Open Voltage Research Articles

Beam energy recovery in Neutral Beam Injections and related simulations

The Neutral Beam Injectors (NBI) will be used to further increase the plasma temperature for the ignition of the fusion reactions in the ITER project. For future applications of electric energy production, the NBI efficiency is crucial. Since the gas neutralizer gives large residual ion fractions of D+ and D-, adequate energy recovery systems may be necessary. Recently a conceptually simple beam energy recovery based on space charge effects has been proposed; it can also work as an ion dump device, with advantages in removing the residual ions with reduced power dissipation. Preliminary simulation results were evidence of that the proposed device can remove all the residual ions by collecting them at very low energy on proper electrodes. In this contribution, further simulations with more accurate space charge calculations are reported to mostly confirm the high residual ion collection efficiency obtained in the preliminary simulations. The simulated operation voltage is also increased from 20 kV to 500 kV in steps. Higher efficiencies require some increase of the collector length, especially at higher operation voltage, as here discussed. Some design detailed features are also updated.

Wearable and Multiplexed Biosensors based on Oxide Field-Effect Transistors.

Wearable sensors designed for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of physicochemical signals are important for portable healthcare. Oxide field-effect transistor (FET)-type biosensors provide high sensitivity and scalability. However, they face challenges in mechanical flexibility, multiplexed sensing of different modules, and the absence of integrated on-site signal processing and wireless transmission functionalities for wearable sensing. In this work, a fully integrated wearable oxide FET-based biosensor array is developed to facilitate the multiplexed and simultaneous measurement of ion concentrations (H+, Na+, K+) and temperature. The FET-sensor array is achieved by utilizing a solution-processed ultrathin (≈6nm thick) In2O3 active channel layer, exhibiting high compatibility with standard semiconductor technology, good mechanical flexibility, high uniformity, and low operational voltage of 0.005V. This work provides an effective method to enable oxide FET-based biosensors for the fusion of multiplexed physicochemical information and wearable health monitoring applications.

Ge n-Channel Hybrid Memory Based on Ferroelectric Charge Trapping Layer With Low Operating Voltage, Large Memory Window, and Negligible Read Latency

Ge n-Channel Hybrid Memory Based on Ferroelectric Charge Trapping Layer With Low Operating Voltage, Large Memory Window, and Negligible Read Latency

Sputter-Deposited copper iodide thin film transistors with low Operating voltage

This paper reports on a back-gated p-type thin film transistor (TFT) with copper iodide (CuI) as the channel material, a HfO2 gate dielectric layer, and Al2O3 passivation. The γ-CuI channel was deposited from a CuI target using DC magnetron sputtering at room temperature. Our TFT can be fully shut off by VG = 4 V, with a field-effect channel hole mobility μh ∼ 1.5–2 cm2 V−1 s−1. An anneal in forming gas was performed twice, once at 200 °C, then at 250 °C to improve gate control, yielding a final Ion/Ioff current ratio of ∼ 250. The anneal served two purposes: to reduce the oxygen acceptor density in the CuI channel and reduce the concentration of interface states between the CuI, Al2O3 passivation, and HfO2. A model of the device was built in an industrial TCAD simulator, which reproduces the measured characteristics and allows an estimation of interface state densities and channel doping.

Enhancing microbial fuel cell performance with free-standing three-dimensional N-doped porous carbon anodes

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) utilize microorganisms as catalysts to transform the chemical energy to electrical power. However, the practical application of MFCs is currently impeded by low power output, which is caused by insufficient microbial colonization on the anode, slow extracellular electron transfer at the microbe-anode interface, and low oxygen reduction reaction catalytic efficiency at the cathode. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical porous anode of Carbonization-CTS-MF/rGOtempreture (CCMF/rGOT) by pyrolyzing crosslinked composite of melamine formaldehyde resin (MF), chitosan (CTS) and graphene oxide (GO). The macroporous anode provides a biocompatible surface for exoelectrogens and 3D electron transfer pathways. In addition, an appropriate balance of graphitic-N and pyrrolic-N content optimizes both conductivity and the number of active sites, thereby synergistically enhancing extracellular electron transfer (EET) efficiency. Therefore, the power density of CCMF/rGO1000 anode is 11.28 W/m3, which surpasses the CCMF1000 anode without 3D reduced graphene oxide (rGO) conductive network (10.04 W/m3), and traditional carbon cloth anode (4.36 W/m3). Moreover, the anode runs stably for more than 200 days with a maximum operating voltage of 0.69 V, which achieves chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of 95.4 %. This work provides a promising strategy to prepare a free-standing 3D anode with enriched exoelectrogens and enhanced EET to improve the MFCs performance.

Enhanced electrochemical performance of K0.67[Ni0.3Mn0.6Co0.1] O2 as a cathode material for secondary K-Ion batteries: Improved K-Ion insertion and reduced charge transfer barrier

Potassium-ion batteries, with their high operating voltage and cost-efficiency, emerged as promising contenders for large-scale energy storage system. Nevertheless, the practical application is hindered by the significant challenges of achieving high capacity and good rate capability in cathodes. Herein, a novel layered oxide cathode, K0.67[Ni0.3Mn0.6Co0.1] O2 (KNMCO), has been synthesized via solid-state (S-KNMCO) and co-precipitation (C-KNMCO) routes. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) peaks of KNMCO are identified in R3 m space group and well-indexed to hexagonal unit cell. The FE-SEM shows non-spherical morphologies for both samples. Additionally, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images of the synthesized cathode materials shows the interlayer spacing of S-KNMCO is higher than that of C-KNMCO. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of S-KNMCO and C-KNMCO is characterized using K-metal as anode and electrolyte KPF6 in EC/DEC (1:1, v/v). The S-KNMCO and C-KNMCO exhibit the maximum specific discharge capacity of ∼101 mAhg-1 and ∼66 mAhg-1 at the current rate of C/20 respectively. Additionally, these cells show the good rate capability and coulombic efficiency (∼94%). This research offers novel perspectives on the development of cathode substances for KIBs.

Low-voltage operatable top-gated organic transistors based on the solution-processed binary polymers dielectric for simplifying the manufacturing flow of arrayed AMOLED

The complex process flow is an important factor that hinders the development of active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays. Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are one of the promising candidates as the pixel circuits for AMOLEDs. Both the architecture and the fabrication of OTFTs are crucial elements to determine the process flow and cost of the AMOLEDs. In this Letter, we develop a strategy to significantly simplify the process flow and reduce the cost of AMOLEDs by constructing top-gated OTFTs with a solution-processed vertically phase separated binary polymer dielectric as the pixel circuits. The design on the OTFTs considers both the process flow and the device performance in terms of mobility and operating voltages. The mechanism to improve device performances is discussed. Finally, a 3 × 4 arrayed AMOLED is demonstrated, in which a high mobility over 0.3 cm2/Vs is obtained on the switching and driving OTFTs, and luminance over 300 cd/m2 is achieved on the OLEDs at the supplied low operating voltages of 10 V. This strategy provides a competitive technological route for the manufacturing of AMOLEDs.

Optimal Control Strategy for Power Management Control of an Independent Photovoltaic, Wind Turbine, Battery System with Diesel Generator

The need for a greater supply of energy from sustainable sources is growing because of increasing energy prices, concerns about nuclear power, climate change, and power grid disruptions. This research offers a method for the balance of power management of a combination of multi-source DC and AC supplier systems that enables sources of clean energy based on an independent grid to function economically and with the highest levels of system predictability and stability possible. The DC microgrid's hybrid generation source consists of a diesel power source, wind, photovoltaic (PV) power, and a battery bank. The energy system can fulfill the load demand for electricity at any moment by connecting various renewable sources. It can function both off and on the grid. The microgrid may occasionally not be able to provide sufficient electricity, while every green energy source's electricity contribution is based on how its supply varies and how much power is needed to meet demand. As a result, a diesel generator is required as additional backup power, particularly while operating off-grid. This paper designs and implements an MPPT technique for a PV system based on the GWO algorithm. By creating PWM pulses in response to variations in the PV panel voltage, this method modifies the converter's duty cycle, while wind turbines using MPPT based on P&O, to get the most out of hybrid energy sources that are renewable while simultaneously enhancing the quality of power. The priority sources of electricity for the grid are photovoltaics and wind power. Based on the results of simulations and experiments, the proposed control method for DC, which uses the MPPT approach, can dynamically switch between all of the system's various modes of operation, independent of the battery's condition or environment, ensuring safe operation and constant bus voltage. An analysis was conducted on the suggested system's performance. It has been noted that compared to the conventional approaches, the suggested GWO-based MPPT methodology is quicker and produces fewer MPP oscillations. It offers a more effective reaction to quickly shifting atmospheric conditions. Results of simulation for the recommended control scheme with MATLAB/Simulink.

Nickel‐Manganese‐Based Layered Oxide for Sodium Ion Battery Cathode Materials

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have demonstrated significant potential as alternatives to conventional lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for modern grid and mobile energy storage applications, due to the abundant natural resources and low cost of sodium. Layered transition metal oxides (LTMOs) have attracted focused research attentions due to their high specific capacities, energy densities as well as the compatible preparation processes with those of LIBs cathode materials. Among these, Ni/Mn‐based LTMOs (NMLOs) are particularly noteworthy for their cost‐effectiveness and superior electrochemical performance, such as excellent capacity retention, voltage stability, high operating voltage and rate capability. In this review, we briefly introduce the synthesis methods of NMLOs, discuss the challenges, and summarize the solutions. The insights presented may contribute to the development of NMLOs based SIBs.

A high-capacity and stable dual-ion battery based on an ultra-large lattice-spacing amorphous carbon anode

Compared with traditional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), dual-ion batteries (DIBs) offer advantages such as high operating voltage, good safety performance, and low cost. However, DIBs often suffer from challenges such as low specific capacity and poor cycling performance in practical applications. Here, a layered nitrogen-doped carbon anode has been prepared using a one-step pyrolysis method with excellent Li+ storage sites. The large lattice spacing of 0.55 nm provides more space for the storage and migration of active ions. Concurrently, the utilization of concentrated electrolyte facilitated the electrochemical window and the restrained solvation of ions, which helps to boost ion transport and improve the stability of the electrolyte and the operating voltage of DIBs. The assembled DIBs exhibit a high specific discharge capacity of 179.27 mA h g−1, within a 2.5–4.8 V voltage range, and excellent cycling stability of 3500 cycles without degradation. Specifically, the structural evolution of the electrodes during charging and discharging and the working mechanism of the DIBs are also explored. The DIBs system designed in this paper provides a facile and scalable approach to promote the development of DIBs with low-cost and high-performance.

Three-dimensional porous structure CoP/N-doped carbon nanospheres as anode for enhanced lithium storage performance

Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) with high theoretical capacities and safe operating voltage are recognized as prospective anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). While, the huge volume expansion and low conductivity of TMPs still restrict their applications. Engineering nanostructured composites consisting of TMPs and conductive carbon-based materials is of great importance to improve electrochemical performance. Herein, a novel and facile pyrolysis-oxidation-phosphidation approach is designed to fabricate porous nanospheres composing of CoP nanoparticles and N-doped carbon substrate. The abundant pores in CoP/N-C provide ample active sites for lithium storage and facilitate Li+ transport. The introduction of N-doped carbon substrate enhances the electrical conductivity, allowing CoP to maintain its structure during cycling. The CoP/N-C anode achieves remarkable cycle performance, maintaining an extremely stable cycle life over 2000 cycles at 5 A g−1. More importantly, the full cell consisting of CoP/N-C and LiFePO4 also exhibits a prominent cycling durability with a capacity retention of 96.5 % at 0.1 A g−1 after 150 cycles. This work proposes a simple and feasible structural engineering strategy, which can provide a new way for optimizing the electrochemical performance of conversion-type anode materials.

Facile synthesis of mesoporous Co3O4 anchoring on the g-C3N4 nanosheets for high performance supercapacitor

The rational design of the hybrid supercapacitor is the proficient way to confront the problem addressed in the supercapacitor through the collective advantage of each material and even shows laudable electrochemical properties from intertwined effects. A hydrothermal technique was used to effectively incorporate cobalt oxide into layered g-C3N4 nanosheets for a high-performance-based hybrid supercapacitor. The nanocomposite of Co3O4/g-C3N4 (with 0.01 M Co3O4) achieved a maximum specific capacitance of approximately 455 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. It exhibited 95 % cyclic stability over 10,000 cycles, without sacrificing its coulombic efficiency in a three-electrode configuration. The enhanced charge storage contribution arises from the effective incorporation of cobalt oxide into the layered carbon nitride, increasing the number of electrochemically active sites for electrolytic ions. A symmetric device was fabricated using a KOH gel-based electrolyte, delivering high energy and power density of 28.13 Wh/kg and 1.68 kW/kg, respectively, with a maximum cell operating voltage of 1.2 V. Furthermore, the device demonstrated excellent cyclic stability of 95 % with constant coulombic efficiency.

The induced formation and regulation of closed-pore structure for biomass hard carbon as anode in sodium-ion batteries

Biomass hard carbon is regarded as an advanced anode materials for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) since it possesses balanced performance including satisfactory specific capacity, suitable operating voltage window and low cost. Although numerous instances of utilizing biomass-derived hard carbon in SIBs have been observed, the unregulated pore structure of these hard carbon materials significantly constrains the electrochemical performance of SIBs, leading to diminished initial Columbic efficiency (ICE) and plateau capacity. Herein, taking a biomass hard carbon derived from waste camellia seed shells (CSSHCs) as a template, we display a correlation between synthesis conditions and pore structure of CSSHCs. CSSHCs are synthesized via a facile route including pre‑carbonization, purifying, mechanical ball-milling and high-temperature carbonization, and it is found that adjusting the secondary calcination temperature can induce the formation of closed pore structure, which is of great benefit to increase the ICE and the plateau-capacity. Besides, it is also proved that the obtained CSSHCs anodes obey a sodium storage mechanism that can be classified as “adsorption-intercalation-pore filling”, which endows SIBs with a competitive electrochemical performance. Specifically, the obtained biomass hard carbons at 1300 °C exhibits the best electrochemical performance among these anodes with the reversible capacity of as high as 270.0 mAh g−1 and a high ICE of 80.1 %, together with an excellent cycle stability (91.0 % capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.1C, 1C = 300 mA g−1). Therefore, this study provides a significant exploration and raw material support for the further utilization of the waste biomass and sustainable development of the anode materials for the large-scale application of SIBs.

High-Sensitivity and Fast-Response Photomultiplication Type Photodetectors Based on Quasi-2D Perovskite Films for Weak-Light Detection.

Photovoltaic photodiodes often face challenges in effectively harvesting electrical signals, especially when detecting faint light. In contrast, photomultiplication type photodetectors (PM-PDs) are renowned for their exceptional sensitivity to weak signals. Here, an advanced PM-PD is introduced based on quasi 2D Ruddlesden-Popper (Q-2D RP) perovskites, optimized for weak light detection at minimal operating voltages. The abundant traps at the Q-2D RP surface capture charge carriers, inducing a trap-assisted tunneling mechanism that leads to the photomultiplication (PM) effect. Deep-lying trap states within the Q-2D RP bulk accelerate charge carrier recombination, resulting in an outstanding rise/fall time of 1.14/1.72 µs for the PM-PDs. The PM-PD achieves a remarkable response level of up to 45.89 AW-1 and an extraordinary external quantum efficiency of 14400% at -1V under an illumination of 1 µWcm- 2. The intrinsic high resistance of the Q-2D perovskite results in a low dark current, enabling an impressive detectivity of 4.23 × 1012 Jones based on noise current at -1V. Furthermore, the practical application of PM-PDs has been demonstrated in weak-light, high-rate communication systems. These findings confirm the significant potential of PM-PDs based on Q-2D perovskites for weak light detection and suggest new directions for developing low-power, high-performance PM-PDs for future applications.

Advanced controller design based on interval type-2 fuzzy neural network for elementary super-lift Luo converter

The elementary super-lift Luo converter is a third-order DC/DC step-up converter developed using the super-lift method that increases input voltage with low current and voltage ripples and a high voltage gain. On account of the nonlinearity and uncertainty incorporated with voltage, load changes, and switching operation of elementary super-lift Luo (ESLL) converter, it is a challenging task to design an efficient controller. To overcome these problems, this study proposes a new control approach based on interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (IT2FNN) to regulate a DC output current and voltage of ESLL converter. The parameters of IT2FNN were trained offline using a gradient descent algorithm. Mean square error (MSE), one of the most used statistical performance indicators, was used to evaluate the convergence accuracy performance of gradient descent algorithm. The DC output voltage regulation performance of IT2FNN was evaluated via a comparative simulation with interval type-2 fuzzy controller (IT2FC) and proportional + integral (PI) controller in MATLAB/Simulink environment in terms of settling time, average computational time, and recovery time under three different operational conditions: various reference voltages, input voltage, and load. Moreover, the DC output current regulation performance of IT2FNN was evaluated via a comparative simulation with IT2FC and PI controller in MATLAB/Simulink environment in terms of settling time and steady-state error under various reference current changes. The detailed simulation results obtained from comparative simulation validated the effectiveness of IT2FNN.

Impact of Ca2+ and Zr4+ substitution on mechanical energy harvesting response of lead-free BaTiO3 piezoceramics with thermally stable storage density and efficiency

The Ba1-xCaxZryTi1-yO3 (BCZT; x = 0.18, y = 0.08; x = 0.15, y = 0.10; x = 0.12, y = 0.12; x = 0.09, y = 0.14; both x and y are in mol. %) piezoceramics were prepared by solid-state reaction method and investigated their energy storage and harvesting responses. The composition x = 0.15, y = 0.10 ( i.e. BCZT-2) reveals the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) near room temperature with enhanced piezoelectric properties such as piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33) ∼ 380 pC/N, piezoelectric strain coefficient (d33*) ∼ 583.71 pm/V, piezoelectric voltage coefficient (g33) ∼ 14.09 ×10−3Vm/N, figure of merits (d33×g33) ∼ 5.35 ×10−12m2/N and the electromechanical coupling coefficient (kp) ∼ 0.291. The harvested peak-to-peak open circuit AC voltage is 30 V and the calculated current is in the range of 0.02–0.14 mA with varied load resistance and the maximum obtained power density is 13.38 μW/mm3 for BCZT-2 ceramics. The DC output signal of BCZT-2 ceramics successfully lit up the 'FCLNT' panel consisting of 53 red LEDs. At room temperature, BCZT ceramics have a recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) and storage efficiency (η) in the range between 506.46 and 257.49 mJ/cm3 and 50.53 – 64.93 % respectively. The composition x = 0.12, y = 0.12 (i.e. BCZT-3) revealed the highest energy storage efficiency (η) ∼ 64.93 % at room temperature. Nonetheless, the temperature-dependent (till its Curie temperature) maximum obtained Wrec of all BCZT ceramics is found in the range between 238.41 and 446.49 mJ/cm3 with an η of 66.98–79.67 %. Thus, compositionally tuned BCZT ceramics exhibit considerable piezoelectric properties, including energy storage and harvesting capabilities.

High rate capability and ultra‐long cycling life: Electrochemical synthesis of PEDOT based electrode material doped with AMPS and its supercapacitor application

AbstractPoly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a conducting polymer that can be used in flexible bioelectronic devices. The electrode/electrolyte interface interaction is one of the most important factors in improving the electrochemical performance of energy storage materials, and these polymers are often combined with a negatively charged poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) chain to improve their interaction with alkali metal cations such as sodium and potassium. In this work, we performed a one‐step electrochemical synthesis of PEDOT on carbon fabric using the molecule 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) to create highly effective materials for supercapacitor electrodes. The electrode had a significant increase in capacitance value, measured 16.4 times higher than that of the PEDOT electrode. The 2‐electrode system exhibited a specific capacitance value of 495.2 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. It exhibited a high operating voltage of 2.3 V in aqueous electrolyte system. It showed a significant energy density of 109.0 Wh kg−1 when operating at 6.1 kW kg−1 power density and 85.2 Wh kg−1 when operating at 30.6 kW kg−1 power density. Recent findings reveal that the capacitance retention performance value of the device increased significantly to 113.9% after 25,000 cycles in 3.0 M NaCl aqueous electrolyte, demonstrating its outstanding long‐term durability. Thus, the creation of the synthesized supercapacitor electrode is a significant advance in the study of conducting polymers, which often have a limited lifetime in real‐world electronic applications.

Low-Temperature and High-Rate Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries Enabled by Ternary Eutectic Electrolytes.

Rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) have garnered extensive scientific attention as a promising alternative chemistry due to the inherent advantages associated with aluminum (Al) metal anodes, including their high theoretical capacities, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and inherent non-flammable properties. Nonetheless, the practical energy density of RABs is constrained by the electrolytes that support lower operational voltage windows. Herein, we report a ternary eutectic electrolyte composed of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2C1im]Cl):1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4C1im]Cl):aluminum chloride (AlCl3) for the application of RABs. The electrolyte exhibits a high operational potential window (~3V vs. Al/Al3+ on SS 316) and high ionic conductivity (~8.3 mS.cm-1) while exhibiting only a low temperature glass transition at -65 oC suitable for all-climate conditions. Al||graphene nanoplatelets cell delivers a high capacity of ~117 mAh/g, and ~43 mAh/g at a very high current densities of 1A/g and 5A/g, respectively. The cells render a reversible capacity of 20 mAh/g at -20 oC and 17 mAh/g at -40 oC, indicating their suitability for operation under extreme environmental conditions. We comprehensively evaluated the design and optimization of carbon paper-based battery systems. The ternary eutectic electrolyte demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance, thus signifying its substantial potential for utilization in high-performance energy storage systems in all climates.

Adaptive Neural Network Control of Four-Switch Buck–Boost Converters

Based on the adaptive control structure of neural networks, this paper proposes a novel output voltage control strategy for DC converters. The strategy regulates the inductor current to maintain a constant voltage by adjusting the duty cycle of four-switch buck—boost (FSBB) converters. A nonlinear average model for the FSBB converter, derived from its energy consumption, is introduced, and its effectiveness is demonstrated through simulations. The simulations confirm that the FSBB converter enables zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of the four switches across the entire operating voltage range. The comparative simulation results show that the proposed control strategy achieves faster voltage regulation while ensuring ZVS, leading to improved converter performance across the full power range.

Enhancing the performance of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2-based pouch cells through advanced electrolyte additive systems for high-temperature lithium-ion batteries

Next-generation lithium-ion batteries, which achieve high energy densities and prolonged cycle performance, require cathode materials with high operating voltages and specific capacities. Because of their high capacity and operating voltage, nickel-rich layered oxides like LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) are attractive cathodes; nevertheless, they have drawbacks such capacity loss, poor cycle performance, structural instability, and thermal instability. Enhancing the stability of the NMC811 cathode-electrolyte interphase demands improvements in both cathode materials and electrolytes. This study explores the enhancement of NMC811-based battery systems through electrolyte modification, focusing on mixed additive combinations to evaluate their synergistic effects at elevated temperatures, relevant for tropical climates. A ternary additive system comprising vinylene carbonate (VC), lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO2F2), and p-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (PTSI) in a LiPF6-based electrolyte showed significant improvements. This system mitigated capacity fading for cells cycled over 3 V–4.2 V at both 25 °C and 45 °C, outperforming the baseline electrolyte. The designed electrolyte stabilized the electrode-electrolyte interface, enhancing cell performance and the cathode's structural integrity. Notably, the graphite/NMC811 pouch cell's cycling performance showed an increase in capacity retention from 82.4% to 90.2% after 150 cycles at C/2 at 45 °C. Moreover, the deactivation of PF5 by PTSI can help to suppress the side reaction from the instability of LiPF6-based electrolytes, especially at elevated temperatures. These findings carried out from this strategic electrolyte additive system can substantially improve nickel-rich LIBs, especially in challenging thermal environments.