Business Process Performance Research Articles

Evaluating the effect of horizontal Integration strategy on performance of commercial State corporations in Kenya

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of horizontal integration on performance of Commercial State Corporations in Kenya. The study was based on positivist research philosophy. A cross-sectional correlational design was adopted as the study design. The target population was 1,026 senior managers of the Commercial State Corporations. The sample size was 99 senior managers in Commercial State Corporations. Primary data were gathered using a structured questionnaire. Collected data was analysed using descriptive data analysis techniques (Mean, Standard Deviation, Maximum and Minimum) and regression analysis. The findings of the study were presented using figures and tables. The study established a significant effect of horizontal integration strategy on financial, customers, internal business process and learning, growth and development performance of Commercial State Corporations in Kenya (? =0.536, p=0.000<0.05; ? =0.548, p=0.000<0.05;? =0.359,p=0.000<0.05;? =0.201,p=0.027<0.05). The study concluded that the horizontal integration strategy significantly improved the financial, customer, internal business process, and learning, growth, and development performance of Commercial State Corporations, supported by statistical evidence. The study recommends that Commercial State Corporations should streamline regulations to facilitate horizontal integration, ensure alignment with strategic objectives, prioritise sectors that enhance efficiency and service delivery, collaborate with competition authorities to comply with antitrust laws, and proactively address market concentration and anti-competitive concerns.

Effect of concentric strategy on the performance of Commercial State Corporations in Kenya

The study sought to assess the effect of concentric strategy on the performance of Commercial State Corporations in Kenya. A cross-sectional correlational design was adopted as the study design. The target population was 1,026 senior managers of the Commercial State Corporations. The sample size was 99 senior managers in Commercial State Corporations. Primary data was gathered using a structured questionnaire. Collected data was analysed using descriptive data analysis techniques (Mean, Standard Deviation, Maximum and Minimum) and regression analysis. The results were presented using tables and figures. The study established a significant effect of concentric strategy on the financial, customers and internal business process performance of Commercial State Corporations in Kenya (β =0.829, p=0.000<0.05; β =0.648, p=0.000<0.05). Only learning, growth, and development as a measure of a Balanced Scorecard were not affected by the concentric strategy of the Commercial State Corporations. This study concludes that the concentric strategy significantly improved the financial, customer, and internal business process performance of Commercial State Corporations in Kenya, as supported by statistical evidence. However, it had no significant effect on learning, growth, and development performance. The study recommends that Commercial State Corporations in Kenya establish policies for strategic partnerships, develop performance metrics and Key Performance Indicators, and regularly monitor progress to effectively implement concentric strategies and enhance long-term performance.

A Digital Transformation in Action: Assessing the Impact of Information System Capabilities on Firm Performance through the Lens of Innovation and Business Process Performance and Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Marketing in Indian SMEs

A Digital Transformation in Action: Assessing the Impact of Information System Capabilities on Firm Performance through the Lens of Innovation and Business Process Performance and Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Marketing in Indian SMEs

Enterprise Architecture Design of PT Hariansyah Karya Group Information System Using TOGAF ADM

The rapid development of information technology provides great benefits in the business world, but its utilization must be aligned with industry goals to avoid failures arising from lack of planning PT Hariansyah Karya Group is a service provider company with various business units under its auspices facing challenges in selecting and implementing information systems and information technology in accordance with business needs. This research focuses on designing an integrated enterprise architecture using the The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) framework and the Architecture Development Method (ADM) to meet the business needs of PT Hariansyah Karya Group and analyze business needs and design appropriate architectural solutions. The research includes five main phases of TOGAF ADM: Preliminary Phase, Architecture Vision, Business Architecture, Information Systems Architecture, and Technology Architecture. The results of the research are used as a guide for developing an integrated information system at PT Hariansyah Karya Group that can increase operational efficiency, improve coordination between business units, and support company growth to adapt to technological developments. In addition, this research aims to improve the performance and efficiency of business processes at PT Hariansyah Karya Group after the implementation of the new enterprise architecture. With good enterprise architecture planning and in accordance with business strategy, PT Hariansyah Karya Group is expected to optimize its business processes and reduce the risk of information system implementation failure.

Leveraging Lean and Green Supply Chain Practices for Sustainable Supply Chain Performance: The Moderating Role of Environmental Orientation

Abstract This study investigates the impact of lean and green supply chain practices on business process performance and sustainable supply chain performance. The research utilises the resource-based view (RBV) theory to construct a conceptual model wherein lean and green supply chain practices are employed to augment business processes and sustainable performance. Concurrently, dynamic capabilities theory is applied to signify an organisation’s capacity to adapt and evolve in response to internal and external pressures from customers and competitors. The conceptual model is validated using structural equation modelling with a sample of 170 supply chain practitioners from the apparel and textile supply chain in Jordan. Results indicate that lean practices exhibit no direct impact, whereas green practices significantly influence business process performance and indirectly affect sustainable supply chain performance. Business process performance does not mediate the relationship for lean practices, but it does so for green practices. Moreover, the environmental orientation of both competitors and customers negatively moderates the impact of green practices on business processes and sustainable supply chain performance. These findings contribute to existing literature and underscore the crucial role of green supply chain practices in enhancing sustainable supply chain performance in the apparel and textile industry.

Розробка та впровадження удосконалених методів управління бізнес-процесами підприємств торгівлі та апк

The study aims to identify methods of improving the management of business processes in trade and agricultural enterprises. Integration and transformational processes in the Ukrainian economy, high competition, pressure of crisis factors, and high unpredictability of changes in the external environment require Ukrainian trade and agricultural enterprises to search for new, more effective management methods constantly. New management methods should be aimed at strengthening the competitive advantages of trade and agricultural enterprises in the market and the stable operation of the enterprise from a strategic perspective. Therefore, one of the most problematic areas is reorienting trade and agricultural enterprises to a high-tech model of improvement and development of business processes. However, the potential benefits of improving the methods of managing business processes of trade and agricultural enterprises within the framework of implementing the development strategy are promising. It allows them to optimize their activity (economic efficiency) while considering future management specifics. The conducted analysis, which was thorough and comprehensive, made it possible to develop and systematize the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of managing business processes of trade and agricultural enterprises based on the proposed algorithm in accordance with the goals of business processes and consumer requirements. The work has developed a methodology for evaluating and improving the effectiveness of business process management of trade and agro-industrial complex enterprises, which allows the evaluate the business processes of the enterprise of the correspondingly achieved level (effectiveness of business processes) and increases the efficiency of business processes of trade and agro-industrial complex enterprises relative to the industry and global levels (benchmarking of business processes). During the research, the technology of conducting benchmarking was improved, which allows for an increase in the effectiveness of business processes of trade and agricultural enterprises due to the inclusion of a stage for evaluating the effectiveness of the developed measures in the benchmarking process. Thanks to this, a toolkit is proposed to determine the effectiveness of business process management and its ranking based on Harrington’s verbal-numerical scale. The Harrington scale allows you to determine the effectiveness of business processes, considering the results that are obtained that fall into numerical intervals. The paper proposes using the method of analyzing hierarchies to obtain the most reliable value of the performance indicator of the business process management system of trade and agricultural enterprises. Keywords: business process management, assessment criteria, business process performance, business process benchmarking.

A framework for measuring the quality of business process simulation models

Business Process Simulation (BPS) is an approach to analyze the performance of business processes under different scenarios. For example, BPS allows us to estimate the impact of adding one or more resources on the cycle time of a process. The starting point of BPS is a process model annotated with simulation parameters (a BPS model). BPS models may be manually designed, based on information collected from stakeholders and from empirical observations, or automatically discovered from historical execution data. Regardless of its provenance, a key question when using a BPS model is how to assess its quality. In particular, in a setting where we are able to produce multiple alternative BPS models of the same process, this question becomes: How to determine which model is better, to what extent, and in what respect? In this context, this article studies the question of how to measure the quality of a BPS model with respect to its ability to accurately replicate the observed behavior of a process. Rather than pursuing a one-size-fits-all approach, the article recognizes that a process covers multiple perspectives. Accordingly, the article outlines a framework that can be instantiated in different ways to yield quality measures that tackle different process perspectives. The article defines a number of concrete quality measures and evaluates these measures with respect to their ability to discern the impact of controlled perturbations on a BPS model, and their ability to uncover the relative strengths and weaknesses of two approaches for automated discovery of BPS models. The evaluation shows that the proposed measures not only capture how close a BPS model is to the observed behavior, but they also help us to identify the sources of discrepancies.

Integrated Management System To Improve Corporate Sustainability Performance The Case Study In The Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Industry

This study aims to investigate the mediating factors of achieving quality, environmental and social performance concerning the sustainability of pharmaceutical manufacturing companies. Effective implementation of an integrated management system is essential in achieving business process performance to improve the company’s sustainability performance. The priority of the pharmaceutical industry is to satisfy the requirements of quality assurance and product safety. Thus, a balance is required toward implementing an integrated management system. This research was conducted in one of the pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in Indonesia. Data were collected using questionnaires and interviews with respondents and analysed using generalised structural component analysis (GSCA). Results of this study show that implementing an integrated management system can improve social performance and corporate sustainability. The implications of this study indicate that the balanced implementation of the integrated management system has not been effectively achieved. Consequently, a strategy is required to evaluate the quality and environmental performance achievements and to improve the implementation of the integrated management system in a balanced manner.

Idea generation in exploitative and explorative business process redesign techniques

AbstractBusiness process redesign has received considerable attention in research and practice. An important task contributing to redesign is idea generation. It has been argued that the choice of technique influences redesign outcomes, but empirical evidence is largely missing. In this paper, we examine the role of idea generation in business process redesign by comparing two different kinds of techniques: exploitative and explorative redesign techniques. Often, exploitative techniques are expected to yield more appropriate solutions, while explorative techniques are associated with more creative outcomes. To investigate such propositions, we consider the Best Practices of Process Redesign as an example of an exploitative redesign technique and the Business Process Design Space as an explorative redesign technique. We conducted a free-simulation experiment to study the empirical impact of the choice of redesign techniques on outcomes. We find that the Business Process Design Space leads to a higher number of redesign ideas, which are also more diverse. These are more creative and novel than ideas produced by the Best Practices of Process Redesign. Against expectation, the best practices as an exploitative approach do not produce more appropriate nor impactful ideas in our task design. Since both approaches cover different areas of improvement, a key implication of our work is that they should not be seen as isolated approaches to redesign; rather, they should be purposefully combined to not only create novel but also operational business process redesigns.

Towards a process selection method for embedded analytics

AbstractDriven by technological progress, business analytics is gaining momentum while paving the path for next-generation business process management. Especially, embedded real-time analytics offers new opportunities for business process intelligence and value creation. However, there are several obstacles that organizations face in their adoption process. A key challenge is to identify business processes that are suitable for embedded analytics and hold relevant value potential. Our research addresses this need by introducing an exploratory BPM method, namely a process selection method. Applying action design research and situational method engineering, we iteratively built, used, evaluated, and refined the theory-ingrained method artifact. The method provides organizations with guidance in selecting operational business processes, for which a reengineering project should be initiated.

Improvement Operational Business Process in Logistic Companies Using Model-Based and Integrated Process Improvement

The logistics business sector is experiencing increasingly competitive and complex developments, requiring enhancements to remain competitive. The method used in this research is the Model-Based and Integrated Process Improvement (MIPI) method, and business process mapping using Business Process Model and Notation. The MIPI method consists of four stages: Understand Business Needs, Understand the Process, Model and Analyze Process, by conducting activity analysis using Value-Added Analysis and Cause and Effect Analysis to identify problem causes, and the final stage is Redesign Process. Value-Added Analysis indicates that in the outbound process, there are 21 activities, comprising 4 Real Value Added, 15 Business Value Added, and 2 Non-Value Added. In the inbound process, there are 21 activities with a composition of 2 Real Value Added, 16 Business Value Added, and 3 Non-Value Added. Based on Cause and Effect Analysis, customer complaints were found to be related to delayed delivery of goods, with root causes identified in planning, methods, equipment, and human factors. Based on these findings, a proposal for a new business process design is made, including the elimination of Non-Value Added activities and parallelism in some activities to simplify Business Value Added activities. Recommendations for these issues include expanding partnerships and collaboration with vendors, increasing fleet size, and providing employee development training.

Profiling dan pemetaan riset innovation ambidexterity melalui pendekatan bibliometrik

This study aims to provide a comprehensive picture of current conditions and future research potential in innovative ambidexterity research. To achieve this goal, this study uses a bibliometric approach, the data sources used are secondary data sources, where the data used is in the form of 81 research articles taken in the Scopus database. In addition, selected articles are published by well-known publishers, namely Elsevier, Inderscience Publishers, Springer, Emerald, Routledge, Cogent, and Sage Publications. The results of the co-occurrence analysis and thematic map outline various emerging research topics in its clusters. Dimanqa cluster 1 covers issues such as Construction Industry, Corporate Social Responsibility, Environmental Innovation, Finance, Functional Laterity, Hemispheric Dominance, Human Resources Management, Management Practice, Manufacturing, Microfoundation, Open Innovation, Performance, Social Capital, and Sustainability. Cluster 2 raised topics such as business development, competitiveness, digital transformation, information management, information processing, innovation performance, investment, marketing, organizational framework, performance assessment, regression analysis, social network, and sustainability development. Meanwhile, cluster 3 highlights The third cluster consists of empirical analysis, entrepreneurial orientation, exploitation, exploration, industrial performance, intellectual capital, pharmaceutical industry, strategic entrepreneuship, technological development. The fourth cluster consists of business performance, dynamic capabilities, enterprise resource management, industrial management, information analysis, knowledge management, knowledge transfer, least squares approxima, radical innovation. Meanwhile, the fifth cluster consists of connectedness, decision making, environmental dynamis, firm performance, knowledge management, technological innovation, top management team. The sixth cluster consists of absortive capacity, business process performance, exploitative innovation, exploration innovation, and Small Medium Enteprise. And, the seventh cluster consists of competitive intensity. Future research themes in the realm of innovation ambidexterity can be presented or connected with strategic entrepreneurship, exploitative innovation, digital transformation, and innovation performance.

Matrix Approach for Modeling the Interrelationships of Business Processes and Organizational Structure of an Educational Institution

The complex model describing and taking into account the interrelationships between business processes, organizational structure and information systems of a secondary special education institution is considered. To represent the model the matrix approach with the use of matrix theory tools is used. Weight coefficients of interrelation of model elements are described using the method of expert evaluation and taking into account the zone of responsibility of employees in the performance of certain business processes. The model construction is based on the description of the operational business process “Training of specialists at the level of secondary specialized education”, including subprocesses of theoretical and practical training. The obtained model, consisting of three matrices, allows for accounting and analysis of organizational elements of the educational institution structure for errors, assessment of completeness and cohesion of interaction between structures in order to their further optimization and automation.

The impact of knowledge characteristics on process performance: experimenting with the conversion perspective on knowledge transfer velocity

PurposeWith shorter product cycles and a growing number of knowledge-intensive business processes, time consumption is a highly relevant target factor in measuring the performance of contemporary business processes. This research aims to extend prior research on the effects of knowledge transfer velocity at the individual level by considering the effect of complexity, stickiness, competencies, and further demographic factors on knowledge-intensive business processes at the conversion-specific levels.Design/methodology/approachWe empirically assess the impact of situation-dependent knowledge transfer velocities on time consumption in teams and individuals. Further, we issue the demographic effect on this relationship. We study a sample of 178 experiments of project teams and individuals applying ordinary least squares (OLS) for regression analysis-based modeling.FindingsThe authors find that time consumed at knowledge transfers is negatively associated with the complexity of tasks. Moreover, competence among team members has a complementary effect on this relationship and stickiness retards knowledge transfers. Thus, while demographic factors urgently need to be considered for effective and speedy knowledge transfers, these influencing factors should be addressed on a conversion-specific basis so that some tasks are realized in teams best while others are not. Guidelines and interventions are derived to identify best task realization variants, so that process performance is improved by a new kind of process improvement method.Research limitations/implicationsThis study establishes empirically the importance of conversion-specific influence factors and demographic factors as drivers of high knowledge transfer velocities in teams and among individuals. The contribution connects the field of knowledge management to important streams in the wider business literature: process improvement, management of knowledge resources, design of information systems, etc. Whereas the model is highly bound to the experiment tasks, it has high explanatory power and high generalizability to other contexts.Practical implicationsTeam managers should take care to allow the optimal knowledge transfer situation within the team. This is particularly important when knowledge sharing is central, e.g. in product development and consulting processes. If this is not possible, interventions should be applied to the individual knowledge transfer situation to improve knowledge transfers among team members.Social implicationsFaster and more effective knowledge transfers improve the performance of both commercial and non-commercial organizations. As nowadays, the individual is faced with time pressure to finalize tasks, the deliberated increase of knowledge transfer velocity is a core capability to realize this goal. Quantitative knowledge transfer models result in more reliable predictions about the duration of knowledge transfers. These allow the target-oriented modification of knowledge transfer situations so that processes speed up, private firms are more competitive and public services are faster to citizens.Originality/valueTime consumption is an increasingly relevant factor in contemporary business but so far not been explored in experiments at all. This study extends current knowledge by considering quantitative effects on knowledge velocity and improved knowledge transfers.

Conceptualizing Digital Readiness, Strategic Foresight, and Strategic Flexibility as Drivers of Digitalization and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises

The drivers of digitalization and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) performance have been primarily examined through resource-based theories. Hence, this study presents an alternative perspective based on such organizations' readiness and dynamic capabilities through a conceptual framework. A conceptual framework is developed by drawing upon the digital readiness theory (DRT) along with the dynamic capabilities view (DCV) to propose an integrated framework that posits a set of propositions linking constructs that reflect both digital readiness as well as the dynamic capabilities of an organization as possible drivers of business process digitalization (BPD) and performance. The empirical literature based on the DRT suggests that digital readiness will likely drive BPD and performance. Whereas leveraging the premise of the DCV indicates that the ability to sense opportunities and threats is reflected by strategic foresight. In contrast, the ability to seize and transform is reflected through strategic flexibility. The propositions posit that all three factors influence performance directly and through the mediating effect of BPD. The framework developed in this study may provide clues to practitioners and policymakers related to SME development regarding potential drivers of digitalization and performance. Growing scholarly publications on antecedents of digitalization and the performance of SMEs have focused primarily on resources. The current study offers an alternate perspective by integrating the two theories based on such organizations' readiness and dynamic capabilities.

An empirical investigation of the impact of marketing analytics capability on SME performance: a resource-based view approach

PurposeThe aim of this study is to empirically investigate the impact of marketing analytics capability on business performance from the perspective of RBV theory.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a survey method to gather information from 225 food processing SMEs registered with the Ghana Enterprise Agency (GEA) in Ghana’s eastern region. A structural equation modeling (SEM) path analysis was used to assess the impact of marketing analytics capability (MAC) on the performance of SMEs.FindingsThe results of the study show that MAC significantly and positively affect the financial performance (FP), customer performance (CF), internal business process performance (IBPP) and learning and growth performance (LGP) of Ghanaian SMEs. The findings of this study also illustrated the significance of MAC determinants, including marketing analytics skills (MAS), data resource management (DRM) and data processing capabilities (DPC), in achieving SME success in Ghana.Originality/valueThe research’s conclusions give RBV theory strong credence. The results of this study also provide credence to previous research finding that SMEs should view MAC and its determinants (i.e. DRM, DPC, MAS) as a crucial strategic capability to improve their performance (i.e. FP, CF, IBPP, LGP). With regard to its contribution, this study broadens the body of knowledge on MAC and SME performance, particularly in the context of an emerging economy.

The Role Of Leadership Practices In Organizational Emotion Management: A Qualitative Research In The Aviation Industry

Leadership is the power to influence people in a group and direct people to a specific goal. Leadership for organizations; It means taking on a mentoring role to keep up with changes in the competitive environment, gain advantage, and contribute to sustainability. In particular, leaders who guide employees are identified with the ability to manage organizational emotions like an orchestra conductor by supporting employees in their working lives and supporting the building of responsibility and self-confidence. In this regard, regardless of the sector and institution, a leader is expected to have the ability to navigate differences. While some sectors require vertical control because they require intense expertise, others are more flexible. However, the aviation sector, which we chose to implement as the key here, needs both features. However, regardless of the sector, it is not possible to talk about leadership characteristics that are suitable for all conditions, as different variability requires different leadership characteristics. The fact that leadership needs this diversity in practice requires a certain level of flexibility and capacity. This aims to correctly direct the network of relationships at the organizational level. Based on this, this research focuses on the leader-follower relationship and aims to determine the role of leaders in emotional management through their followers. This expansion took place in the aviation sector, whose operational business processes and dynamics are relatively different compared to other service sectors. Content analysis, a qualitative analysis method, was used in the research. The sample of the research, for which a focus group interview was held, consists of 22 professionals working in the aviation industry. The interviews conducted in the research were analyzed with the maxqda 22 program, conceptual coding was made and the findings were determined in terms of relationship intensity and the results were presented.

Creating AI business value through BPM capabilities

PurposeAlthough businesses continue to take up artificial intelligence (AI), concerns remain that companies are not realising the full value of their investments. The study aims to provide insights into how AI creates business value by investigating the mediating role of Business Process Management (BPM) capabilities.Design/methodology/approachThe integrative model of IT Business Value was contextualised, and structural equation modelling was applied to validate the proposed serial multiple mediation model using a sample of 448 organisations based in the EU.FindingsThe results validate the proposed serial multiple mediation model according to which AI adoption increases organisational performance through decision-making and business process performance. Process automation, organisational learning and process innovation are significant complementary partial mediators, thereby shedding light on how AI creates business value.Research limitations/implicationsIn pursuing a complex nomological framework, multiple perspectives on realising business value from AI investments were incorporated. Several moderators presenting complementary organisational resources (e.g. culture, digital maturity, BPM maturity) could be included to identify behaviour in more complex relationships. The ethical and moral issues surrounding AI and its use could also be examined.Practical implicationsThe provided insights can help guide organisations towards the most promising AI activities of process automation with AI-enabled decision-making, organisational learning and process innovation to yield business value.Originality/valueWhile previous research assumed a moderated relationship, this study extends the growing literature on AI business value by empirically investigating a comprehensive nomological network that links AI adoption to organisational performance in a BPM setting.

Communication as a Key Performance Indicator in Employer Branding in the Context of the Social Economy-A Quantitative Study.

Performance measurement refers to the systematic evaluation and analysis of the performance and results of business processes, initiatives, or strategies. This study discusses the crucial role of communication using signaling theory in employer branding in the context of the social economy organization (SEO). The aim is to measure employee satisfaction in concrete terms and to determine the status quo of the communication culture of the organization under investigation in order to develop an employer branding strategy based on the results. The authors use an employee survey as a quantitative research method and limit the data collection to the EU member state of Germany considering the research background. The results provide insights into the specific communication policy in relation to employer branding. The focus here is on (digital) communication. Organizations need to understand how communication strategies directly influence the perception of the employer brand in the social economy. Furthermore, practical implications are derived in order to increase employer attractiveness. Concrete recommendations of action for SEOs should help them be successful in the competition for qualified specialists and talent.

Ranking of asset maintenance process KPIs using Fermatean fuzzy Delphi and Fermatean fuzzy ELECTRE method

The paper aims to present a hybrid model for measuring the performance of business processes in complex organizations based on the subjective decision-making of expert teams. The subject of the research is finding ways to measure, analyze and improve the key performance indicators (KPIs) process. Obtaining the values of KPIs, which reflect the real state of the process, creates a basis for their ranking, i.e. insight into KPIs that are extremely important for the process as well as KPIs that are of lesser importance, but as such are not excluded from consideration because they are necessary for the beginning, realization and completion of the process. The model was compiled through five phases and was tested through a case study in a real business organization, which deals with the maintenance of complex combat systems. The obtained results helped the management to take certain measures in order to improve the performance of the maintenance process. In the model, it is proposed to form two expert teams, which make assessments based on experience and express them in linguistic terms according to a predefined scale. Modeling of linguistic expressions is realized using intuitive fuzzy sets of a higher order, more precisely Fermatean fuzzy sets (FFS). Selecting KPIs, decomposing the process into sub-processes and assessing the relative importance of sub-processes is carried out by one team of experts, while another team carries out the assessment of KPIs at the level of each sub-process. Determining the relative importance of sub-processes is realized using the Delphi method extended to FFS while reaching a consensus. The measurement of process performance, i.e. the value of KPIs, is realized using Multi-Criteria Group Decision-Making (MCGDM), such as the ELECTRE method extended with FFS. The sensitivity analysis of the developed model is realized by uncertainty modeling with q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets.