Operation Diagram Research Articles

Insights into the bacterial community compositions of peanut worm (Sipunculus nudus) and their association with the surrounding environment

The peanut worm (Sipunculus nudus) is an important economic and ecological fishery resource in China. To determine how S. nudus interacts with its culture environment, in this study, the diversity, composition, and interrelationships of bacterial communities in the intestine, coelomic fluid, and culture environment of S. nudus through high-throughput sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the highest bacterial community richness and diversity were found in the sediments. Species annotation revealed that Proteobacteria dominated in all samples (48.92%–58.36%), and the other dominant phyla were highly variable, indicating a certain independence between the environment and the composition of the bacterial community of S. nudus. The coelomic fluid of S. nudus contained high concentrations of Bacillus and could be a source of potential probiotic bacteria for isolation and culture. Cluster and operational taxonomic unit Venn diagram analyses showed that the bacterial community composition in the intestine was more similar to that in the sediments compared with water. The predicted functional analysis of bacterial communities indicated that the functions of bacterial communities in the different surrounding environment were highly similar and involved in various aspects, such as membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and replication and repair. Our findings have important implications on the establishment of sustainable microecological regulation and management strategies for S. nudus culture and provide a reference for the development and utilization of probiotic bacteria.

Optimasi unjuk kerja pada sistem pendinginan adsorpsi dengan siklus pemanasan-ulang kombinasi

The adsorption refrigeration system is a cooling system that offers several benefits, including being environmentally friendly due to the very small amount of global warming effect given, the lack of potential for ozone depletion, the low energy consumption of its operation, the low heat source used in its operation and good for reducing gas emissions on earth. This paper describes a combined reheating adsorption refrigeration system with three heat exchangers, as well as operating modes. The operation of the adsorption refrigeration system with combined reheating is schematically described with operational modes and diagrams. This adsorption cooling system is made up of three heat exchangers (H), one evaporator, and one condenser. The combination cycle is intended for heat exchanger systems that operate in a reheat cycle (H1 and H2) and a non-reheating cycle (H3). This paper also discusses system cycle time optimization. Research to get the optimum value of cycle time in this system is still rarely done and therefore optimization of cycle time is carried out on the system to get the best performance. The PSO (particle swarm optimization) program is paired with the MATLAB program to simulate the performance of the system under discussion while also enhancing its performance. The goal of this work is to use simulation to determine the optimal system performance versus the overall cycle time, which includes adsorption/desorption time, pre-cooling and pre-heating time as well as mass recovery time. Getting the best value for the entire cycle time is made possible by fusing the simulation of the system's process performance with performance optimization. As a results, the greatest increase in the optimization results' performance value occurs at a heat source temperature of 55ºC with a longer time to achieve optimal performance.

Effect of high stirring speed on the agglomerate behaviors for cohesive SiO2 powders in gas fluidization

The effects of superficial gas velocity and mechanical stirring speed on the precise regulation of flow regimes for cohesive SiO2 powders (mean diameter is 16 μm) were experimentally investigated in a stirring-assisted fluidized bed. The results showed that compared with the agglomerates formed in the non-assisted fluidization of cohesive SiO2 powders, the introduction of mechanical stirring could effectively reduce the size of agglomerates and well disperse the agglomerates during fluidization. The best regulation range of agglomerate particulate fluidization can be achieved at 600 rpm when agglomerate sizes were reduced to below 200 μm. Further investigation based on the operational phase diagram revealed that transformations of flow regimes were dominated by both stirring speed and gas velocity. The stirring applied enlarges the operational range of agglomerate particulate fluidization (APF) with a delayed onset of bubbling for cohesive particles. However, the exorbitant speed increases the collision velocity and contact area between small agglomerates, which results in the formation of unstable agglomerates and the whirlpool of powder.

SLJCompact: A semiconductor-liquid junction solver for rapid band diagram insights into photoelectrochemical devices

SLJCompact is a Matlab based program that computes the band diagram and current-voltage characteristics of semiconductor photoanodes. To enable rapid insights, corresponding to various semiconductor-liquid junction (SLJ) properties and observable current-voltage characteristics, an abridged set of semi-analytical conservation equations are employed in the semiconductor region coupled with Gouy-Chapman screening within the liquid region. Electrostatic interactions between these regions across the junction are solved self-consistently through a variation on the Scharfetter-Gummel method. In this manner, the model is able to provide key band diagram insights regarding the correlated operation of photoanodes, both under illumination and in the dark, with respect to: current-voltage trends, quasi-Fermi level splitting, hole transfer rates, electron transfer rates, depletion region screening, hole inversion screening, and carrier recombination lifetimes. Motivated by Kroemer's lemma, SLJCompact is intended to further the adoption of band diagram methods within the photoelectrochemical device literature, by providing a computationally inexpensive approach residing between computationally intensive full continuity equation solvers and more approximate analytical expressions. Program summaryProgram Title: SLJCompactCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/by4ddckrpt.1Developer's repository link:https://www.physics.mcgill.ca/~bevankh/Codes/SLJCompact/Licensing provisions: CC BY NC 4.0Programming language: MatlabNature of problem: Providing rapid self-consistently computed insights into the operational and band diagram characteristics of photoelectrochemical devices.Solution method: A semi-analytical approach for solving carrier transfer and recombination in the depletion region coupled self-consistently with Poisson's equation across a semiconductor-liquid junction, solved together through a variation on the Scharfetter-Gummel method.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The current version is only applicable to photoanodes and forward bias trends at/beyond flat band conditions.

Operating diagrams for a three-tiered microbial food web in the chemostat.

In this paper, we consider a three-tiered food web model in a chemostat, including chlorophenol, phenol, and hydrogen substrates and their degraders. The model takes into account the three substrate inflowing concentrations, as well as maintenance, that is, decay terms of the species. The operating diagrams give the asymptotic behavior of the model with respect to the four operating parameters, which are the dilution rate and the three inflowing concentrations of the substrates. These diagrams were obtained only numerically in the existing literature. Using the mathematical analysis of this model obtained in our previous studies, we construct the operating diagrams, by plotting the curves that separate their various regions. Hence, the regions of the operating diagrams are constructed analytically and there is no requirement for time-consuming algorithms to generate the plots, as in the numerical method. Moreover, our method reveals behaviors that have not been detected in the previous numerical studies. The growth functions are of Monod form with the inclusion of a product inhibition term. However, our method applies for a large class of growth functions. We construct operating diagrams with and without maintenance showing the role of maintenance on the stability of the system.

Modelling traffic as multi-graph signals: Using domain knowledge to enhance the network-level passenger flow prediction in metro systems

Network-level metro passenger flow prediction has always been one of the most important but most challenging scientific problems in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). However, conventional methods ignore the multi-dimensional topological relationships in the subway system or directly learn from the physical topological structure and fail to explore the spatial-temporal evolution of passenger flow fully. Moreover, due to the highly punctual operation feature, the metro system has high-degree controllability and regularity, which is usually not considered in the traditional model. To address this problem, we model a metro system based on various topological structures and propose a novel spatial-temporal multi-graph convolutional wavelet network (ST-MGCWN) with unique metro system state characteristics. The core of this approach is to combine the domain knowledge of transportation and deep learning models. To be precise, there are three main modules in the proposed framework: (i). The graph wavelet convolution captures the dynamic spatial dependence between nodes on the established multiple graphs and synthesizes topological features through the graph fusion module. (ii). The various approaches based on the gated recurrent model are designed to capture the long-term periodicity and short-term trends. (iii). The transformation of the metro state characteristics reflects the change of the train density on the operation diagram, which is approximated by the distribution of the local peaks of passenger flow. Experimental results show that our proposed model achieves up to about 5% improvement over the state-of-the-art approach for the network-level passenger flow prediction task. In addition, we conduct a detailed analysis of the contribution of each component to enhance interpretability and reliability.

Forecasting the Operational Lifetime of Battery-Powered Electric Aircraft

In recent years, advancements in high-energy and -power density batteries have become central to developing viable aircraft for urban air mobility. In this paper, we introduce the time-dependent aircraft performance over operational lifetime diagram, which is a means of integrating battery lifetime modeling into the assessment of all-electric aircraft meant to service commuter routes: both within polycentric metropolitan regions and between residential and commercial spaces. Four aircraft representing the major configuration classes of urban air mobility concepts were simulated under continuous operation spanning one year. The aircraft flew eight daily flights, with recharging of the battery pack occurring at the end of each flight. The behaviors exhibited by the aircraft powertrains offer more holistic perspectives on the limitations of battery-powered aircraft than other traditional, nontemporal methods. This study highlights that, depending on the vehicle configuration, range, and battery pack size, the battery life of achievable missions can fall by as much as 45%. Additionally, the findings reveal that the rate of change in an operational lifetime can range between 8 and 23 days per nautical mile flown. These findings equip air transportation network modelers with information critical to improving strategies for optimizing vehicle utility and maximizing revenue.

Shipping Operation Diagram (SOD) Method in Setting The Departure and Arrival Hours of Trucks at PT ABC

PT. ABC is a company engaged in the plastic manufacturing industry that produces a wide range of products, from automotive plastics, cosmetic plastics, houseware plastics, health plastics to plastics for pharmaceutical purposes. Meeting customer needs in a timely manner is necessary so that customers have satisfaction with company services. The problems experienced by PT ABC. is the arrangement in scheduling automatic product delivery to customers. This research is aimed at using the Shipping Opertaion Diagram method in determining the hours of departure and arrival of trucks by considering the pulling time of late delivery and visualizing delivery information to make it right on target. The results of this study are expected to be able to adjust the departure time for delivery of goods based on product storage.

Development of design and substantiation of parameters of fiber material cleaner with a drum with combined pegs

The article covers a construction diagram and principle of operation of a drum with cylindrical and multifaceted pegs of fibrous material cleaner from fine litter. The parameters of drum and peg have been substantiated by theoretical research. Trajectories of movement of parts of a fibrous material on a flat surface of a drum peg are constructed at different drum rotation frequency and a mass of fibrous material. Based on comparative production tests, the positive results of the cleaning of fibrous material have been received, and recommendations for implementation have been developed.

Study on the Optimal Operation of a Hydropower Plant Group Based on the Stochastic Dynamic Programming with Consideration for Runoff Uncertainty

Hydropower plant operation reorganizes the temporal and spatial distribution of water resources to promote the comprehensive utilization of water resources in the basin. However, a lot of uncertainties were brought to light concerning cascade hydropower plant operation with the introduction of the stochastic process of incoming runoff. Therefore, it is of guiding significance for the practice operation to investigate the stochastic operation of cascade hydropower plants while considering runoff uncertainty. The runoff simulation model was constructed by taking the cascade hydropower plants in the lower reaches of the Lancang River as the research object, and combining their data with the copula joint function and Gibbs method, and a Markov chain was adopted to construct the transfer matrix of runoff between adjacent months. With consideration for the uncertainty of inflow runoff, the stochastic optimal operation model of cascade hydropower plants was constructed and solved by the SDP algorithm. The results showed that 71.12% of the simulated monthly inflow of 5000 groups in the Nuozhadu hydropower plant drop into the reasonable range. Due to the insufficiency of measured runoff, there were too many 0 values in the derived transfer probability, but after the simulated runoff series were introduced, the results significantly improved. Taking the transfer probability matrix of simulated runoff as the input of the stochastic optimal operation model of the cascade hydropower plants, the operation diagram containing the future-period incoming water information was obtained, which could directly provide a reference for the optimal operation of the Nuozhadu hydropower plant. In addition, taking the incoming runoff process in a normal year as the standard, the annual mean power generation based on stochastic dynamic programming was similar to that based on dynamic programming (respectively 305.97 × 108 kW⋅h and 306.91 × 108 kW⋅h), which proved that the operation diagram constructed in this study was reasonable.

A competition model in the chemostat with allelopathy and substrate inhibition

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>A model of two microbial species in a chemostat competing for a single resource is considered, where one of the competitors that produces a toxin, which is lethal to the other competitor (allelopathic inhibition), is itself inhibited by the substrate. Using general growth rate functions of the species, necessary and sufficient conditions of existence and local stability of all equilibria of the four-dimensional system are determined according to the operating parameters represented by the dilution rate and the input concentration of the substrate. With Michaelis-Menten or Monod growth functions, it is well known that the model can have a unique positive equilibrium which is unstable as long as it exists. If a non monotonic growth rate is considered (which is the case when there is substrate inhibition), it is shown that a new positive equilibrium point exists which can be stable according to the operating parameters of the system. We describe its operating diagram, which is the bifurcation diagram giving the behavior of the system with respect to the operating parameters. By means of this bifurcation diagram, we show that the general model presents a set of fifteen possible behaviors: washout, competitive exclusion of one species, coexistence, multi-stability, occurrence of stable limit cycles through a super-critical Hopf bifurcations, homoclinic bifurcations and flip bifurcation. This diagram is very useful to understand the model from both the mathematical and biological points of view.</p>

Пирометр с видеоконтролем области измерений

A pyrometer with non-parallel sighting is developed, which allows simultaneously with temperature measurement to perform video surveillance of the control object. Pyrometer has optically connected lens, signal meter, thermostat in which radiation receiver is placed, and video camera. The front surface of the thermostat is polished, directed at an angle of 45 ° to the optical axis of the lens and has a hole that acts as a field diaphragm. Video camera is directed to polished surface of thermostat perpendicular to optical axis of lens. Pyrometer operation, its design and functional diagram are described.

Algorithm of automatic digital cartographic generalisation with the use of contractive self-mapping

Abstract The research of modern cartography in the field of digital generalisation focuses on the development of such methods that would be fully automatic and give an unambiguously objective result. Devising them requires specific standards as well as unique and verifiable algorithms. In metric space, a proposal for such a method, based on contractive mapping, the Lipschitz and Cauchy conditions and the Banach theorem, using the Salishchev metric, was presented in the publication (Barańska et al., 2021). The method formulated there is dedicated to linear objects (polylines). The current work is a practical supplement to it. It presents the practical implementation of the algorithm for automatic and objective generalisation. The article describes an operational diagram of the subsequent stages of the proposed generalisation method. In the test example, a binary tree structure of an ordered polyline was created. It was simplified in two selected scales and its shape after generalisation was illustrated. The resulting polyline obtained by the fully automatic method was verified in terms of accuracy.

Mortality can produce limit cycles in density-dependent models with a predator-prey relationship

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>We study an interspecific, density-dependent model of two species competing for a single nutrient in a chemostat, allowing for a predator-prey relationship between them. We have previously examined the system in the absence of species mortality, showing that multiple positive steady states can appear and disappear through a saddle-node or transcritical bifurcation. In this paper we include mortality. We give a complete analysis for the existence and local stability of all steady states of the three-dimensional system that cannot be reduced to two dimensional ones. Specializing the forms of the rate functions, we show how mortality destabilizes the positive steady state and that stable limit cycles emerge through supercritical Hopf bifurcations. To describe how the process behaves with respect to the choice of dilution rate and input concentration as control parameters, we determine the operating diagram theoretically and also numerically by using the software package MATCONT. The bifurcation diagram based on the input concentration shows various types of bifurcations of steady states, and coexistence either at a positive steady state or via sustained oscillations.</p>

МЕТОДИКА ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ЖИВУЧЕСТИ СБОРНО-МОНОЛИТНОГО ЖЕЛЕЗОБЕТОННОГО КАРКАСА

The article presents a technique for carrying out experimental and numerical studies of reinforced concrete frame-fragments of a prefabricated monolithic reinforced concrete structural system of multi-storey buildings. The purpose of the research was to determine the nature of the change in the parameters of static-dynamic deformation and force resistance of the proposed structural system both at the stage of operation and during an emergency impact caused by the shutdown of one of the elements - the corner column of the first floor. To increase the resistance of the system under study to local or progressive collapse, new design solutions for the crossbars of the prefabricated monolithic frame are proposed, which make it possible to increase its resistance to a sudden change in power flows in the structural system under consideration. Analytical dependencies are proposed to determine the parameters of the intermedium contact zone in the prefabricated-monolithic structure of the crossbar. The solution of the problems under consideration was carried out using the LIRA-SAPR software package, taking into account material operation diagrams that take into account the static-dynamic nature of the loading of structures. The substantiation of the adopted design solutions for experimental designs of frame fragments for developing a program for conducting experimental studies of the structural system under consideration under special effects is given.

Techno-economic and environmental impact analysis of tuyere injection of hot reducing gas from low-rank coal gasification in blast furnace

Our goal is to find a strategy to reduce coke use during operation of a blast furnace (BF). This study focuses on the techno-economic and environmental impact analysis of tuyere injection of hot reducing gas (HRG) from low-rank coal (LRC) gasification in the BF. LRC gasification by entrained-flow gasifier is introduced to make gaseous fuel, and the cleaning process of the raw syngas is implemented using Aspen Plus V10. The effects of HRG injection are evaluated using a BF model derived from the Rist operating diagram. Integrated results from raw fuel to the BF were analyzed considering economic, energy, and environmental aspects. By injecting rich syngas (>95 vol %) into the BF at 1150 K, coke replacement ratio is estimated to be 0.354 kg/Nm 3 without adverse impact on the BF. The most sensitive economic factor is coke price. The energy efficiency of raw syngas cleaning process, relative energy intensity of LRC, gas utilization ratio are 57.5%, 90.6%, and 50.0% respectively. Utilization of HRG can reduce CO 2 emission by 21.88 kt CO2 /yr compared to the reference BF operation. • The hot reducing gas injection is proposed as a coke-saving strategy. • In technical aspect, the coke replacement ratio is estimated to be 0.354 kg/Nm 3 . • The suggested process is economically feasible. • The annual potential abatement of CO 2 is 21.88 ktCO 2 /yr.

Structure-Behavior Coalescence Design to Improve the Modifiability of Home Care IoT System

Modifiability improvement is a key factor in the successful Home Care IoT System (HCIS) systems development. It includes disciplined system layering (DSL), well-defined components (WDC), published interface (PI), and well-defined behavior (WDB) which represent the four main factors that enhance the modifiability of HCIS. Structure-Behavior Coalescence (SBC) method uses three fundamental diagrams: a) framework diagram, b) component operation diagram, and c) interaction flow diagram to accomplish the design of HCIS. Through framework diagram, Structure-Behavior Coalescence design of HCIS demonstrates tremendous effects of disciplined system layering. Through component operation diagram, Structure-Behavior Coalescence design of HCIS demonstrates large effects of well-defined components and published interfaces. Through interaction flow diagram, Structure-Behavior Coalescence design of HCIS demonstrates tremendous effects of well-defined behaviors. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) refers to a diverse set of unrelated computer algorithms and statistical methods, which are suitable for constructing networks for analysis. Applied SEM method can verify that Structure-Behavior Coalescence design is be able to enhance the Modifiability of HCIS.

Adaptation of the Rist Operating Diagram as a Graphical Tool for the Direct Reduction Shaft

The blast-furnace operating diagram proposed by Rist was revised to direct reduction and was specifically applied to the Midrex NGTM process. The use of this graphical tool in the study of an industrial process highlighted the staggered nature of the reduction in the shaft furnace with, in particular, the existence of a prereduction zone in the upper part where metallization is thermodynamically impossible. A sensitivity study also showed the impact of the in situ reforming rate on the ability of the gas to completely reduce iron oxides. Finally, we graphically defined the minimum quality required for the top gas to produce direct-reduced iron.

Surface-tension effects in oscillatory squeeze flow rheometry

Oscillatory squeeze flow rheometry (OSFR) is a technique for measuring fluid viscosity and linear viscoelasticity between oscillating parallel plates. While several corrections to the basic viscous flow model for OSFR have been considered (e.g., due to inertial effects), the role of surface tension remains largely unexplored. The present work revisits the classical liquid bridge problem subject to an oscillatory squeeze flow and considers the role of viscosity and surface tension on the dynamic force exerted by the liquid on the supporting plates. Using a combination of theory and experiment, we show that the (dimensionless) force collapses onto a master curve when plotted against a modified capillary number (measuring the relative importance of viscosity and surface tension) and that this prediction is robust over a wide range of strain amplitudes and aspect ratios. In doing so, we also demonstrate the ability of OSFR to measure surface-tension forces with reasonably high resolution. We test this capability for several low-viscosity fluids, demonstrating that, with current instrumentation and protocol, OSFR can measure surface tension to within 20% relative error. Finally, we provide an operating diagram that demarcates the regimes in which either viscosity or surface tension can be ignored in OSFR measurements. The results of this study may be used to further develop OSFR as a tool for measuring dynamical surface phenomena in addition to bulk viscoelasticity.

Comprehensive analysis of intermittent drying. A theoretical approach

Intermittent drying is a promising technique that may improve drying performance, when compared to stationary drying. An intermittent drying is composed of a succession of cycles, each of them consisting in an active drying period followed by a tempering period. It is typically characterized by two parameters: the duration of the cycles tc and the ratio of the duration of the drying period of a cycle to the total duration of the cycle χ. In this work, we derive two general models of the intermittent drying of a solid material, corresponding to different physical situations: a continuous model, to describe a situation where liquid water is continuously distributed through the material, and a shrinking core model, to describe a situation where the material is divided into a humid core and a dry zone. With these models, we provide a thorough analysis of the influence of the parameters characterizing the intermittent drying of a material on the dynamics of this drying, over wide ranges of values of these parameters. The results allows the identification of three possible regimes in the dynamics of an intermittent drying, when it is compared to a stationary one, what is summarized into an operational diagram that could be useful to select the best parameters for an intermittent drying process. Notably, the results show that one of these regions (with small values of tc and χ) corresponds to high energy efficiency, without significantly increasing the total drying time compared to continuous drying, if the external resistance to mass transfer is negligible. The models also exhibit that the external mass transfer Biot number, Bim, has a strong influence on the dynamics of an intermittent drying; the influence of tc and χ on drying performance is mitigated as Bim decreases. Finally, the models are used to shed new light on experimental data from the literature, regarding the intermittent drying of several products, for different operating conditions. The investigation of the influence of the operating conditions and the product properties on the drying performance shows that strategies such as varying the intermittency ratio or using inherently intermittent dryer can enhance the drying kinetics.