Road Operation Research Articles

Modelling interrelations between C-ITS impact categories: a system-dynamics approach using causal loop diagrams

The growing number of connected vehicles has led to an increased focus on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication in the field of transport research. This communication paradigm facilitates cooperation between vehicles and infrastructure to address traffic challenges such as efficiency, sustainability and safety. The development and standardisation of such Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) has been pursued in several projects. Beyond technical considerations, assessing the effect of these applications in terms of various impact categories is of paramount importance. However, existing research tends to examine impact categories such as efficiency, sustainability, safety, psychological or socioeconomic impacts separately, often overlooking potential interactions and interdependencies. This approach is inadequate as impacts on one category can have both cascading effects on others and rebound effects. To address this gap, this paper proposes a system dynamics approach using Causal Loop Diagrams (CLD) to illustrate the interconnectedness of impact categories and the potential impacts of C-ITS services. By depicting general relationships, interdependencies and feedback loops between impact category elements, the model accommodates the introduction of single or multiple C-ITS services as separate modules, allowing an analysis of their combined effects on the overall system. To this end, two use cases demonstrate the applicability of the developed CLD and illustrate some of the multiple interrelations between the effects of C-ITS services. The results of this paper support road operators and researchers when setting up the impact assessment of C-ITS services by revealing the dynamic and intertwined nature of different impact categories.

An Integrated SIMUS–Game Theory Approach for Sustainable Decision Making—An Application for Route and Transport Operator Selection

The choice of management strategy for companies operating in different sectors of the economy is of great importance for their sustainable development. In many cases, companies are in competition within the scope of the same activities, meaning that the profit of one company is at the expense of the other. The choice of strategies for each of the firms in this case can be optimized using game theory for a non-cooperative game case where the two players have antagonistic interests. The aim of this research is to develop a methodology which, in non-cooperative games, accounts for the benefits of different criteria for each of the strategies of the two participants. In this research a new integrated sequential interactive model for urban systems (SIMUS)–game theory technique for decision making in the case of non-cooperative games is proposed. The methodology includes three steps. The first step consists of a determination of the strategies of both players and the selection of criteria for their assessment. In the second step the SIMUS method for multi-criteria analysis is applied to identify the benefits of the strategies for both players according to the criteria. The model formation in game theory is drawn up in the third step. The payoff matrix of the game is formed based on the benefits obtained from the SIMUS method. The strategies of both players are solved by dual linear programming. Finally, to verify the results of the new approach we apply four criteria to make a decision—Laplace’s criterion, the minimax and maximin criteria, Savage’s criterion and Hurwitz’s criterion. The new integrated SIMUS–game theory approach is applied to a real example in the transport sector. The Bulgarian transport network is investigated regarding route and transport type selection for a carriage of containers between a starting point, Sofia, and a destination, Varna, in the case of competition between railway and road operators. Two strategies for a railway operator and three strategies for a road operator are examined. The benefits of the strategies for both operators are determined using the SIMUS method, based on seven criteria representing environmental, technological, infrastructural, economic, security and safety factors. The optimal strategies for both operators are determined using the game model and dual linear programming. It is discovered that the railway operator will apply their first strategy and that the road operator will also apply their first strategy. Both players will obtain a profit if they implement their optimal strategies. The new integrated SIMUS–game theory approach can be used in different areas of research, when the strategies for both players in non-cooperatives games need to be established.

Optimization for fuel consumption and TCO of a heavy-duty truck with electricity-propelled trailer

As renewable energy grows in the heavy-duty truck sector, exploration of diverse solutions with varied energy types and powertrain configurations becomes a necessity. While most studies focus on powertrain configurations in tractors, this study takes a different approach: propose and evaluate new plug-in hybrid configurations with multiple power sources for heavy-duty trucks. The tractor retains its engine powertrain, while the trailer is equipped with electric axle(s), forming a fuel-electricity hybrid propulsion system. The specifications of the electric propulsion system are optimized, using a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm and dynamic programming control algorithm to evaluate the energy consumption and total cost of ownership (TCO). The results highlight the potential of the configuration with three electric axles and single reduction gear in regard to vehicle energy consumption. Conversely, the configuration with one electric axle and a two-speed transmission exhibits the lowest TCO. Under the China World Transient Vehicle Cycle, the fuel consumption of the diesel truck is reduced by up to 44.59 % with the use of the optimized hybrid configuration. The truck's TCO can be then reduced by up to 832 thousand CNY in one-million-kilometer operation. For an actual road operation, these figures change to 34.79 % and 284 thousand CNY, respectively.

Quantitative assessment of congestion diffusion and cascading effect under rainfall-flood disasters: A case study of Nanjing, China

Urban road networks are frequently disrupted by flooding rainfall-flood disasters, which can cause severe traffic disruptions and leading to traffic congestion due to cascading effect. This paper investigates the reliability issues under rainfall-flood conditions. A coupled model, integrating a rainfall-flood model with an improved cascading failure model, is proposed to assess how rainfall intensities and flooding will influence traffic congestion and bring network instability. Utilizing an improved Nonlinear Load-Capacity model, we quantify the impact of congestion and analyze cascading processes under various rainfall-flood conditions. The case study in Nanjing, China reveal that, when congestion causes network pressure to exceed the traffic percolation threshold, traffic congestion diffusion becomes more pronounced, putting excessive strain on other passable roads. Network cascading failures due to traffic congestion diffusion can lead to excessive focus on the remaining passable roads, resulting in a sharp increase in the average importance. The significance of this work lies in its provision of an effective method for predicting potential network disruptions and cascading failures in advance, thereby enhancing post-disaster road operations.

Аналіз підходів щодо оцінювання просочування опадів у ґрунт узбіччя автомобільних доріг

Introduction. The article investigates the impact of atmospheric precipitation on road structures, specifically focusing on water infiltration into the roadside soil along highways, which is a critical aspect of road infrastructure maintenance. Ensuring the reliable operation of the roadway is becoming increasingly important due to rising traffic loads and climate changes that result in increased precipitation. Continuous moisture penetration into the road embankment can lead to road degradation, creating risks for safe traffic movement and necessitating frequent repairs. It is essential to develop and implement effective methods for assessing moisture infiltration into the soil, which will help ensure the longevity and cost-efficiency of road operation. Problem Statement. With climate change and increasing intensity of precipitation, the issue of assessing its impact on road structures becomes more relevant. Moisture accumulation in the road embankment can disrupt the stability of the soil foundation, reducing the load-bearing capacity of the road surface. Research aimed at analyzing rainfall infiltration and its effect on road structures will allow the implementation of effective solutions to maintain the operational condition of roads.

Organizational and legal principles of forensic examination in the field of road infrastructure

The aim of the work is to analyze the offenses committed in the field of road infrastructure and to identify the main areas of criminal activity, for which investigation specific expertise in the form of forensic examination is applied. The methodological basis of the study of this problem was general, separate and special cognition methods. The results of performed research demonstrate possibility of distinguishing two main areas of criminal activity in the field of road infrastructure. These are official crimes related to the field of official and professional activity, as well as war crimes related to unforeseen destruction of road infrastructure. Thus, one of socially dangerous manifestations in this area are crimes related to road construction. While investigating issues of compliance of the developed project-technical and estimate documentation with the requirements of regulatory acts in the field of road construction, as well as questions of determining compliance of the completed construction works and built objects with the project-technical documentation, often arise. Such issues can be resolved if forensic expert (experts) have relevant professional knowledge in the design, construction and operation of roads, taking into account the characteristics of road infrastructure objects. At the current stage, when all Ukrainians feel consequences of Russian aggression, another problem is clearly visible. After all, for all the crimes of this shameful war, the enemy must suffer a just punishment, and the victims must receive compensation for the material and moral damage caused to them. In connection with the emergence of new tasks that arise during the investigation of war crimes committed by the aggressor country, the question of the appropriate level of expert provision of justice in conditions of war that is directly related both to increasing effectiveness of the inspection of the scene of the event and to further conducting forensic examinations. Taking into account the fact that a huge number of objects were damaged and destroyed, there was a need to use the latest methods and approaches to effectively counteract the specified manifestations of crime, in particular, development of effective system of expert justice provision at the stages of pre-trial investigation and subsequent judicial review of cases. Thereby it is important to provide expert investigation of crimes related to the establishment of damages to the state, individuals and legal entities from the destruction of immovable and movable property.

Enhancing Operational Efficiency: Implementing Business Process Improvement by Integrating the Command Center in the Indonesian Toll Road Operator Company

<span lang="EN-US">Business process improvement is a well-known technique for organizations to identify processes that enhance business performance. This study aims to analyze and improve business processes in the company's principal operational processes that are directly related to controlling service requests for assistance with traffic problems on the toll road (Command Center), specifically in communication and handling requests for assistance and complaints from users of one of the toll road operators in Indonesia. Research is conducted by identifying existing processes, the underlying causes of existing problems, and analyzing business processes using the Business Process Improvement methodology and the Bizagi Modeler with Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN). An improvement within this approach is thus examined in a particular scenario. The as-is and to-be processes are measured using a technique of improvement design called the ESIA approach, consisting of four steps: eliminate, simplify, integrate, and automate. The result of the integration of Command Center services can decrease the response time for assisting requests from toll road users and enhance cost-effectiveness, improving customer satisfaction and the overall quality of toll road service</span>

Flow prediction of mountain cities arterial road network for real-time regulation

This study aims to enhance the understanding of vehicle path selection behavior within arterial road networks by investigating the influencing factors and analyzing spatial and temporal traffic flow distributions. Using radio frequency identification (RFID) travel data, key factors such as travel duration, route familiarity, route length, expressway ratio, arterial road ratio, and ramp ratio were identified. We then proposed an origin–destination path acquisition method and developed a route-selection prediction model based on a multinomial logit model with sample weights. Additionally, the study linked the traffic control scheme with travel time using the Bureau of Public Roads function—a model that illustrates the relationship between network-wide travel time and traffic demand—and developed an arterial road network traffic forecasting model. Verification showed that the prediction accuracy of the improved multinomial logit model increased from 92.55 % to 97.87 %. Furthermore, reducing the green time ratio for multilane merging from 0.75 to 0.5 significantly decreased the likelihood of vehicles choosing this route and reduced the number of vehicles passing through the ramp. The flow prediction model achieved a 97.9 % accuracy, accurately reflecting actual volume changes and ensuring smooth operation of the main airport road. This provides a strong foundation for developing effective traffic control plans.

Технологии информационного моделирования в концепции устойчивого строительства автомобильных дорог

Based on the analysis of open statistical data, the authors conclude that the volume of industrial and household waste is growing rapidly, most of which is not recycled. The growing environmental impact of the construction industry is leading to the development of green standards for highway design and construction at the state level. The paper considers the peculiarities of the construction sector in the context of sustainable road development. One of the tools for such development is the application of information models that ensure energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of the project. The paper characterises the ecologically-oriented directions of development of design, construction and operation of automobile roads. The authors present One Click LCA software as an example. It allows to assess the environmental impact of the constructed object - a road - throughout the entire life cycle.

Оценка влияния извести при укреплении песка мелкого на время его выдерживания при оптимальной влажности

It is not always possible to achieve the required characteristics of soils that would provide the necessary durability and strength during the operation of automobile roads. In this regard, the technology of soil reinforcement with lime, which allows to improve significantly the characteristics of the soil, is widely practiced. The paper presents the results of experimental studies. They are aimed at studying the peculiarities of lime impact on sand characteristics and time of soil holding at optimum humidity in sealed packages. The paper shows that the introduction of 5% lime helps to increase the optimum moisture content of sand by 1% and provides a 5% increase in the skeletal density of the soil-lime mixture compared to unstrengthened soil. The optimum curing time for fine sand strengthened with lime is 2 h. The results obtained open a wide range of possibilities for further research on soil strengthening for road construction.

Impacts of Waste Rubber Products on the Structure and Properties of Modified Asphalt Binder: Part I—Crumb Rubber

The issue of forming a reliable and sustainable structure of crumb-rubber-modified binder is an important scientific and technical task. The quality of this task will increase the technical and economic efficiencies of road construction materials. This work is dedicated to developing a scientifically justified method of directed thermomechanical devulcanization, which ensures the solubility of the crumb rubber in the complex structure of a polydisperse composite material, preventing the formation of aggregates consisting of unsaturated crumb rubber particles, whose elastic aftereffect causes intensive cracking, especially during low-temperature road operations. The novelty in the first part of this article is due to the fact that, for the first time, the quantitative ratio of the polymer component in the crumb rubber was experimentally determined. The ratio of the polymer component to the total content of the other rubber components in the crumb rubber (CR) was determined to be, on average, 93.3 ± 1.8%. The stabilities of the compositions of crumb rubber from different batches were experimentally studied. The nature of the polymer component in the crumb rubber was determined. A hypothesis was formulated to obtain a thermodynamically stable and sustainable binder modified with crumb rubber. To evaluate the compatibility of hydrocarbon plasticizers with the studied CR samples, the following semi-empirical and thermodynamic compatibility parameters were calculated: Hildebrand solubility parameters based on evaporation energy and surface tension, Barstein’s compatibility parameter |X|, Traxler coefficient, and the mass ratio of paraffin naphthene:asphaltenes. It was shown that for the substances under study, it is advisable to justify the choice of plasticizer based on chemical compatibility criteria. It was established that a supramolecular plasticization mechanism occurs in the “hydrocarbon plasticizer–crumb rubber” systems under consideration. In the development of the crumb-rubber-modified binder, it was found that the use of activated crumb rubber (ACR) from large tires does not ensure the achievement of a stable and resilient structure of the crumb-rubber-modified bitumen.

Road Site Inspection and Measures to Avoid Further Deformation

Strength and stability of the roadbed and engineering structures in permafrost conditions and deep seasonal freezing of soils always remain complex scientific, technical and technological problem in construction and reconstruction of roads in northern regions. Particularly important is the spread of subgrade subsidence during construction and further operation and maintenance of roads in these regions. The road destruction is mostly caused by both global warming and geological and hydrogeological conditions.To prevent the deformation development, it is necessary to provide a number of special engineering measures to prevent thawing of permafrost soils or strengthen supra-permafrost layers of foundations. The purpose of the work is to study methods for eliminating deformation of the road bed in permafrost and choosing the main method for eliminating subsidence of the road.The article discusses several ways to solve the problem of eliminating subsidence on of the federal highway. Options for reconstruction of the roadbed are considered. These are different methods of thermal stabilization, i.e., horizontal (sloping) thermal stabilization system with inclined thermal stabilizers, temporary vertical thermal stabilizers for pre-construction freezing of foundation soils, and hybrid thermal stabilization system (horizontal and vertical thermal stabilizer in one product). A method is proposed for stabilizing the road base by installing soil-cement piles. The main advantages of and disadvantages the methods are noted and cost assessment is made. A conclusion is drawn on the effectiveness of different methods to restore the subgrade structure in order to ensure the road base stability. The main method is elimination of subsidence by stabilizing the road base with installation of soil-cement piles.

Detection of Road Risk Sources Based on Multi-Scale Lightweight Networks.

Timely discovery and disposal of road risk sources constitute the cornerstone of road operation safety. Presently, the detection of road risk sources frequently relies on manual inspections via inspection vehicles, a process that is both inefficient and time-consuming. To tackle this challenge, this paper introduces a novel automated approach for detecting road risk sources, termed the multi-scale lightweight network (MSLN). This method primarily focuses on identifying road surfaces, potholes, and scattered objects. To mitigate the influence of real-world factors such as noise and uneven brightness on test results, pavement images were carefully collected. Initially, the collected images underwent grayscale processing. Subsequently, the median filtering algorithm was employed to filter out noise interference. Furthermore, adaptive histogram equalization techniques were utilized to enhance the visibility of cracks and the road background. Following these preprocessing steps, the MSLN model was deployed for the detection of road risk sources. Addressing the challenges associated with two-stage network models, such as prolonged training and testing times, as well as deployment difficulties, this study adopted the lightweight feature extraction network MobileNetV2. Additionally, transfer learning was incorporated to elevate the model's training efficiency. Moreover, this paper established a mapping relationship model that transitions from the world coordinate system to the pixel coordinate system. This model enables the calculation of risk source dimensions based on detection outcomes. Experimental results reveal that the MSLN model exhibits a notably faster convergence rate. This enhanced convergence not only boosts training speed but also elevates the precision of risk source detection. Furthermore, the proposed mapping relationship coordinate transformation model proves highly effective in determining the scale of risk sources.

Service-Based Periodic Payment Provided/PBBL by the Government of Indonesia to Bayung Lencir – Tempino – Simpang Ness Toll Road

In 2020, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), a state-owned enterprise mandated by the government to build the Trans Sumatra Toll Road, appointed a private consultant to conduct a feasibility study and for the proposed construction of the Betung – Tempino – Jambi Toll Road. However, due to the low traffic volume in the Jambi Province, the toll road was deemed financially not feasible to be developed. Given the substantial costs required for the development of the Betung – Tempino – Jambi Toll Road, this toll road segment was divided into several sections. Betung – Tempino – Jambi Toll Road is a segment of the primary route of the Trans Sumatra Toll Road, Phase 2, which spans 171 kilometers across the provinces of South Sumatra and Jambi. Bayung Lencir – Tempino – Simpang Ness Toll Road, which stretches 52 kilometers, is a part of the Betung – Tempino – Jambi Toll Road prioritized for construction and operation. According to Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 131 of 2022, a funding scheme known as Service-Based Periodic Payments/Pembayaran Berkala Berbasis Layanan (PBBL) shall be provided to PT Hutama Karya (Persero) to enhance the financial feasibility and to ensure the funding, technical planning, construction execution, operation, and maintenance of the toll road. This study will analyze and evaluate the financial feasibility of the Bayung Lencir – Tempino – Simpang Ness Toll Road before and after the implementation of PBBL provided to PT Hutama Karya (Persero) during the estimated duration of toll road concession for 50 years. The duration of the PBBL granted by the Government of Indonesia to PT Hutama Karya (Persero) is 15 years, with an annual payment of 880 billion Rupiah. Based on the financial feasibility analysis without PBBL, the results indicate a negative NPV, an IRR lower than the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), a Discounted Payback Period exceeding the toll road concession period, and a Profitability Index below 1, indicating that the project is not yet financially viable. On the other hand, the financial feasibility analysis after PBBL implementation shows a positive NPV, an IRR greater than WACC, a Discounted Payback Period within the toll road concession period, and a Profitability Index above 1, indicating that the project is financially feasible. Therefore, PT Hutama Karya (Persero) shall develop the Bayung Lencir – Tempino – Simpang Ness Toll Road with PBBL scheme that contributed by the Government.

Sizing Methodology of Dynamic Wireless Charging Infrastructures for Electric Vehicles in Highways: An Italian Case Study

The necessity of pushing the road mobility towards more sustainable solutions has become of undeniable importance in last years. For this reason, both research and industry are constantly investigating new technologies able to make the usage of battery electric vehicles(BEV) as accessible and usable as traditional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). One of the most limiting issues concerns the short range of electric vehicles, which complicates their use for long distances, such as for highway travels. A promising solution seems to be the “charge-while-driving” approach, by exploiting the inductive dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) technology. Nevertheless, such systems show different issues, first of all, high investment and maintenance costs. Furthermore, it is not clear how extensive a potential dynamic wireless charging infrastructure needs to be to make a real advantage for electric vehicle drivers. As a consequence, the aim of this paper is to introduce a new methodology to estimate the number and length of wireless charging sections necessary to allow the maximum number of electric vehicles to travel a specific highway without the need to stop for a recharge at a service area. Specifically, the methodology is based on a algorithm that, starting by real traffic data, simulates vehicle flows and defines the basic layout of the wireless charging infrastructure. This simulator can provide a decision support tool for highway road operators.

CRYOGELS TO INCREASE THE SERVICE LIFE OF WINTER ROADS

The work proposes a method for forming a composite cryotron material based on an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol for application to the surface of a snow-ice sheet. Freezing an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol at a negative temperature and subsequent thawing at a temperature above zero leads to the formation of elastic cryogels. The introduction of boric acid into a polymer solution leads to chemical cross-linking of kinetically individual macromolecules of polyvinyl alcohol into spatial networks that have elastic properties. The practical interest in using materials based on cryogels is due to environmental safety, high physicochemical and thermophysical properties, a simple method for their preparation and low cost. When studying the kinetics of gelation of multicomponent systems, it was observed that the formation of a gel at a temperature of 5 °C occurs after approximately 13 hours. It has been established that with increasing temperature control time of the gel at a temperature of 5 °C, the elastic modulus of samples obtained as a result of a chemical reaction increases by 2 times in approximately 120 h. It has been shown that after cryostructuring of multicomponent solutions, the elastic modulus increases 9 times. The presence of sand in a structured system significantly increases the elastic properties of the gel and cryogel. It should be noted that the thermal conductivity coefficient of cryogels is almost 2 times less than that of water, and the melting point is more than 60 °C. The results of practical experiments show that coating a snow-ice surface with cryogel reduces the rate of its melting and, therefore, compositions based on cryogels can be used to extend the life of safe operation of winter roads. For citation: Fufaeva M.S., Altunina L.K. Cryogels to increase the service life of winter roads. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 8. P. 29-35. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246708.13t.

Prawne podstawy ochrony przed hałasem drogowym (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przygotowania i realizacji inwestycji drogowej oraz etapu eksploatacji dróg)

The article discusses the regulations under which information on the state of the environment is collected, which can be used at the stage of planning, designing, constructing and operating roads (state environmental monitoring, programmes of environment protection against noise, strategic noise maps). It also addresses the issue of protection against road traffic noise at the stage of road design, construction and alteration, as well as at the stage of road operation. It also identifies environmental protection authorities that play an important role in the context of supervising compliance with noise protection regulations, and briefly discusses the legal remedies available to people exposed to excessive road traffic noise.

Pricing and revenue allocation mechanisms for regional logistics networks in Cyber-Physical Internet

Cyber-Physical Internet technology links physical and virtual networks, facilitating communication and coordination for logistics stakeholders regarding their operational decisions. However, the optimal pricing within a regional logistics network incorporating Cyber-Physical Internet remains unexplored. To address this issue, this paper develops a Stackelberg game model between a carrier and a group of road operators. We derive and analyze the equilibrium decisions of the carrier’s logistics service fee and road operators’ tolls under distributed and horizontal partnership pricing strategies. Furthermore, we compare these two strategies and design a revenue allocation mechanism for road operators. Our theoretical and numerical analyses yield the following key findings. First, our results debunk the prevailing belief about toll pricing, demonstrating that road operators reduce their toll charges in response to a peer’s toll increase driven by rising unit variable road costs. Second, a collaborative pricing strategy among road operators consistently enhances market demand and profits by minimizing toll charges to the carrier. Third, revenue allocation among road operators is primarily based on unit variable road costs, ensuring fair distribution and encouraging cooperation for long-term benefits. This study enhances our understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects of pricing strategies for carriers and road operators within Cyber-Physical Internet.

Analysis of traffic accidents on the highways of the timber industry complex of the Arkhangelsk region

In the article, based on the analysis of the current regulatory support for the export and transportation of roundwood, the authors state that currently in the sectoral regulatory and technical documents on roads of the forest complex SP 288.1325800.2016. A set of rules. The roads are forested. Rules of design and construction, and SP 318.1325800.2017. A set of rules. The roads are forested. The rules of operation are practically absent, updated in terms of traffic safety standards for the design, construction and operation of roads. The need to update the norms and requirements is dictated by the sharp dissonance that has arisen between the weight parameters and traction-dynamic characteristics of modern sorting trains, mainly of foreign production, and the unsatisfactory technical condition of forest roads. The prerequisites for road accidents that took place on the roads of the timber industry complex of the Arkhangelsk region in 2018–2022 are studied, the prevailing factors and conditions for their occurrence are identified, the content of the program of ongoing scientific research on improving traffic safety on forest highways is announced.

Investment Feasibility and Strategic Development Scenarios of Yogyakarta-Bawen Toll Road

This study examines the feasibility of the investment in the Yogyakarta-Bawen toll road project by analyzing traffic conditions, expenditure costs, toll revenues, and investment value. Simulation using PTV Visum shows a significant increase in the volume-to-capacity ratio (VCR) on the national road sections around the toll road until 2061. The modeling result also indicates that the operation of the toll road reduces traffic loads on several surrounding national road sections with a decrease in VCR. The analysis results reveal a negative net present value (NPV) amounting to -Rp.506,560,648,100, and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 11.49% is under the discount rate (12.03%). In the tariff adjustment scenario, the project shows an IRR of 12.48% with an NPV of Rp 575,501 million, and the payback period (PBP) is achieved after 16 years. In the concession adjustment scenario, the IRR is 12.12% with an NPV of Rp 123,461 million, and the PBP is achieved after 17 years. Meanwhile, the tariff and concession adjustment scenario show an IRR of 12.48% with an NPV of Rp 652,033 million, and the PBP is achieved after 16 years. Based on the investment feasibility evaluation, the recommended best strategy is tariff adjustment. This strategy allows for an optimal increase in toll revenue and investment returns. It is expected that the Yogyakarta-Bawen toll road project can achieve better investment feasibility and provide long-term benefits to investors, road users, and the overall community.