Joint Forces Operation Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE PECULIARITIES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THE MOVING AND TRAFFIC (TRANSPORTATION) OF GROUPS OF TROOPS (FORCES) IN THE OPERATIONS OF THE ARMIES OF NATO MEMBER COUNTRIES AND IN THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE

The task of increasing the efficiency of moving and traffic (transportation) of weapons and military equipment and material and technical means (material means) of military units and groups of troops (forces) in operations (combat operations) in the modern conditions of repelling wide scale armed aggression of the rf is becoming more and more urgent. This is due to the fact that the success of logistical support of operations (combat operations) is achieved mainly by early and high-quality preparation and distribution of vehicles, deployment of transport communications, clear organization of their technical service and cover. In order to solve these problems, an analysis of the peculiarities and shortcomings of the moving and traffic (transportation) of groups of troops (forces) in the operations of the armies of NATO member countries and in the Armed Forces of Ukraine was carried out based on the experience of local wars and armed conflicts, the Russian- Ukrainian war and the conduct of Joint Forces Operation (JFO) (Anti-terrorist operation (ATO) ) and identified the main shortcomings of this process. These shortcomings indicate that in previously performed studies, the issue of increasing the efficiency of moving and traffic (transportation) of weapons and military equipment and material and technical means (material means) of military units and groups of troops (forces) in operations (combat actions) was not sufficiently considered in theory. Therefore, in further research, it is necessary to analyze the existing scientific approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of moving and traffic (transportation) of troops (forces) in order to determine ways of their improvement.

PSTD Treatment of Joint Forces Operation Combatants: A Case Study.

The participation of military personnel in operations like the Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO)/Joint Forces Operations (JFO) can lead to significant psychological trauma, potentially resulting in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Understanding the effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating PTSD among ATO/JFO participants is crucial given its profound impact on personal relationships, life scenarios, and overall well-being. This study evaluates how acceptance and commitment therapy can alleviate PTSD symptoms and enhance well-being in Ukrainian military personnel with combat-related PTSD. The main research method was a psychological experiment, and the case study method was used as an auxiliary research method. The study revealed the following: combatants in the ATO/JFO who have been diagnosed with PTSD should be classified as persons with disabilities due to certain limitations in their life activities, namely, the inability to control their behavior, and difficulties in work and communication. This study proves that cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy has a clear advantage in overcoming PTSD in the military, as it allows transforming psychological trauma into posttraumatic growth. Attachment and acceptance therapy, a form of behavioral therapy, has emerged as one of the most effective treatments for PTSD. It focuses on diagnosing and addressing the psychological consequences of war by analyzing the connections among cognition, affect, and behavior. Given the protracted nature of PTSD, the practical significance of the study is to develop effective psychotherapeutic interventions for the expected recovery of ATO/JFO participants affected by combat operations.

BASIC PROVISIONS OF THE METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING THE QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION OF FIELD REPAIR TEAMS FOR THE RESTORATION OF DAMAGED WEAPONS AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF THE ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE TROOPS OF THE AIR FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES

Analysis of the performance of combat missions by military units and separate units of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the area of the Joint Forces operation in the east of Ukraine (anti-terrorist operation in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions) and during the full-scale armed aggression by the russian of the russian federation indicates a significant change in the modern forms and methods of use of troops (forces), which leads to the need to improve existing and find new ways of performing logistical support tasks, in particular, the restoration of damaged samples of weapons and military equipment. In the main provisions of the well-known methodology for determining the quantitative and qualitative composition of field repair brigades for the restoration of weapons and military groups of anti-aircraft missile units of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, damaged during the conduct of hostilities, the specifics of combat operations of units of anti-aircraft missile troops in modern armed conflicts and factors that can to influence the organization and implementation of logistical support for the repair and restoration of anti-aircraft missile weapons. A methodology for determining the quantitative and qualitative composition of field repair teams for the restoration of damaged weapons and military equipment of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine was developed and proposed. The methodology is aimed at the use of logistical support bodies when conducting operational-tactical and logistical calculations at the stages of early, direct planning and conducting combat operations. The methodology is one of the components in the creation of a methodological apparatus for the functioning of the system of restoring weapons and military equipment, the process of supporting the decision on the logistical support of troops (forces) during the preparation and conduct of hostilities (military operations). This technique can be used as a basis for the development of similar techniques for assessing the possibility of restoring the armament and military equipment of other branches of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Psychological rehabilitation of combatants in Ukraine from 2014 to 2021: statistics and current status

Military action in eastern Ukraine [Anti-terrorist Operation (ATO)] has a significant impact on the psyche of combat participants and causes changes in the life activities and behaviour of the individuals concerned. The traumatic experience gained during hostilities has a negative impact on the health of military personnel. According to psychiatrists’ forecasts, in the best-case scenario, 20% of combatants in Ukraine will be diagnosed with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder, which has already been given the name “ATO syndrome”. Given this, there is now an urgent need for rehabilitation activities, and the new conditions of hybrid warfare require social service professionals to respond quickly to combatants’ requests to organise and deliver comprehensive rehabilitation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse the provision and conduct of psychological rehabilitation of combatants in Ukraine from 2014 to 2021.Philosophical and general scientific methods were employed to achieve the aim. Among the general scientific methods, the theoretical (analysis, generalisation, classification, and synthesis) and empirical (description and comparison) levels should be highlighted. Also, a bibliosemantic method was used to summarise the analysis of the subject literature and our own experimental data. In addition, various programs were employed to rehabilitate the military. For example, the “Cyber Defenders” project, which was launched in 2021. This involved 30 veterans who will receive a certificate in cybersecurity upon graduation. The E-Veteran system, which allows veterans to seek psychological support, was also analyzed.As the main results, it is worth mentioning that psychological rehabilitation is a pool of psychophysiological, psychotherapeutic, organisational, and medical measures aimed at the resumption of lost mental functions and psychocorrection of the social status of military personnel who have suffered mental combat trauma. The study analysed the mental state and profile of servicemen and servicewomen, the psychological and psychiatric problems that affected them, and government programmes and projects to support and assist ATO/JFO(Joint Forces Operation) veterans. Regarding the process of psychological rehabilitation for military personnel in Ukraine itself, positive trends can be observed since 2014, such as the opening of the Ministry of Veterans’ Affairs, but in the light of current threats and challenges, these undertakings are still insufficient.The system of psychological assistance and rehabilitation of ATO participants should be considered a component of the national security of the state. The article is of practical value in a range of areas, including in political, social work, pedagogical, and educational fields, as well as having application in criminal justice and the law.

Підтримування військовослужбовців запасу України: соціально-економічний та психологічний аспекти

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that retired servicemen are the category of the population that needs special treatment, in particular for active combatants who were and performed their military duty in the area of the anti-terrorist operation. Therefore, the task of the state is to provide them with the necessary amount of socio-psychological and professional support, in particular in the field of employment.
 The purpose of the article is to study the problem of supporting Ukrainian servicemen in the socio-economic and psychological aspects.
 The problem of social and psychological support of servicemen discharged to the reserve is actualized. The main directions of their social and psychological support by the state are investigated. The provision of services of the State Employment Service of Ukraine (SESU) to citizens from among servicemen who took part in the anti-terrorist operation (ATO) and the Joint Forces Operation (JFO) (ATO / JFO) is analyzed; acquisition of the status of the unemployed among the servicemen who took part in anti-terrorist operation / environmental protection; the number of servicemen who participated in the anti-terrorist operation / environmental protection and received work with the assistance of the SESU; the number of servicemen who participated in the anti-terrorist operation / environmental protection and underwent professional training with the assistance of the SESU; the number of persons, among servicemen, who took part in the anti-terrorist operation / environmental protection and took part in public works and temporary works with the assistance of the SESU; the number of servicemen who participated in the anti-terrorist operation / environmental protection and were covered by career guidance services with the assistance of the SESU. Recommendations for increasing the level of their employment at the macro level are proposed.
 It was found that the process of transition of servicemen from military service to «civilian» life is accompanied by many crisis moments, in particular, the problem of their employment in the modern labor market is deteriorating, which is associated with low competitiveness; the need for job search and new professional activities; increasing fear of change, etc. Negative socio-psychological consequences have been identified, including suicide attempts, antisocial behavior, alcoholism as a departure from reality and, as a result, conflict with society, friends, relatives, family members, unjustified risk-taking, and so on. These negative aspects require the support of servicemen (ATO / JFO) released to reserve, in particular through their socio-psychological and professional rehabilitation.
 Measures for socio-psychological and professional rehabilitation of servicemen, which are proposed in the article, are relevant today, in particular: monitoring of such persons, control and analysis of the provision of social services to them; introduction of distance learning and online learning through the Prometheus educational project; providing free English language training; introduction of a crowdfunding platform project, which allows future entrepreneurs to undergo training and receive funds to start their own business, etc.

Issues of Organization of the Cardiac Surgical Care in Ukraine under Martial Law

The aim. To study and substantiate the new principles of organization in the provision of cardiac surgical care under martial law.
 Materials and methods. The article presents an analytical review using reference databases of scientific medical publications and analysis of our own database of cardiac surgical care for the period from 2014 to July 2023. The group of patients consisted of 501 male subjects. The age of the study participants varied from 21 to 58 years (mean age 41.5 ± 2.2 years). The analysis of monitoring results included the most common diseases of the circulatory system, combat injuries of the heart and main vessels.
 Results. The article pays attention to the current challenges that have arisen before organization of the system of providing cardiac surgical care under martial law. It is emphasized that the area of cardiac surgical assistance to military personnel is being developed at the National Amosov Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the NAMS of Ukraine since 2014, when the Anti-Terrorist Operation / Joint Forces Operation began. In cooperation with military doctors, new methods of treatment of patients with gunshot and mine-explosive wounds are being developed and implemented. It was established that among patients with cardiovascular pathology, combat injuries of the heart and main vessels make up 7.9%, which coincides with the frequency of combat injuries of the chest given in literary sources. Moreover, the length of hospital stay of patients with combat injuries of the heart and main vessels does not exceed the number of bed days during surgical treatment of the most common diseases of the circulatory system. It was also established that some of the injured patients had concomitant pathologies that required, in addition to cardiac surgical care, medical care of other specialists: a surgeon, a neurosurgeon, an orthopedic traumatologist, an otolaryngologist, a psychologist, etc.
 Conclusions. It has been established that organization of the system of providing cardiac surgical care under martial law is primarily designed to ensure: optimization of resources by strengthening the personnel reserve; cooperation with specialists of other specialties, medical institutions of various subordinates and international partners; changing patient routes taking into account, first of all, their safety; expanding narrow specialization of medical institutions by creating multidisciplinary teams.

Diagnostic markers and scale of differential diagnosis of socially-disadaptative post-combat syndrome

Mental disorders resulting from combat actions can affect up a considerable percentage of servicemen. Specific disorders have been observed in combatants and veterans of different wars, highlighting the influence of combat conditions on mental health. Social maladjustment among it can be highly prevalent, impacting combat readiness and post-war adaptation. The above emphasizes the significance of differential diagnosis in identifying specific mental conditions like Socially-Disadaptive Post-Combat Syndrome and distinguishing them from other disorders. Socially-Disadaptive Post-Combat Syndrome is a condition that develops after the return of a combatant from a combat zone and is characterized by a maladaptive, conflictual response to a wide range of insignificant social situations. The study aims to develop a diagnostic tool for identifying Socially-Disadaptive Post-Combat syndrome. This study focuses on combat-related mental disorders among Ukrainian combatants and veterans who participated in the Anti-Terrorist Operation / Joint Forces Operation (ATO/JFO) from 2014 to 2021. The research involves 395 participants, with 39 combatants exhibiting symptoms of Socially-Disadaptive Post-Combat Syndrome forming the main research group, and 21 individuals with PTSD forming the comparison group. As a result of the study, we systematized diagnostic markers and develop a Diagnostic Scale of Socially-Disadaptive Post-Combat syndrome. Our devised diagnostic scale consists of two sections: a list of criteria related to specific circumstances (comprising 4 criteria - 2 obligatory criteria and 2 optional criteria) and a list of symptoms (comprising 16 symptoms). We also believe that conducting research on combatants and veterans of other wars is expedient.

Chosen Aspects of Political Media Bias in Ukrainian Nationwide TV Channels (November 2020–April 2021)

The main aim of the paper is to set up the level of media bias influence on the agenda of news programs in TV channels: 1+1, Ukraine, ICTV, Inter, Kanal 5, and UA: Pershyi. Two issues were taken into consideration: Joint Forces Operation in Donbas, and Ukraine and Russian Federation’s relations. Those stand for the socio-political division of the society in Ukraine before February 24, 2022. It was found that the agenda does not differ in terms of content, but in terms of gradation not dictated by political inclinations. Political partiality in displaying or refraining from publishing journalistic materials, in relation to the main axis of the socio-political division in Ukraine, did not occur in the analyzed period. It means that the agenda considered to be pro-Russian or pro-Ukrainian based on the provenance of their owners, is neither characterized by tonality bias (the evaluation of political actors), visibility bias (the salience of political actors), nor agenda bias (the extent to which parties address preferred issues in media coverage).

�������Ͳ ������� ϲ�������� ������� ����������� ϲ����IJ˲� ²������ί ���²���

Threats to the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, especially the ongoing aggression of the Russian Federation, high dynamism of combat operations in modern combined arms combat, rapid changes in circumstances, rapid transition from one type of action to another, limited time to perform assigned combat tasks, complex tactical environment, large availability and saturation of new modern military various armored combat vehicles and weapons with different tactical and technical characteristics, have expanded and made more complex the work of the obtaining and acquiring intelligence about the enemy. The available military equipment used by the ground forces of the Russian Armed Forces shows that tanks and armored combat vehicles remain their main models. They are characterized by increased cross-country ability, maneuverability, ability to move in any season, fire at night and over long distances, overcome water obstacles, have increased protection, a fire control system, powerful weapons, the ability to transport troops, the necessary autonomy to perform certain tasks, etc. The military intelligence units solve complex intelligence tasks, which are achieved by its early organization, directing the efforts of all types of intelligence to the most important tasks, determining intelligence by the established deadline, thoroughly studying, comparing and further verifying it, and, if necessary, conducting additional intelligence, highly trained personnel, as well as using the most advanced intelligence methods and means. All of this requires the widespread introduction of new technical intelligence means into the troops. And the complexity of solving intelligence tasks, the need for effective use of technical intelligence means, in turn, requires highly professional skills of intelligence officers. The problems of equipping units of the Armed Forces and other military formations of the security and defense sector are caused by the fact that a significant number of available weapons and military equipment have long service lives, are morally and physically outdated and require appropriate modernization or replacement with new models. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and trends in the development of modern models of anti-tank missile systems, taking into account the practical experience gained by the troops during the Joint Forces Operation and combat operations to repel armed aggression, the article considers the problematic issues of increasing the combat capabilities of military intelligence units.

МОДЕЛЬ ДИНАМІКИ ОБСЯГУ ПАЛИВА У СИСТЕМІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПАЛЬНИМ ВІЙСЬК ОПЕРАТИВНО-ТАКТИЧНОГО УГРУПОВАННЯ

Based on the lessons learned from the anti-terrorist operation (ATO) and the Joint Forces operation (JFO) in the war with the Russian Federation, it can be concluded that today one of the conditions for maintaining the units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in a combat-ready state during conducting the combat actions is the timely supply of the troops with petrol, oil and lubricants (POL). The variety of ways of conducting modern warfare is contingent on the rapid change in the situation, the conduct of hostilities at an extended frontage, to a greater depth and at a higher pace than before which can cause an unexpected increase in fuel consumption and a decrease in its reserves below acceptable standards. As a result of the increased motor operating time of military equipment, reasons may arise that will not allow to solve the following combat tasks (transition to maneuverable defense, counterattack of troops or pursuing of the enemy) successfully. One of these reasons may be a lack of fuel. The article provides for the first time the expressions of the fuel volume dynamics model in the fuel supply system of the operational tactical Task Force (OTTF) and the model for calculating the time before reducing the fuel volume to the threshold level. The consistent application of the developed model to each body in the hierarchy of the fuel supply system of the OTTF troops allows to evaluate the dynamics and predict the admissibility of fuel reserves in each such body and in the entire fuel supply system of the OTTF troops as a whole and in the dynamics of the headquarters functioning in order to take timely measures to obtain fuel in time by the troops of the operational tactical Task Force in the conditions of conducting operations (combat actions).

Рrevention and rehabilitation of health problems of schoolchildren from the zone of military conflict in Ukraine

The purpose of the research is to justify the necessity for rehabilitative medical and psychological support of schoolchildren from the zone of military conflict with psychosomatic disorders, psychological divergences in conditions of post-traumatic stress of different levels. There were surveyed 286 children of school age who suffered as a result of military conflict in the East of Ukraine. Anxiety, the level of stress, psychological, emotional internal health, the intensity of stress-realizing systems (cortisol, adrenaline, norepinephrine, diene conjugates, thiobarbituric acid-active products) and stress-limits of systems (serotonin, methlorinate, recovered glutathione, glutathionoperoxidase, superoxide-midase) were assessed. It is established that in the majority (59.52%) of schoolchildren from the Joint Forces Operation (JFO) zone in both boys and girls an increased level of emotional tension was recorded. It was found that the past stress provokes the activation of stress-regulating systems, the severity of which depends on the intensity of stress. Cortisol, diene conjugates, thiobarbituric acid-active products, reduced glutathione, melatonin play a special role in these processes. Children-migrants have a higher level of certain indices of the stress-realizing system (adrenaline) compared to schoolchildren from the military zone, which confirms the influence of a place of living as an additional stress factor on the child's body. It was found that most of the surveyed children have numerous somatic and psychosomatic complaints, and clinical symptoms are characterized by polymorphism. Among organic and functional disorders, diseases of the digestive, endocrine system, neurotic and non-psychotic disorders of residual-organic genesis dominate. The problem of deteriorating health status of schoolchildren from the zone of military conflict was revealed, a possibility of systematic impact on preservation and strengthening the health of this contingent was justified. The revealed disorders of the psychosomatic health of children from the zone of military conflict require a multidisciplinary approach (consulting and follow-up of specialist-doctors of various profiles) to prevent their progression.

TARGETING IMPLICATION IN A JOINT FORCE OPERATION FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE

In this paper I wanted to highlight the importance of the targeting process in planning and conducting an eventual joint force operation for the purpose of armed national defense. Even though Romania is an active member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), for national defense purposes Romanian armed forces must be capable to plan and conduct operations with existent armed structures until allied forces would intervene in case of an armed aggression under article 5 specifications. Having participated with forces and structures in various multinational operations and exercises alongside current national contributions under NATO partnership, Romanian armed forces continuously improve their level of training and over time implemented in our standing doctrines and field manuals many of our partner’s procedures. One such procedure is the target management process. National joint force headquarters including those functioning at component and division levels should permanently consider, plan and conduct target management training for responsible personnel, especially with those working in information and operation modules, as they will be part of targeting working committees, groups or cells that activate at their respective structures both in peacetime or combat operations. One other significant factor influencing the target management process in a national defense operation is the application of Laws of Armed Conflict and rules of engagement in an eventual armed aggression.

Current aspects of the wound process treatment using dressings (bandages)

The review provides information concerning the assortment of modern wound dressings (bandages) which are presented on the pharmaceutical market. The studied group of dressings varies widely in chemical composition and active pharmaceutical ingredients. It has been determined that the development of modern wound dressings provides for the realization of a complex effect on the wound process, which is achieved by the multi-layer structure of the dressing (bandages) with clearly defined functions of each component – the contact layer reduces adhesion to the wound surface; sorption layer provides irreversible sorption, retention and inactivation of wound exudate; pharmacologically active layer influences the main factors of wound process pathogenesis; outer isolating membrane generates wound occlusion. Conclusions. The events of recent years which related to the Anti-terrorist operation / the Joint Forces Operation in Ukraine indicate the unresolved problem of combat surgical trauma treatment. This is an important issue for the Medical services of the Armed Forces and the health care system of Ukraine. This necessitates expanding the range of wound dressing (bandages) with combined action for military medicine. It has been determined that the treatment in the purulent-necrotic phase of the wound process, it is advisable to use wound dressings with strong osmotic and antibacterial activity and low adhesion to the wound surface. In the second phase of the wound process, it is advisable to use wound dressings with moderate osmotic activity and a combination of antibacterial and reparative properties. In the final phase of the wound process, wound dressings should prevent drying of the wound surface as well as protect and stimulate the growth of granulations.

Retroperitoneal Hematoma as a High-Risk Factor for the Development of Infection Complications in Patients with Colon Damage Due to Combat Penetrating Abdominal Injury (Data of Joint Forces Operation in Ukraine)

INTRODUCTION: Development of retroperitoneal hematoma (RH) accompanies 20% to 33% of penetrating abdominal injuries and almost never occurs isolated. It is usually accompanied by damage to other abdominal organs, which, in turn, affects the general condition of the patient and the development of complications, the probability of which reaches 20%. METHODS: An analysis was performed on 208 servicemen with penetrating gunshot wounds to the abdomen, which they received in eastern Ukraine from 2014 to 2021 and had colon injuries. All the wounded were male, aged 18 to 55. The average age was 33.2 ± 8.8. The wounded were operated. RH was diagnosed in 44 (21.2%) patients with colon damage. The distribution, depending on the severity of damage and RH zone to the colon is shown in the Table. Table. - Distribution of Retroperitoneal Hematomas by Zones, Depending on the Severity of Damage to the Colon Variable Zone 1 (central retroperitoneal space from the diaphragm above to the bifurcation of the aorta below) Zone 2 (lateral paranephric areas of the upper retroperitoneal department from the renal vessels medially to the lateral border of the parietal peritoneum) Zone 3 (below the aortic bifurcation) Grade I (contusion or hematoma without devascularization, partial thickness, no perforation) 3 0 1 Grade 2 (laceration < 50% of circumference) 3 8 4 Grade 3 (laceration > 50% of circumference without transection) 4 7 1 Grade 4 (transection of the colon) 0 1 4 Grade 5 (transection of the colon with segmental tissue loss, devascularized segment) 1 4 3 Total 10 cases (22.7%) 21 cases (47.7%) 13 cases (29.6%) RESULTS: From 44 wounded who had RH, 31 (65.9%) had complications, and 28 (63.6%) had infectious complications (IC; retroperitoneal abscesses and phlegmons of the retroperitoneal space). Among those wounded in whom RH was opened and drained during the primary operation (n = 5) IC were not observed. While among those who did not have a hematoma revision (n = 39), 28 wounded (71.8%) had IC. Wounded with damage to the colon without RH, the incidence of IC of the abdomen reached 23.2% (38 people from 164 who had damage to the colon without RH). CONCLUSION: The presence of RH in colonic damage in wounded with combat penetrating abdominal trauma is accompanied by a high risk of abdominal IC (63.6% in patients with RH vs 23.2% without, p ≤ 0.05).

Використання сучасного програмного забезпечення для визначення дирекційних кутів орієнтирних напрямів

The purpose of the article is to evaluate the accuracy of the method of determining the grid azimuth using the equipment of consumers of satellite navigation systems. Todays, there are several ways to determine the grid azimuth for topogeodetic references. However, due to the development of navigation equipment in the military and in the joint force operation, artillerists use the coordinate method of determining the grid azimuth more and more often. The accuracy and expedience of the method has not been studied yet and requires field research. So, we have already obtained dates as a result of the experiment. Method. The researches have been based on the analysis of available literature sources in this topic and the practical using of the coordinate method for calculates the grid azimuth. The experiment has been carried out to execute topogeodetic survey using GNSS without obstacles to receive GPS-signals and with obstacles one. The conclusions have been based on the results of the experiment and they have been compared with the standart datas and with the other methods. Also the accuracy has been calculated. Results. It has been researched teoretical, methodological and practical problems of using software “Kpopyva”, “Ukrop” and hardware “Bazalt-M” in the army for determining of the grid azimuth by the coordinate method. The experiment has been performed for estimate of accuracy determining of grid azimuth by the coordinate method. The measurements have been performed on the points of the geodetic network. The grid azimuths have been calculated by the datas of the measurements. The calculated grid azimuths have been compared with references datas which have been obtained from catalog of coordinates of geodetic points. The mean squared errors and mean errors by coordinate method have calculated as coordinate differences. The results of experiment and analysis of information open sources have confirmed, that the accuracy of determining the grid azimuths by coordinate method depends from the accuracy of determining coordinates and the distances between points, the coordinates of which have been determined by GNSS. The GNSS, which use in Field Artillery, are providing to use the coordinate method for determining of the grid azimuth onto landmarks for topogeodetic support. If the distance between the points will not less than 400–500 meters and the mean squared of the determining coordinates won’t exceed 3–5 meters, the coordinate method uses. The scientific novelty consist in the researching of the fundamentally new conditions of the use of GNSS and the software in the Joint Force Operation, which provide the necessary accuracy of determining grid azimuth, reduce time for executing, and also it can be the alter method. Practical meaning. The recommendations for using GNSS by tactical level commanders have been developed. The recommendations were based on the analysis of the mean errors of the using of GNSS and comparison of the results with datas of the catalog of coordinates of geodetic points.

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ СПОСОБІВ ПОШУКУ ДИВЕРСІЙНО-РОЗВІДУВАЛЬНИХ ГРУП ПРОТИВНИКА ТА НЕЗАКОННИХ ЗБРОЙНИХ ФОРМУВАНЬ

The implementation of the measures of the joint forces operation to contain and repulse Russian armed aggression in the territory of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, the national security of Ukraine provides a set of multifaceted political, diplomatic, economic, technological, ideological and military measures. Of decisive importance among them are political measures aimed at creating favorable conditions for the state, eliminating existing and potential threats, and localizing them. The experience of conducting combat operations in the Joint Forces operation, namely, the performance of tasks by units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the defense forces in stabilization operations while strengthening the protection of the state border, isolating the armed conflict, combating enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups and illegal armed formations, indicates that that the classical ways of performing tasks are not rational. In preparation for and during active combat operations in order to destabilize the situation, sabotage mobilization measures and the operational deployment of troops, isolate the battlefield, complicate maneuver, disrupt command and control of troops and weapons, rear services, etc. the enemy will carry out large-scale sabotage, reconnaissance and other subversive actions in the zone of responsibility of operational formations (formations). At the same time, illegal armed formations will be organized and operate, which will be involved in carrying out destabilization actions. The article considers a calculation method for searching for enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups and illegal armed formations in a given area, taking into account the peculiarities of modern armed conflicts and the forces and means involved (used) in this process. Keywords: search, sabotage and reconnaissance group, illegal armed formation of mathematical expectation, probability of an event.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИЯВЛЕННЯ ОПЕРАТИВНО-ТАКТИЧНИХ БЕЗПІЛОТНИХ ЛІТАЛЬНИХ АПАРАТІВ РАДІОЛОКАТОРАМИ РАДІОТЕХНІЧНИХ ВІЙСЬК

The range of aircraft is expanding rapidly and it should currently include objects from hypersonic aircraft to small unmanned aerial vehicles. Accordingly, airspace control must be carried out on all types of aircraft. The article discusses the features of radar detection of very complex objects for active location - unmanned aerial vehicles of tactical and operative-tactical level. Their tactical and technical characteristics, design features and tactics of application allow such aircraft to perform combat missions sometimes without detection of the enemy's air defense system. The article discusses the factors and features that contribute to the untimely detection of objects such as unmanned aerial vehicles by radar stations of radio troops or lead to difficulties in their observation. Ways to improve radar surveillance of unmanned aerial vehicles are noted. The analysis of the experience of combat use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the area of the Joint Forces operation is carried out in the east of Ukraine in 2014–2022 the Syrian military conflict, the second Karabakh war of 2020 and the modern Russian-Ukrainian war. There are more important factors that contributed to the effective use of unmanned aerial vehicles. The generalized information of change of features of the military conflicts which were formed thanks to possibilities of unmanned aerial vehicles is resulted. It is shown that modern reconnaissance and combat capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles are rapidly changing not only the tactics of using weapons and military equipment of the Armed Forces, but also changing the strategy of warfare. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the mass use of unmanned aerial vehicles of various types in the current Russian-Ukrainian military conflict. Keywords: unmanned aerial vehicle, low-visibility detection, passive interference, radio technical troops.

Clinical, psychopathological and pathopsychological features of non-psychotic mental disorders in persons who suffered from combat actions (combatants, volunteers and internally displaced persons)

Post-stress mental disorders caused by military operations in the east of Ukraine are becoming one of the most important internal barriers during adaptation to peaceful life. Due to the accumulation of new stresses associated with social maladaptation on this substrate. We conducted a comprehensive survey of 299 patients with non-psychotic mental disorders, both sexes (mean age — 30.6 ± 4.7 years). The first study group consisted of 96 servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine who were directly involved in hostilities in the Joint Forces Operation zone (66 men and 30 women); group II — 98 volunteers whose activities are related to the support of the soldiers in the Joint Forces Operation zone (44 men and 54 women); group III — 105 internally displaced persons (52 men and 53 women). The clinical structure of post-stress disorders in the examined patients was presented by: posttraumatic stress disorder (F43.1); adjustment disorders (prolonged anxietydepressive reaction) (F43.21); anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder (F41.1); panic disorder (F41.0). The data obtained during the study formed basis for the development of a comprehensive personalized program for the correction of non-psychotic mental disorders and rehabilitation of combat stress victims with the differentiated use of psychopharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and psychoeducation.

Theoretical substantiation of the program of special physical training of high school students at the educational level "master"

A preliminary analysis of the physical training of cadets of higher military educational institutions showed that training programs for military professionals in physical education, special physical training need radical changes. This is due to the participation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in hostilities - the model and practicality of approaches to hostilities have changed dramatically, the conditions of preparation for them require the introduction of military-applied sports in the training process of military professionals. The professional activity of servicemen is accompanied by maximum physical and mental loads in terms of volume and intensity, complexity and variety of tasks in the conditions of lack of time and information, constant risk and threat to life.&#x0D; The current program of training future military professionals at the "master's" level to some extent does not meet these requirements for the formation of psychophysical readiness of future officers. This was shown by the participation in the joint forces operation (anti-terrorist operation) in eastern Ukraine, a large number of wounded and killed servicemen during the fighting. Foreign and domestic experts who assessed the conflict came to the conclusion that the servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine were not ready to use weapons in the Republic of Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk regions during the first stage of the armed conflict.

Theoretical analysis of the organization of special physical training of future officers of military education institutions

The key to high combat readiness and combat capability of the personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is the required level of professional knowledge, sufficient motivation, excellent physical development and high functional status of the basic body systems of servicemen [1].Radical changes in views on the country's national security, the protracted hybrid war in eastern Ukraine, and the reform of the higher education system in line with the Bologna Process are factors in the need to reform the training of officers in the Ukrainian Armed Forces. Scholars believe that in order for the level of a future officer of a military educational institution to fully meet the requirements of a NATO-style professional army, it is necessary to significantly strengthen the professional component of the future officer's training and ensure its specialization [2].On the other hand, the experience of combat operations in the Joint Forces Operation (anti-terrorist operation) in eastern Ukraine has proved the need to develop and improve the military-applied physical skills of servicemen. Modern specialists in physical training of the Armed Forces of Ukraine insist on the need to focus on training servicemen to develop skills on the battlefield, overcoming obstacles in full gear and ballistic protection, throwing grenades, firing small arms from different positions, swimming and swimming. with weapons [3]. Authors of scientific works O. Lavrut, T. Lavrut, 2009; O. Olkhoviy, 2014; V. Klimovich, O. Olkhoviy, S. Romanchuk, 2016, argue that the success of the military-professional activity and the results of the professional training of the future officers lie in the old physical camp [4, 5]. Foreign experts I. Mikkola, S. Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, J. Jokelainen, A. Peitso, P. Härkönen, M. Timonen, 2012; K. Friedl, J. Knapik, K. Häkkinen, N. Baumgartner, H. Groeller, N. Taylor, 2015 in their studies confirm that the physical development and functional state of the body’s systems is a guarantee of effective combat training of military service personnel [6, 7].