Operation Of Water Supply Networks Research Articles

Cluster Analysis to Identify Priority Areas for Water Quality Management in Water Supply Systems

Zoning methodologies, such as district metered areas (DMA), are commonly employed to robustly maintain water pipe network systems in both normal and abnormal situations. However, the management and evaluation typically associated with existing DMAs primarily focus on ensuring stable water volume and pressure. Consequently, these methods do not adequately address the maintenance of water quality elements within the water supply system, such as adequately managing residual chlorine and reducing water quality complaints. This study introduced a zoning tailored explicitly for managing water quality-oriented elements, facilitating stable water quality management, and enhancing responses to water quality incidents in large-scale domestic water supply networks. A method was proposed to establish priorities for each zone, using various geographic information system (GIS)-based water quality-related structured data (such as water quality measurement data and pipe data) and unstructured data (such as water quality complaints). Comprehensive water quality management was achieved by applying machine learning techniques based on clustering analysis to derive evaluation factors. The proposed methodology was implemented in Metropolitan City A in Korea, leading to the derivation and analysis of evaluation results. This data-centric water supply network priority management area designation methodology, as presented in this study, is anticipated to serve as a valuable decision-making tool for enhancing the accuracy and reliability of water supply network operation and the overall management of water supply operators.

Influence of the thickness of the layer of internal deposits in pipelines of water supply and discharge systems on their remaining service life

Introduction. The practical operation of water supply networks, made of steel and gray cast iron, has proven that deposits accumulate on the inner surface of pipes under certain conditions. Deposition depends on the quality of transported water and the water flow regime, same as in gravity sewerage networks. A sediment layer accumulates in the flume of pipes if the actual flow rate is smaller than the minimum standard one. A layer of deposits in metal water pipes changes the value of the actual inner diameter of pipes and rises the pressure loss due to resistance along the pipeline length, which contributes to an increase in the energy consumption by the pumping equipment and affects the pressure value at the end point of a network. A layer of sediment in the flume of a gravity drainage network also rises losses along its length, slows down the flow rate and may block the water flow in the network. The purpose of the study is to find dependence between the remaining service life of water supply and sewerage networks, having internal deposits, and the thickness of the layer of deposits on pipe walls. Materials and methods. The authors use the dependences, that they have already derived for the hydraulic analysis of metal water supply networks and gravity sewerage networks, having internal deposits. Results. The authors have identified dependence between the remaining service life of water supply pipelines and sewerage systems and the thickness of deposits on the inner walls of pipes. Examples, confirming such a relationship, are provided. They are substantiated by graphs showing dependence between the remaining service life and the thickness of the layer of deposits in pipelines. A hydraulic criterion is proposed for projecting the term of operation of water supply and sewerage networks with internal deposits. Conclusions. The authors have proven the need to use special tables to analyze the characteristics of pipes within the framework of a hydraulic analysis of water supply and sewerage networks, having internal deposits.

Risk Assessment of Water Supply Network Operation Based on ANP-Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method

AbstractThe water supply network is of great importance for a city, and it faces various risks such as leaks and breaks, so its risk level needs to be evaluated regularly. To propose a new and effi...

Evaluation of urban water networks - Case study

The subject of the paper is the elaboration of the topic of modeling and optimization of the reliability of systems for drinking water supply in the town of Hlucin and the adjacent villages Bobrovniky and Darkovicky. The paper points out modern ways of management and maintenance of these buildings, eg in the form of passportization, unification of various types of documentation, records of failures and accidents, etc. The aim is to point out possible ways to optimize these buildings and overall evaluation of the water supply network, including the suitable renewal schedule design. These practices are essential for the efficient operation of water supply networks, especially nowadays, when there is a shortage of water and it is necessary to promote sustainable urban development through its economical management.

Техническое регулирование значений гидравлических параметров неновых металлических труб для продления периода их использования

Objective: To compare the characteristics of hydraulic potential in worn steel pipes with internal deposits subjected to cleaning by mechanical and chemical methods. Methods: Calculated dependencies are used for hydraulic calculation of new metal pipes and pipes with internal deposits. Results: A calculated dependence was obtained to determine the value of the inner diameter of pipes with any thickness of the layer of internal deposits. The concept of an efficient pipeline is introduced and a comparison made of the values of head losses in new pipes and in pipes with internal deposits. A specific practical example is considered. For the given example, compare the values of energy consumption of pumping equipment for two methods of cleaning the inner surface of pipes. Measures are indicated to ensure the efficiency of operation of water supply networks. Practical importance: It is shown that the chemical method of technical regulation of the hydraulic characteristics of new steel pipes provides an extension of the period of their further use.

Control of Pumps of Water Supply Network under Hydraulic and Energy Optimisation Using Artificial Intelligence.

This article presents several algorithms for controlling water supply system pumps. The aim of having control is the hydraulic optimisation of the network, i.e., ensuring the desired pressure in its recipient nodes, and minimising energy costs of network operation. These two tasks belong to the key issues related to the management and operation of water supply networks, apart from the reduction in water losses caused by network failures and ensuring proper water quality. The presented algorithms have been implemented in an Information and Communications Technology (ICT) system developed at the Systems Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IBS PAN) and implemented in the waterworks GPW S.A. in Katowice/Poland.

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПИТОМИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ВАРТОСТІ СПОРУДЖЕННЯ І ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЇ ТРУБОПРОВОДІВ ЕФЕКТИВНИХ СИСТЕМ ВОДОПОСТАЧАННЯ

This paper considers several of the approaches to determine the unit cost of constructing pipelines in various parts of the studied area of construction when modeling water supply networks that are effective from the point of view of building and operation. The result of the simulation is the optimized geometric shape of the discrete image of the piping network of the water supply system, the location of the branching nodes of which are determined by solving a system of nonlinear equations. The main complication in the formation of the corresponding equations, as well as in the modeling process as a whole, is the determination of specific indicators of the economic efficiency of a particular location of each of the pipeline sections. This is due to the fact that at different sites of the studied area of development, as a rule, various indicators of the cost of construction and operation of water supply networks are set. At the same time, some of the segments of pipelines can extend immediately to several sections of this area, which means that the above indicator will change over the entire length of the corresponding sections. It is proposed to apply a discrete or integral approach, providing for the determination of averaged values of special objective functions that are introduced for an objective assessment of the economic efficiency of the construction and maintenance of the respective systems, on each straight section of pipelines. Such evaluation functions allow you to display the uneven level of labor costs in the territory covered by the study area of modeling. The optimization problem itself is proposed to be solved by systemic tools of applied discrete geometry. This task is very important, because its solution allows even at the stage of design work to significantly reduce further construction and maintenance costs for water supply networks. Keywords: effective water supply systems, target functions, discrete geometric modeling.

Development of procedure to control flow distribution in water supply networks in real time

It is required to substantiate the method for determining the number of control nodes both during designing networks taking into consideration its supply, and in the process of its operation when hydraulic characteristics of the sections change. It is necessary in order to substantially reduce energy consumption of pumping equipment and to prevent significant leakage. The processes of formation of zones of insufficient head in water supply systems were explored. The method of flow distribution control in water supply network, which makes it possible to substantiate the necessary and sufficient number of control nodes and the place of their location, was proposed.It was shown that the resulting decisions are coordinated with the existing methods for ensuring the necessary head in a network. This opens additional opportunities in flow distribution control, namely, specification of control nodes location in the water supply system during its operation.As a result of the studies, the principle of determining the number of control nodes was proposed, which makes it possible, depending on the area of zones with insufficient head, to determine their necessary number when designing a water supply network and specify the location during operation.According to the presented procedure of flow distribution control in water supply systems, hydraulic calculations for various modes of water pumping are performed, water consumption in the sections that are in operation at the time of measurement of piezometer in control nodes is determined. The actual node heads are determined, the nodes on the border of the zones with insufficient head, from which, if necessary, additional head control nodes are assigned, are established. At the stage of networks designing, a change in operation parameters of the network is modeled. Piezometric marks in the nodes are determined relative to supply nodes, where the head value is specified. The criterion for selection of the number of control nodes and their location places is the magnitude of minimum head in them and the dimensions of the zones with insufficient head.There were developed the recommendations and supplements to existing practices of flow distribution control, which determine the number and location of control nodes at the stage of design and in the process of the operation of water supply networks. This makes it possible to maintain the necessary head in network nodes, prevent its exceeding, which helps to reduce leakage and power consumption costs at pumping stations

Energy-Optimal Pump Scheduling and Water Flow

This paper focuses on the optimal operation of water supply networks. We model water supply networks using hydraulic constraints, and formulate a joint optimal pump scheduling and water flow problem (OWF) using the hydraulic characteristics of variable speed pumps. OWF is a mixed-integer nonlinear program . This problem is nonconvex, and hence NP-hard. To compute an exact solution of OWF, we first focus on the feasibility region of OWF, and propose a mixed-integer second-order cone relaxation for the feasibility region of OWF. We prove that the proposed relaxation is exact for several relevant network topologies. We then focus on the objective function in OWF, and show that for some energy metrics, OWF can be transformed into a mixed-integer second-order cone program . Furthermore, we propose an ADMM-based algorithm to compute suboptimal solutions to OWF and lower bounds on the optimal value of the objective in OWF when the objective function is nonconvex. Finally, we consider a real-world water network, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed relaxation in computing the optimal pump schedules and water flows.

Emptying Operation of Water Supply Networks

Recently, emptying processes have been studied in experimental facilities in pipelines, but there is a lack regarding applications in actual pipelines, which permits establishing the risk of collapse because of sub-atmospheric pressure occurrence. This research presents a mathematical model to simulate the emptying process of water supply networks, and the application to a water emptying pipeline with nominal diameter of 1000 mm and 578 m long which is located on the southern of Cartagena, Bolívar Deparment, Colombia. In the application, both pipes and the air valve data manufacturer were considered. The behavior of all hydraulic and thermodynamic variables is considered. Results show that is crucial to know sub-atmospheric pressure values to prevent the collapse of the pipeline. The application of the mathematical model confirms that the hydraulic system is well designed depending on air valve sizes and maneuvering of drain valve.

A holistic approach to water supply network operation – using desalination to improve cost efficiency

Seqwater is one of Australia's largest water businesses, with one of the most geographically spread and diverse asset bases. This includes 37 water treatment plants (WTPs), more than 600 km of bulk water supply pipeline, and the Gold Coast Desalination Plant (GCDP) constructed as part of the South East Queensland Millennium Drought response. The production of desalinated water has a greater unit-volumetric cost than the treatment of surface water due to high production energy costs. This paper presents the holistic approach adopted by Seqwater to find a solution for supply contingency while undertaking necessary upgrades and maintenance at the Mudgeeraba WTP. Through a process of network modelling, system risk mapping and financial analysis, it was demonstrated that operating the GCDP for 18 days would provide the best value solution due to the operating costs being offset by bulk supply network operational efficiency improvements.

Edge-centric Computing for Smart Water Supply: Management and Service

The smart water supply management system targets for the efficient water supply network management, optimization, and water supply service provisioning. It is an essential component of smart city application. The smart water management system monitors the water supply network operation status via installed sensors (e.g. water pressure, flow speed, water leakage etc) in a large scale. It analyzes the potential risk in the distribution network and integrates the water supply information in a user friendly GUI. It is efficient and cost effective to detect the abnormal situations and take corresponding measurements without much human interference. The water service system provides the users many traditional and new value-added services.

Influence of Space-Time Heterogeneity of Water Consumption Conditions on the Parameters of a Water Supply System

Abstract The work presents the results of the analysis of an existing water supply system. It contains a description of the analysed area in which the analysed system was located, as well as its parameters regarding water intakes and transport of water with pumps, the length and diameter of pipes, and a complication of the materials used to construct the network. Water demand accounting for the nature of the consumers using the water supply network was subject to analysis. The influence of changes in the distribution of water within a day for the basic categories of recipients was accounted for. The EPANET 2.0 program for the simulating water supply network operation, made available by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through a public-domain licence, was used to construct the model of the system. The obtained results of the simulation allowed for indicating the main problems with the use of the analysed system. Subject to analysis was the pressure pattern in characteristic nodes of the network from which mining companies, industrial plants and residential households were supplied. Usefulness of the developed simulation model in preparing the assessment of future modernization works was confirmed, allowing for the effects of their implementation to be assessed.

Intermittent Operation of Water Distribution Networks Considering Equanimity and Justice Principles

AbstractWater shortages cause intermittent operation of distribution networks in many developing countries. Under limited economic resources and frequent water shortages, the expansion of water supply for municipal use is slow and sometimes infeasible, hence supply management becomes a viable solution for operating water supply networks. One form of demand management is intermittent supply, wherein some parts of the water supply network are cut off from service during certain times and the entire network is in service at other times. Because intermittent water supply causes consumer dissatisfaction and complicates the operation of water supply networks, it is crucial to consider the principles of equanimity and justice in its implementation. This paper develops an optimization model to find the optimal scheduling of intermittent supply that reaches the maximum number of network nodes with desired pressure under various conditions of water shortage and considering the principles of equanimity and justice i...

Анализ автоматизированных программ расчета водопроводных сетей в целях гидравлического моделирования при реновации трубопроводов

Operation of present-day water supply networks and management of hydraulic models of pipeline networks are labour intensive and ambiguous tasks requiring a sophisticated approach. Operation of water supply networks servicing major Russian cities is accompanied by processing of extensive amounts of information; moreover, some elements of the water supply infrastructure are hidden under the ground. Nowadays operators of water supply networks take advantage of the advanced software used to solve a wide range of tasks associated with data filing, overall evaluation, analysis and optimization of the most important parameters of urban water supply networks. The above software is an essential tool in the management of water networks in major cities. Their ability to collect and process all data on water supply networks and to conduct some research aimed at the improvement of various parameters of the system, including optimization of hydraulic characteristics of the pipeline is employed by researchers and water pipeline operators.The authors analyze and compare CAD software systems designated for water supply networks servicing big cities, capable of resolving multi-component problems and ensuring the reliability of water supply systems.

Towards globally optimal operation of water supply networks

This paper is concerned with optimal operation of pressurized water supply networks at a fixed point in time. We use a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model incorporating both the nonlinear physical laws and the discrete decisions such as switching pumps on and off. We demonstrate that for instances from our industry partner, these stationary models can be solved to $\epsilon$-global optimality within small running times using problem-specific presolving and state-of-the-art MINLP algorithms. <br> In our modeling, we emphasize the importance of distinguishing between what we call real and imaginary flow, i.e., taking into account that the law of Darcy-Weisbach correlates pressure difference and flow along a pipe if and only if water is available at the high pressure end of a pipe. Our modeling solution extends to the dynamic operative planning problem.

Dual coordination of decomposed dynamic optimization problems

Abstract The dynamic optimization of large interconnected sets of differential equations in state space form is considered within the context of some civil engineering applications. The theorems of duality for static problems are extended to the dynamic case to provide the basis for an iterative two-level computational algorithm based on price directive dual coordination. Computational results from a number of spatially and time decomposed applications are presented, including production and inventory planning, minumum energy operation of water supply networks, urban traffic transportation systems, and environmental pollution control. These computational schemes may be of more general interest to other areas of civil engineering optimization to which they have not yet been applied.