic agents, and metastasis.ConclusionUveoretinal complications were mostly mild to moderate and exhibited a favorable response to conservative therapy. A considerable number of patients exhibited significant irreversible loss of vision after cessation of the causative chemotherapeutic agent. Ophthalmological monitoring is required during chemotherapy.

A pilot study regarding basic knowledge of "cortical visual impairment in children" among ophthalmologists.

Purpose:A pilot study was done to evaluate knowledge regarding “cortical visual impairment (CVI) in children” among ophthalmologists.Methods:This study was conducted during the annual conference of a zonal ophthalmological society. All ophthalmologists who attended the conference were requested to participate in this study. Those who agreed were given a validated questionnaire to assess knowledge regarding CVI. Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaire was 0.6. Participants were asked to respond to multiple choice questions by choosing the single best option. The responses obtained were then evaluated.Results:The total number of registered delegates in the conference was 448. A total of 103 ophthalmologists showed interest to participate in the study with a response rate of 22.9%. Only 89/103 interested delegates were included in the study as remaining were unaware of CVI. No participant gave correct answers to all questions. Although more than 80% of them knew the most common association (87%) and site of pathology (84%), only 52% were sure about clinical features and even lesser respondents (39%) knew that magnetic resonance imaging is the correct investigation of choice. The majority responded correctly that these children need eye examination (89%) and can be managed by rehabilitation through multidisciplinary approach (82%), but only 58% could recognize differential diagnoses and had a correct idea regarding the prognosis of CVI. There was no correlation between the number of patients diagnosed per month by the respondent with knowledge of the disease.Conclusion:In this pilot study, ophthalmologists were found to have limited knowledge regarding clinical features, investigation, differential diagnosis, and visual prognosis of CVI in children. There is a need to improve awareness regarding CVI among ophthalmologists.

Ophthalmic examination in dogs and cats. Part I.

This is the first part of a review paper on the ophthalmic examination in dogs and cats. Ocular examination is an important aspect of the complete physical examination process; therefore, routine practice of an ophthalmic examination protocol enables the clinician to catalogue his findings and conclude to a diagnosis. Although the eye is a unique and highly complex organ in terms of structure and function, it should never be viewed and examined as an isolated organ, but rather than as a part of the whole, since a great number of systemic diseases reflect on to the eyes. A correct diagnosis in veterinary ophthalmology is often based on anatomical observations and the use of various simple additional ophthalmologic techniques. These may be easily learnt and applied in veterinary practice. The use of these techniques would assist the clinician in establishing a diagnosis and developing a rational treatment. Thorough and systematic ophthalmic examination includes: (i) accurate case history evaluation (signalment and primary complaint), (ii) eye and annexa examination in a lighted room by means of initial observation and close-up inspection, palpation (consisting of exploring the boundaries of the orbit, digital tonometry, eyelid eversion and globe retro pulse) and neuroophthalmologic assessment (including menace response, papillary light reflexes, corneal, oculocephalic, and oculocardiac reflex),) (iii) detailed examination of the external (globe, eyelids and margins, nictitating membrane, conjunctiva, sclera, lacrimal system) and internal (cornea, anterior chamber, iris and pupil, lens, vitreous body, choroid and retina, optic nerve) ocular structures of both eyes, working from anterior to posterior, in a dark room, (iv) tear film production measurement (Schirmer Tear Test), (v) vital dyes use (fluorescein and Rose-Bengal stain), (vi) corneal and conjunctival scrapings (impression smears for exfoliative cytology), collection of specimens for microbiological examination, as well as of aspirates (aqueous humor from the anterior chamber or vitreous paracentesis from the posterior chamber), (vii) tonometry (digital, indentation or applanation), (viii) evaluation of the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus, (ix) ophthalmoscopy (direct or indirect) and (x) vision testing (based on menace reaction, moving objects, obstacle course and visual field evaluation).

Ophthalmic examination in dogs and cats. Part II.

This is the second part of a review paper on the ophthalmic examination in dogs and cats. Ocular examination is an important aspect of the complete physical examination process; therefore, routine practice of an ophthalmic examination protocol enables the clinician to catalogue his findings and conclude to a diagnosis. Although the eye is a unique and highly complex organ in terms of structure and function, it should never be viewed and examined as an isolated organ, but rather than as a part of the whole, since a great number of systemic diseases reflect on to the eyes. A correct diagnosis in veterinary ophthalmology is often based on anatomical observations and the use of various simple additional ophthalmologic techniques. These may be easily learnt and applied in veterinary practice. The use of these techniques would assist the clinician in establishing a diagnosis and developing a rational treatment. Thorough and systematic ophthalmic examination includes: (i) accurate case history evaluation (signalment and primary complaint), (ii) eye and annexa examination in a lighted room by means of initial observation and close-up inspection, palpation (consisting of exploring the boundaries of the orbit, digital tonometry, eyelid eversion and globe retro pulse) and neuroophthalmologic assessment (including menace response, papillary light reflexes, corneal, oculocephalic and oculocardiac reflex),) (iii) detailed examination of the external (globe, eyelids and margins, nictitating membrane, conjunctiva, sclera, lacrimal system) and internal (cornea, anterior chamber, iris and pupil, lens, vitreous body, choroid and retina, optic nerve) ocular structures of both eyes, working from anterior to posterior, in a dark room, (iv) tear film production measurement (Schirmer Tear Test), (v) vital dyes use (fluorescein and Rose-Bengal stain), (vi) corneal and conjunctival scrapings (impression smears for exfoliative cytology), collection of specimens for microbiological examination, as well as of aspirates (aqueous humor from the anterior chamber or vitreous paracentesis from the posterior chamber), (vii) tonometry (digital, indentation or applanation), (viii) evaluation of the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus, (ix) ophthalmoscopy (direct or indirect) and (x) vision testing (based on menace reaction, moving objects, obstacle course and visual field evaluation).

Automatic diagnosis of imbalanced ophthalmic images using a cost-sensitive deep convolutional neural network

BackgroundOcular images play an essential role in ophthalmological diagnoses. Having an imbalanced dataset is an inevitable issue in automated ocular diseases diagnosis; the scarcity of positive samples always tends to result in the misdiagnosis of severe patients during the classification task. Exploring an effective computer-aided diagnostic method to deal with imbalanced ophthalmological dataset is crucial.MethodsIn this paper, we develop an effective cost-sensitive deep residual convolutional neural network (CS-ResCNN) classifier to diagnose ophthalmic diseases using retro-illumination images. First, the regions of interest (crystalline lens) are automatically identified via twice-applied Canny detection and Hough transformation. Then, the localized zones are fed into the CS-ResCNN to extract high-level features for subsequent use in automatic diagnosis. Second, the impacts of cost factors on the CS-ResCNN are further analyzed using a grid-search procedure to verify that our proposed system is robust and efficient.ResultsQualitative analyses and quantitative experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms other conventional approaches and offers exceptional mean accuracy (92.24%), specificity (93.19%), sensitivity (89.66%) and AUC (97.11%) results. Moreover, the sensitivity of the CS-ResCNN is enhanced by over 13.6% compared to the native CNN method.ConclusionOur study provides a practical strategy for addressing imbalanced ophthalmological datasets and has the potential to be applied to other medical images. The developed and deployed CS-ResCNN could serve as computer-aided diagnosis software for ophthalmologists in clinical application.

Orbital complications of paranasal sinusitis in Taiwan, 1988 through 2015: Acute ophthalmological manifestations, diagnosis, and management.

PurposeParanasal sinusitis is widespread and can lead to orbital complications, blindness, and death. However, the correlation between ophthalmological findings and disease staging remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the staging, acute ophthalmological manifestations, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of orbital complications of paranasal sinusitis during a 27-year period.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with orbital complications of paranasal sinusitis hospitalized at the National Cheng Kung University Hospital, a medical center in Taiwan during 1988–2015. Sex, age, symptoms, history, ophthalmological findings, laboratory and imaging findings, treatments, and outcomes were analyzed by staging.ResultsEighty-three patients aged 9 days to 80 years had stage I (preseptal cellulitis, n = 39 patients), II (postseptal orbital cellulitis, n = 8), III (subperiosteal abscess, n = 16), IV (orbital abscess, n = 8), or V (intracranial involvement, n = 12) complications. Peak incidences occurred in patients aged 0–19 and 60–69 years. Chronic sinusitis and diabetes mellitus were common preexisting diseases. Extraocular movement limitation and proptosis predicted postseptal (stage II or more) involvement. The likelihood of elevated intraocular pressure increased with stage. Reduced visual acuity and presence of relative afferent pupillary defect indicated consideration of magnetic resonance imaging to investigate possible intracranial extension. Ipsilateral maxillary (81.7%) and ethmoidal (75.6%) sinuses were the most common sources of infection, and the most frequently implicated pathogens were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (25.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (20.5%). All patients received intravenous antimicrobial therapy (multi-drug therapy in 88.0%), and 55.4% underwent surgery, most commonly endoscopic sinus surgery. One (1.2%) diabetic man with stage V complications died of fungal sinusitis with intracranial invasion. Five (6.0%) patients, all stage V, lost vision despite intensive treatment. The average length of hospital stay was 13.8 days (range 2–72 days), and significantly longer stays were associated with stages II–V as compared to stage I.ConclusionsOrbital infection originating from paranasal sinusitis can cause vision loss and death due to intracranial extension. Acute ophthalmological findings predict staging and prognosis. Cooperative consultation between ophthalmologists, otorhinolaryngologists, and neurologists is essential. Urgent diagnostic studies and aggressive antimicrobial therapy are indicated, and surgery should be considered.

Recent advances in diagnosis and interventions in ophthalmology

Recent advances in diagnosis and interventions in ophthalmology

PP-23 Under pressure: minocycline-induced pseudotumor cerebri. a case report and literature review

Background Drug-induced increase of intracranial pres-sure (ICP) is a rare but serious adverse effect. Antibiotic and retinoid acne treatments are among the most frequent causes with a typical latency time of 2 weeks to 2 months.1 Pseudotumor cerebri can cause irreversible visual and/or neurologic sequelae. Case report A 17-year-old non-obese female patient presented to the paediatric emergency department for left hemianopia, weakness, paresthesia of the left extremities, headache and vertigo. Clinical examination showed resid-ual left-sided hemi-syndrome with possible involvement of ipsilateral cranial nerves VII, VIII and XI. A stroke was suspected, but MRI, blood tests and ECG were normal, a urine drug screen was negative. Upon ophthalmologic diagnosis of massive bilateral papilledema, and considering her chronic medication with minocycline for acne, a pseudotumor cerebri was suspected. Positive modified Dandy’s criteria were: transient visual disturbance, head-ache, papilledema, abducens palsy, no focal deficits, alert and fully oriented patient, normal MRI, ICP of 50 cm H20 with normal liquor composition, and no other causes for increased ICP. ICP normalised after withdrawal of 20 mL of liquor. Minocycline was stopped and acetazolamide was initiated. Symptoms and papilledema subsided partially over the following weeks. Conclusion Using standard causality criteria, minocy-cline was the probable cause for this patient’s pseudo-tumour cerebri. The stroke-like symptoms remain unex-plained. This case highlights the need for stringent indi-cation for minocycline as well as continuous risk/benefit assessment and monitoring both in the individual patient as well as in public health.

A robust algorithm for optic disc segmentation and fovea detection in retinal fundus images

Abstract Accurate optic disc (OD) segmentation and fovea detection in retinal fundus images are crucial for diagnosis in ophthalmology. We propose a robust and broadly applicable algorithm for automated, robust, reliable and consistent fovea detection based on OD segmentation. The OD segmentation is performed with morphological operations and Fuzzy C Means Clustering combined with iterative thresholding on a foreground segmentation. The fovea detection is based on a vessel segmentation via morphological operations and uses the resulting OD segmentation to determine multiple regions of interest. The fovea is determined from the largest, vessel-free candidate region. We have tested the novel method on a total of 190 images from three publicly available databases DRIONS, Drive and HRF. Compared to results of two human experts for DRIONS database, our OD segmentation yielded a dice coefficient of 0.83. Note that missing ground truth and expert variability is an issue. The new scheme achieved an overall success rate of 99.44% for OD detection and an overall success rate of 96.25% for fovea detection, which is superior to state-of-the-art approaches.

Ocular Involvement in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Data on ocular manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children are limited. Some authors have reported a high prevalence of asymptomatic uveitis, yet the significance of these observations is unknown and there are no recommendations on which ophthalmologic follow-up should be offered. Children with IBD seen at a single referral center for pediatric gastroenterology were offered ophthalmologic evaluation as part of routine care for their disease. Ophthalmologic evaluation included review of ocular history as well as slit-lamp and fundoscopic examination. Medical records were also reviewed for previous ophthalmologic diagnoses or complaints. Data from 94 children were included (52 boys; median age 13.4 yr). Forty-six patients had a diagnosis of Crohn's disease, 46 ulcerative colitis, and 2 IBD unclassified. Intestinal disease was in clinical remission in 70% of the patients; fecal calprotectin was elevated in 64%. One patient with Crohn's disease had a previous diagnosis of clinically manifest uveitis (overall uveitis prevalence: 1.06%; incidence rate: 0.3 per 100 patient-years). This patient was also the only one who was found to have asymptomatic uveitis at slit-lamp examination. A second patient had posterior subcapsular cataract associated with corticosteroid treatment. No signs of intraocular complications from previous unrecognized uveitis were observed in any patient. Children with IBD may have asymptomatic uveitis, yet its prevalence seems lower than previously reported, and it was not found in children without a previous diagnosis of clinically manifest uveitis. No ocular complications from prior unrecognized uveitis were observed.

Significance of New Methods of Examining the Tear Film in Dry Eye Disease: Tear Film Osmolarity and Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-9)

Dry eye disease is one of the most common diagnoses in ophthalmology. A variety of subjective and objective test methods with imprecise limits and highly different sensitivities and specificities complicate the diagnosis. Especially mild to moderate pathological findings can be misdiagnosed. In recent years, new options have opened, through the development of new, clinical practicable diagnostic equipment, for example, for the analysis of tear film osmolarity or matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9). The value of tear film osmolarity and determination of MMP-9 levels in the diagnosis of dry eye and its subtypes will be discussed and evaluated objectively, on the basis of published study results.

Fast, accurate and robust retinal vessel segmentation system

The accurate segmentation of the retinal vessel tree has become the prerequisite step for automatic ophthalmological and cardiovascular diagnosis systems. Aside from accuracy, robustness and processing speed are also considered crucial for medical purposes. In order to meet those requirements, this work presents a novel approach to extract blood vessels from the retinal fundus, by using morphology-based global thresholding to draw the retinal venule structure and centerline detection method for capillaries. The proposed system is tested on DRIVE and STARE databases and has an average accuracy of 95.88% for single-database test and 95.27% for the cross-database test. Meanwhile, the system is designed to minimize the computing complexity and processes multiple independent procedures in parallel, thus having an execution time of 1.677s per image on CPU platform.