Operation Of Program Research Articles

Phase change memory programming circuit with improved speed

Phase change memory (PCM) is considered one of the most promising next-generation non-volatile memory types for storage-class memory due to its many advantages, including ultrafast programming, long data retention, high storage density, low power consumption, and compatibility with standard CMOS processes. However, in conventional PCM programming circuits, the first programming operation after power-on suffers from a slow rise time in the programming pulse due to the lack of bias voltage pre-charging in the current source circuit, which leads to reduced consistency in the programming of phase change cells. In this study, we developed two solutions to address the issue associated with conventional PCM programming circuits. We also analyzed conventional programming circuit schemes and designed a PCM programming circuit with improved speed using the SMIC 40 nm CMOS process. The results demonstrated that compared with conventional programming circuits, the PCM programming circuit with improved speed reduced the rise time of SET pulses from 29.6 ns to 7.3 ns and the rise time of RESET pulses from 13.6 ns to 3.1 ns. In addition, it improved the consistency of the programming phase change cells and reduced the power consumption from 11.93 mW to 10.35 mW.

Van der Waals Gap Enabled Robust Retention of MoS2 Floating‐Gate Memory for Logic‐In‐Memory Operations

AbstractFloating gate (FG) memory can store data for decades without a power supply. Herein, high‐performance MoS2 FG transistors with stable operations are demonstrated, in which a van der Waals (vdW) gap is constructed between tunnelling oxide layer and channel to prevent the leakage. The atomic FG structure is one‐step formed from HfS2 flake by ozone treatment while the supersaturated oxygen at the interface affords to the vdW gap. The vdW gap MoS2 FG transistors exhibit stable operations after 21 days, ultralow leakage current (0.1 fA µm−1), excellent retention capability >105 s, high on/off ratio of 107, and desirable cycling endurance performance (>1000 cycles). Configurable logic‐in‐memory devices are accomplished with multi‐gated structures through multi‐level programming operations, which is modulated by different electrostatic potential on the FG stack. NAND and NOR output logic sequences are generated. The designed FG memory is promising for developing in‐memory computing systems.

Assessment of Higher Education Institutions’ Social Responsibility Towards Transforming Lives of Deprived Local Communities:

Despite the Tanzanian Government’s efforts in promoting its Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to address problems facing their surrounding communities, the strategy has insufficiently institutionalized to bring the expected results. This study is an endeavor to have an assessment of Community Engagement Program which was established as among the strategies of stimulating the Community Development Training Institutes (CDTIs) and Community Development Technical Training (CDTTIs) to perform their Social Responsibilities. A cross- sectional research design was adopted to obtain a sample of 160 respondents. Data were collected using Questionnaires, Key Informants’ Interview (KII) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) methods and analyzed by using SPSS and content analysis. The study revealed that, financial budget allocated to facilitate the program operations is insufficient. Subsequently the insufficient budget is negatively influencing the program implementers to find shortcuts in following the program operational procedures as a result some of the felt needs of the intended beneficiaries are precluded. Moreover, the program’s undertakings are inadequately disclosed to attract support from other potential development partners. In order for the program to effectively accomplish the ideal objective of its establishment, it is recommended the government in collaboration with other stakeholders to mobilize and inject sufficient financial and other related resources.

An Analysis of the Value and Profitability of Horticulture-Based Agro-healing Programs for Depression Reduction

Background and objective: This study analyzed the economic value of horticulture-based Agro-healing (HBAH) programs and considered how they can achieve profitability, as basic research for their sustainable operation.Methods: The research target program is an HBAH program for depression reduction, targeting groups diagnosed with depression or at high-risk of depression from 19 to 65 years old. A survey was conducted with 95 individuals related to Agro-healing, and based on the survey results, an analysis was performed on the replaceable cost, market size, and profitability by considering the medical expenses of depression patients, the consumer spending items that can be replaced by the effects of therapeutic farming programs, the remuneration for Agro-healing specialists and auxiliary personnel, and the appropriate number of such personnel.Results: An analysis of the cost scale that HBAH programs can replace found that the replaceable cost could be about 2.8 trillion won. By combining the number of mental health institutions and care farms, and the number of eligible participants, it was found that assuming that six sessions run in a year, 256,400 people will participate at approximately 2,850 institutions and farms in 2028. , enabling the programs to run 17,100 sessions in 2028. Profitability should be ensured for the sustainable operation of Agro-healing programs. In this regard, it was confirmed that participation fees should range from a minimum of 31,211 won to a maximum of 45,346 won per session.Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it performed a basic analysis of the economic value of individual Agro-healing programs and a profitability analysis for the sustainable operation of Agro-healing programs.

유아교육 전공 학생들의 비교과프로그램 운영에 대한 인식조사 - K 대학 유아교육과 학생을 대상으로

This study surveyed 319 students majoring in early childhood education at a four-year K-university located in Gyeonggi-do on their perception of the extracurricular program. Through this, it is intended to provide basic data on the development and operation of extracurricular program for students majoring in early childhood education in the future. This research tool is a questionnaire related to the operation of extracurricular program and was analyzed by the SPSS 24 statistical program. Early childhood education students at K University participated the most in the program to promote career and practical skills in the field. First-year students' participation was the lowest, while fourth-year students who were about to graduate and find employment were the highest. Satisfaction with the 'creative personality' and 'convergence' programs was relatively low, and the satisfaction of other programs all showed a score of 3.4 or more on a 4-point scale and were statistically significant. As a result of DUNCAN post-test, the satisfaction of first-year students was relatively low, so improvement measures are required. In the 'teaching personality' program, the effect of the program was the largest, while the 'creative personality' program showed a relatively low degree of improvement, and these results were statistically very significant. The 3,4rd grade, who is about to practice childcare, had the highest rate of request for program opening, and the 1st grade had the lowest rate. Early childhood education students were more likely to demand that a extracurricular program of major-related and digital use be conducted at home non-face-to-face within 2 hours during the afternoon or evening of the semester.

PROCESSING OF MEASUREMENT RESULTS DURING TESTING THE OBJECT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A DIRECT LIGHTNING STRIKE

The current state of the problem of evaluating oscillograms during tests for the action of pulsed currents and voltages are analyzed, and the lack of interpretation tools that would meet the requirements of specialized standards for electromagnetic compatibility testing was shown. The program algorithm has been developed for interpreting the results of testing technical objects for resistance to a direct lightning strike in terms of processing oscillograms of various current components. The use of the trapezoidal method for numerical integration enabled the implementation of the algorithm as software for oscillogram interpretation in the Embarcadero RAD Studio XE8 programming environment. Standardized methods for determining pulse front, rise time, and pulse duration were taken into account during the implementation. In addition, the program allows you to determine the charge value and the integral of the current action in accordance with normalized values. Manual adjustment of the analysis interval was added, allowing the filtering of other current components and "noise" effects. The developed software found practical application in the verification testing of artificial lightning current generator complexes. The correctness of the program operation was confirmed by an empirical method. To obtain oscillograms, a measuring shunt with a range of up to 300 kA, lightning component pulse current generators and a simulated test object were used. The analysis was performed for all four components of artificial lightning, including the shortened constant component C*. Comparison of the interpretation results with "manual" analysis proved the high accuracy of the calculation (deviation up to 3%) with significantly less (5-10 times) time costs. Its extensive capabilities make the tool suitable for high-voltage testing and research in power engineering and related fields.

“New Normal:” Opportunities and Challenges Faced by Syringe Service Programs Following the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background Syringe services programs (SSPs) provide critical evidence-based public health services that decrease harms from drug use for people who use drugs (PWUD). Many SSPs have experienced significant and evolving COVID-19-related disruptions. We aimed to characterize the impacts of COVID-19 on SSP operations in the United States approximately two years into the pandemic. Methods Participating sites, selected from a national sample of SSPs, completed a semi-structured interview via teleconference and brief electronic survey evaluating the impacts of COVID-19 on program operations. Data collection explored program financing, service delivery approaches, and perspectives on staff morale two years into the pandemic. Interview data were analyzed qualitatively using Rapid Assessment Process. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and triangulated with qualitative findings. Results Twenty-five SSPs completed the interview and survey between April – June 2022. Triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data characterized the dynamic ways that demand for SSP services has evolved throughout the pandemic, and how approaches to care delivery have increased in flexibility and participant-centeredness. However, SSPs expressed worry about longer-term barriers to program participant and staff engagement, and a mismatch between available programmatic resources and the “new normal” of service delivery needs. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has had lasting impacts on multiple facets of syringe service delivery. While SSPs consistently meet barriers with ingenuity, greater programmatic and staff support is needed to ensure SSPs can continue to meet the changing public health needs for PWUD.

Design of Multi-Time Programmable Intellectual Property with Built-In Error Correction Code Function Based on Bipolar–CMOS–DMOS Process

The coupling capacitor of the MTP cell used in this paper is an NCAP-type capacitor that has only a source contact, and the layout size of the unit cell is 6.184 μm × 6.295 μm (=38.93 μm2), which is 0.44% smaller than the MTP cell that uses the coupling capacitor of the conventional NMOS transistor type that has both a source contact and a drain contact. In addition, a 4 Kb MTP IP with a built-in ECC function using an extended Hamming code capable of single-error correction and double-error detection was designed for safety considerations. In this paper, a new test algorithm is proposed to test whether the ECC function operates normally in the MTP IP with a built-in ECC function, and it is confirmed through a test using logic tester equipment that the output data DOUT[7:0] and the error flag ERROR_FLAG[1:0] are exactly the same in the cases of no error, a single-bit error, and a double-bit error. In addition, by sharing a current-controlled ring oscillator circuit that uses a current-starved inverter in the VPP, VNN, and VNNL charge pumping circuits that share a single ring oscillator in the erase and program operation modes of the MTP IP and using the regulated VPVR as power, the pumping capacitor size is reduced, and a new technology to reduce ripple voltage variation is proposed. Meanwhile, in the VNN level detector circuit that detects whether the VNN has reached the target voltage, a folded-cascode CMOS OP-AMP whose output swing voltage is almost VDD is used instead of a differential amplifier circuit with a PMOS differential input pair to ensure that normal VNN level detection operation occurs.

Scuzer : A Scheduling Optimization Fuzzer for TVM

The concept of deep learning (DL) compiler was proposed to deploy DL models more efficiently on diverse hardware through optimization techniques. As one of the most popular DL compilers, TVM incorporates three levels (high-level, schedule, and low-level) of optimizations, which can inadvertently introduce code logic bugs and build failure bugs. Among these optimizations, scheduling optimization is the core component of DL compilers, which ensures the acceleration of models on all devices. However, the existing works only focus on the testing of high-level and low-level optimizations in TVM, fail to take the most important and challenging intermediate scheduling optimization layer into consideration. To fill the gap, we propose a Sc heduling optimization oriented f u z zer for TVM, named Scuzer , which is specially designed to effectively detect bugs introduced by the scheduling optimization. In particular, Scuzer first proposes a set of schedule-triggering mutators to actively trigger many scheduling optimizations. Meanwhile, observing that scheduling optimization is closely coupled with program data flow and operator type, Scuzer additionally proposes a set of structure-enriching mutators to enrich the structure of data flows and operators. Based on these carefully designed mutators, Scuzer then devises a multi-objective algorithm that can adaptively select different combinations of objectives at each period to guide the selection of seeds and mutators during fuzzing. We conduct extensive experiments comparing with three state-of-the-art fuzzers that can be applied in testing scheduling optimization to evaluate the effectiveness of Scuzer . The experimental results demonstrate that Scuzer outperforms the 2nd-best state-of-the-art fuzzer by 7.4% in edge coverage and achieves 7 \(\times\) improvement in rule-operator coverage. Scuzer has successfully detected 17 previously unknown bugs (9 are inconsistent results and 5 are inconsistent compilations) in TVM, out of which 10 have been confirmed and 5 been fixed.

Time and doctoral degrees wait for no one: an autoethnography on the creation of a culture of support in an online EdD program amidst a global pandemic

Purpose March 2020 signaled school closures and moves online for many institutions, but an online EdD program at a midsize, Christian university featured fewer than-expected programmatic changes. Because of its modality, program operations continued with relatively few changes. Although COVID-19-related campus closures did not interrupt these students’ scheduled courses, they substantively impacted their personal and professional lives. As a result, the authors in the program-specific writing center serving these students found themselves helping them navigate not only stresses related to the already-strenuous task of writing a dissertation but also personal and professional anxieties related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to explore and reflect on the strategies employed by a program‐specific writing center to support doctoral students during the COVID‐19 pandemic, focusing on relaxed scheduling policies, emotional support beyond writing, and fostering deeper interpersonal connections to address the unique challenges students faced during this period. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted an autoethnographic exploration of their experiences to consider and examine effective strategies for supporting students in times of stress. The authors guided this inquiry by reviewing logs, notes and video recordings of sessions held or rescheduled in Spring 2020. Findings The authors identified three major themes in how they adjusted their approach to considering the pandemic: relaxed scheduling policies, emotional support beyond the writing process by permitting students to set the writing aside while they focused on the more immediate concerns emerging from the rapid onset of pandemic life and intentionally using the opportunity to form deeper interpersonal connections with students in their home environments. Originality/value As institutions reflect on lessons learned during pandemic stresses, closures and mandates, intentional exploration and reflection allow for a greater understanding of what improvements the authors can make to future practice. This uniquely positioned study offers a valuable perspective on supporting students through crisis.

Adaptable Tool for Modeling the Benefits and Costs of Substance Use Disorder Recovery Programs

Abstract Substance use disorder (SUD) is a public health crisis in the United States associated with significant economic costs including healthcare, criminal justice, productivity, and mortality and morbidity costs. In this paper, we present a tool for a customizable economic analysis that can be utilized by different recovery program owners and operators within the SUD continuum of care that considers these program’s operating and capital costs, location, size, and success rate. The goal of this tool is to provide owners and operators with an accessible tool that can estimate their individual program’s economic costs, benefits, and return on investment. In applications of the tool, we find that there are significant benefits associated with SUD recovery-oriented services, even with more conservative modeling of recovery benefits. Specifically, we find that a representative recovery housing program in Florida yields a net benefit of $143 million over 20 years with an associated return on investment of $22.19 per dollar invested. Further, we find that the net benefits of different recovery-oriented modalities including a recovery house, a recovery campus, and a residential inpatient program are positive, with returns on investment varying from nearly $22 per dollar invested to $1 per dollar.

De servitus nova (On the problem of legislative regulation of the subjectivity of artificial intelligence)

The creation and successful operation of programs for electronic computers capable of performing actions not related to direct operator commands and not initially embedded in the programmable code (artificial intelligence class programs) have caused a number of problems in the theory of legal regulation, including including the problem of determining whether a program of the “artificial intelligence” class, performing independent actions of legal significance, acquires such properties as legal capacity and personality. The solution to this problem is possible through the use of the experience of Roman law.

아마추어 골프참여자의 자기관리와 회복탄력성 및 스포츠행복의 구조적 관계

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between self-management, resilience, and sports happiness targeting amateur golf participants. For data processing, Window SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 21.0 were used to investigate the relationship between factors. The results are as follows: First, self-management has been shown to have a positive effect on resilience. Second, resilience has been shown to have a positive effect on sports happiness. Third, self-management has been shown to have a positive effect on sports happiness. Fourth, resilience was found to mediate the relationship between self-management and sports happiness. Therefore, it is necessary to operate a multifaceted professional training program to establish correct self-management strategies for golf participants and to operate a program to confirm and support whether self-management is continuously performed. In addition, it is expected that the sports happiness of golf participants can be improved by analyzing various stress factors that can occur in golf situations and improving coping skills through the operation of a psychological counseling program to improve resilience.

한국어교육학 영역의 운영 사례연구 방법에 대한 일고찰

The purpose of this study is to suggest ways to improve methodological expertise in Korean language education operation case studies by identifying and reflectively examining the methodological characteristics of papers that focus on operational cases among case studies conducted in the field of Korean language education. It is in The research methodological characteristics of 19 papers targeting cases of operation of Korean language education institutions, curriculum, and various programs were analyzed by dividing them into research subjects and methods. As a result of the study, it was revealed that most operational case studies set the ‘case’ as the research object, but are insufficient in clearly defining the ‘case’ by describing the time, place, and context in detail. In addition, although most operational case studies attempted to present a variety of data, they were found to be lacking in explicitly describing the data collection method and analyzing the data in a professional manner, and there were few papers that described the research procedure in detail, and there were few participants. There were no papers that underwent verification and peer review.

전북 IB 프로그램 운영학교 지원 방안

The Jeonbuk Special Self-Governing Provincial Office of Education is promoting various projects based on the ‘IB Program Operation Plan’ and this year’s 10 tasks ‘Expansion of the IB Program’. In order to promote more sophisticated projects, a detailed analysis of the actual needs of schools is needed. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to derive support measures for schools operating the Jeonbuk IB program. Face-to-face interviews and written consultations were conducted with 26 people, including IB school coordinators and administrators, and analyzed using a consensual qualitative research method. The categories of consensus and cooperative culture, teacher expertise, leadership and support, educational environmental foundation, and support from students and parents were identified as factors promoting the operation of IB program schools, and the burden of teachers, lack of consensus, and IB were identified as hindering factors. Misunderstandings, material and financial constraints, and differences in curriculum were identified. Policy suggestions to encourage these promoting factors and overcome inhibiting factors were presented in terms of establishing objectives, establishing an environment, creating a culture, and supporting learning according to the IB PSP category. The results of this study will increase practical understanding of schools operating the IB program and will be used as basic data for support measures at the education office level.

Operation and Exploration of the International Top Talent Innovation Training Program

The Top Talent Training Program, initiated by the University of Science and Technology Beijing in Spring 2024, exemplifies a pioneering approach to globalizing Chinese higher education. This comprehensive program, backed by the China Education Association for International Exchange, leverages directives from Chinas national educational strategy and the global expertise of over one hundred distinguished professors from world-renowned institutions. Offering 103 courses entirely in English, the program spans diverse disciplines, emphasizing interdisciplinary knowledge and real-world application through a dual-phase educational model. The initiative not only bolsters the international competencies of students but also fosters significant academic and professional advancements. This paper evaluates the programs design, implementation, and outcomes, highlighting its profound impact on students and suggesting future directions for expanding its global and educational reach.

Loyalty Programmes as Retailers’ Communication Tools during a Period of Social Change

We are engaged in the study of loyalty systematically built and anchored in the form of consumer loyalty programmes. The aim of this theoretical review is to identify the problems and challenges retailers face in communicating with customers using loyalty programmes in a period of significant societal change. We examined 411 scholarly studies registered in the Web of Science database. Based on the results of the analysis, we identified the challenges faced by sponsoring organisations in the operation of modern loyalty programmes, which we divided into 14 categories by common features. The result is a compact theoretical overview about loyalty programmes. The aim of the empirical research, conducted through written inquiries and individual semi-structured interviews, is to find out how Generation Z respondents perceive loyalty programmes. The selected results reveal that there is a relatively large group of loyalty programme members who believe that they are not adequately rewarded by the sponsoring organisation.

Modeling Group Exercise Members Continuation

This research presents a conceptual model that investigates group exercise program continuation, influenced by membership price, service quality, and group cohesion. A random sample of members from recreation fitness centers completed a group exercise questionnaire (three locations, n= 200). The study measured members’ perceptions of class social cohesion, group exercise service quality, price satisfaction, and continuation. Results show that Price Satisfaction, Group Exercise Service Quality (GXSQ) and Group Integration Task (GI-T) have a direct significant relationship with Intent to Repurchase. GXSQ and Price mediate the relationship of GI-T and Continuation. Price mediating the relationship of GXSQ and intent to repurchase. GI-S does not contribute to the model. The results emphasize the importance of the quality of the program (instructor and operations) and the price point when deciding to repurchase classes. The collective task and how participants perceived satisfaction are influenced by these factors, and a positive experience leads to program continuation.

Data Integration of Health Financing Systems as a Critical Enabler for Objective-Oriented Health System Reform: A Scoping Review from India

ABSTRACT Health financing fragmentation poses a challenge to reforms intended to address system-wide objectives vis-à-vis universal health coverage (UHC). India’s experience with publicly subsidized health insurance schemes (PSHIs), such as Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) and its state adaptations, testify to the challenges inherent in effecting objective-oriented health systems reforms, particularly owing to wide variation in programmatic and operational design. Recent efforts to defragment PSHIs under the aegis of a new government initiative called Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) using, inter alia, a unified information and communication technology (ICT) interface provide important policy lessons. This paper presents a theory of change for the role that ICT systems can play in promoting the objectives of UHC and highlights the early effects of ICT reforms in India on UHC. Holistic and defragmented ICT systems have a positive effect on the processes and operations of government health programs, according to the literature reviewed. Streamlined ICT systems promote equity through the introduction of portability modules, which increase access to services and facilitate stronger transparency and accountability measures by using big data and machine learning for fraud detection. Although reliability issues persist on certain fronts, India’s experience with homegrown, incremental reforms to defragment ICT systems for health financing have proven of paramount importance for progressing toward UHC.

Health related outcomes of patients with serious traumatic injury: Results of a longitudinal follow-up program delivered by trauma clinicians

IntroductionThe routine collection of long-term patient health outcomes after serious traumatic injury at the health service level is uncommon. In 2019, we implemented the longitudinal Trauma Service Follow Up (TSFU) program at a level I trauma centre. Delivered by the trauma service clinicians involved in inpatient care, it assesses quality of life and disability. This study reports the 6- and 12-month outcomes of the first two years of operation of the TSFU program. MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study of seriously injured adult trauma patients admitted to a level I trauma centre with 6- and 12-months post-discharge outcome assessments. Outcomes were quality of life and function/disability as measured using the EQ-5D-5L and WHODAS 2.0 validated instruments. Changes from 6 to 12 months were assessed using generalised estimating equations methods. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with ongoing problems at each time point. ResultsFive-hundred and eight seriously injured patients were eligible for the TSFU program with follow-up rates over 80 % at both 6- and 12-month timepoints. At six months, ongoing problems with pain (69.9 %), anxiety and depression (49 %) and carrying out usual activities (57.5 %) were highly prevalent; at 12 months problems with pain (61.4 %) and anxiety and depression (43.8 %) persisted. Lower extremity and/or pelvic surgery was associated with ongoing pain, odds ratio (OR) = 3.77 (95 % CI 1.54–9.21, p=0.01), anxiety and depression (OR 1.95, 95 % CI 1.09–3.48, p=0.02) and problems carrying out their usual activities (OR 3.19, 95 % CI 0.75–13.5, p=0.11) at six months. These patterns mostly persisted at 12 months. Similar associations between surgical intervention and high levels of disability were evident at both time points. ConclusionPersistent impairments in physical and emotional health continues to affect many people following serious traumatic injury. The collection of longitudinal health outcomes by trauma clinicians enables identification of factors that contribute to disability and a reduction in quality of life. This in turn can drive quality improvement initiatives within the hospital trauma system. Longitudinal follow-up programs may provide a platform to provide ongoing specialist trauma-informed care after hospital discharge.