Building Operation Research Articles

Determining the optimal generalization operators for building footprints using an improved graph neural network model

Determining the optimal generalization operators of city buildings is a crucial step during the building generalization process and an important aspect of realizing cross-scale updating of map data. It is a decision-making behavior of the cartographer that can be learned and simulated using artificial intelligence algorithms. Multi-scale data can provide rich generalization samples to train the determination process. However, previous studies have focused primarily on the intelligent use of each generalization operator separately, neglecting the intelligent scheduling issue between multiple operators when they are used simultaneously. Herein, we propose an improved graph neural network (GNN) called self-neighborhood merged GNN (SNGNN) that selects the optimal generalization operators for different buildings. In SNGNN, node and edge information are passed with different weights through two modules to simulate the effects of a building on itself and the neighborhood on either side. SNGNN has been experimentally validated using sample datasets for Ningbo, China, at 1:10,000 and 1:25,000. The F1-score of the testing dataset was 94.19%, and the classification precision of each operator was ≥87%. Compared with other popular intelligent algorithms, the experimental results for SNGNN revealed better performance in determining the optimal generalization operators.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СУЧАСНИХ УМОВ ПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ДЕВЕЛОПЕРСЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УКРАЇНІ

The article is devoted to the study of current trends in the real estate market, in the construction industry of Ukraine in order to identify the modern conditions in which companies related to the implementation of development projects operate. It has been established that development projects are characterized by particular complexity, and therefore their implementation requires taking into account external factors that can affect the results of the work of developers and other involved persons. The dynamics of the main indicators characterizing the real estate market from the standpoint of market volumes (number of signed contracts) and price changes in the primary and secondary housing markets were analyzed. The study of the number of real estate agreements (agreements on the alienation of real estate, land plots and land shares), including agreements for the purchase and sale of apartments and residential buildings, made it possible to identify the main trends in the real estate market. It was determined that prices on the primary housing market grew at an accelerated pace during the research period, while price fluctuations were more noticeable on the secondary housing market. The volumes of manufactured construction products and their dynamics, the activity of builders and the indicators of acceptance into operation of residential and non-residential buildings were studied. It has been established that the Indices of construction products are unstable in all their types and are characterized by significant fluctuations, that is, the rate of changes in the volume of construction products is characterized by high variability. It has been established that the construction industry and the real estate market are sensitive to changes in the internal and external political situation in the country. It has been proven that the full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the introduction of martial law led to a drop in the real estate market and a drop in construction. Despite the extreme fall of the last year, the housing market. and therefore the development market is gradually recovering, most developers have resumed their activities and are trying to reach the pre-war level in terms of their volumes, companies with unfinished construction have focused on housing completion. A number of construction companies focused on rebuilding damaged housing and real estate. Developers, who at the beginning of the full-scale invasion were in the initial stages of construction, demonstrate positive dynamics of construction work.

Data-driven prediction of indoor airflow distribution in naturally ventilated residential buildings using combined CFD simulation and machine learning (ML) approach

Predicting indoor airflow distribution in multi-storey residential buildings is essential for designing energy-efficient natural ventilation systems. The indoor environment significantly impacts human health and well-being, considering the substantial time spent indoors and the potential health and safety risks faced daily. To ensure occupants’ thermal comfort and indoor air quality, airflow simulations in the built environment must be efficient and precise. This study proposes a novel approach combining Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations with machine learning techniques to predict indoor airflow. Specifically, we investigate the viability of employing a Deep Neural Network (DNN) model for accurately forecasting indoor airflow dispersion. The quantitative results reveal the DNN’s ability to faithfully reproduce indoor airflow patterns and temperature distributions. Furthermore, DNN approaches to investigate indoor airflow in the residential building achieved an 80% reduction in the time required to anticipate testing scenarios compared with CFD simulation, underscoring the potential for efficient indoor airflow prediction. This research underscores the feasibility and effectiveness of a data-driven approach, enabling swift and accurate indoor airflow predictions in naturally ventilated residential buildings. Such predictive models hold significant promise for optimizing indoor air quality, thermal comfort, and energy efficiency, thereby contributing to sustainable building design and operation.

Evaluating Thermal Comfort in Ward Areas of the Public Hospital in the Tropical Climates

Thermal comfort in hospitals is a crucial element to provide appropriate indoor air quality for health and well-being. However, the airconditioning system usually has deficiencies to meet target criteria for the relevant thermal environmental factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate thermal comfort in ward areas of the newly built public hospital in Thailand during the operation phase to examine how the building maintain comfort. The measurement equipment was installed for 24 hours in ward areas for collecting data and evaluating thermal comfort using the predicted mean vote (PMV) model. The results indicated that achieving thermal comfort could be found among inpatients and medical staff, with differential considerations on personal factors. As a few studies in hospitals in Thailand has been done, the results from this study can act as evidence to develop building performance assessments and operation strategies to optimally enhance health and well-being of the occupants in a public healthcare facility in Thailand and tropical regions.

Қоршау құрылымдарындағы жылу өткізгіш қосындылары

In order to reduce the heat loss of a building and meet the requirements of regulations, multi-storey building envelopes have been widely used in construction in recent years, including the placement of a thermal insulation layer inside the structure. Under the influence of economic considerations, one of the main types of building floors was a masonry cellular concrete block faced with brick with effective insulation between floors. Considering the modernization of existing types of building envelopes and the appearance of a large number of new structures, the question arose about the correct determination of the thermal properties (mainly thermal protection) of such structures. Temperatures are evenly distributed because the heat dissipated over the surface of the structure helps to balance their values when looking at the room. However, the length of the temperature field distortion region increases (due to the presence of interference). On the contrary, the temperature decrease (which extends over a short length of the enclosure) becomes more prominent and noticeable due to inclusions and inclusions located on the warm surface of the structure. Such peculiarities of temperature distribution in the zone of heat conducting inclusions of different types are confirmed by the experience of operation of buildings with corresponding design solutions for panel walls. If the walls at the joints of panels are covered with a thermally conductive protective and finishing layer on the warm side, the temperature distribution over the inner surface of the wall will be uniform; if there is not enough thermal conductive inclusions and inclusions located on the warm surface of the wall, the temperature distribution will be uniform.

Вплив підвищення нормативних вимог на рівень теплової надійності та втрати тепла через стіни й покриття житлових і громадських будівель

New edition of the State Building Regulations of Ukraine DBN V.2.6-31:2021 "Thermal insulation and energy efficiency of buildings" significantly increases the requirements for heat transfer resistance of walls and coatings of civil buildings. This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the impact of the increased requirements of DBN V.2.6-31:2021 on the energy efficiency and comfort of buildings by comparing the thermal reliability characteristics of walls and roofs of civil buildings in different regions of Ukraine. The walls and combined roofs of residential and non-residential public buildings were analysed, the requirements for which in DBN B.2.6-31:2016 and DBN B.2.6-31:2021 differ in the minimum permissible value of heat transfer resistance, but coincide in other indicators. Climate conditions for the operation of buildings are reflected by data on atmospheric air temperature at 57 weather stations of Ukraine, which are given in DSTU-N B V.1.1–27:2010. The comparison of the same type of enclosing structures is made according to the criteria of reducing annual heat losses due to the enclosing and the probable duration of thermal failures. Annual heat losses in the set of each of the 57 weather stations are calculated according to the known dependencies of thermal physics. The durations of thermal failures of enclosures according to the comfort criterion are determined by the probabilistic method previously developed by the authors, which takes into account random fluctuations in the temperature of the external atmospheric and internal air in the room, as well as the random character of the heat transfer resistance of the enclosures. The probable duration of thermal failures of enclosing structures according to the comfort criterion, depending on the permissible temperature difference of the internal air and the inner surface of the enclosing structure, established in DBN B.2.6-31, can differ by two orders of magnitude. This indicator should be used only to compare the level of thermal reliability of enclosures with the same values of the permissible temperature difference. The increase in the heat transfer resistance of walls and roofs of residential and public buildings implemented in DBN V.2.6-31:2021 led to a decrease in heat loss by an average of 17%, a decrease in the probable duration of thermal failure of walls according to the comfort criterion by 17%, and combined roofs by 54 %.

Green innovations in construction: how environmental technologies shape the economy of sustainable cities

The article examines current trends in the use of green technologies in construction in order to create sustainable and environmentally friendly cities. The authors highlight various aspects of green innovation, such as energy-efficient building materials, waste management systems, sustainable infrastructure and energy efficiency of buildings. The paper also condemns the benefits of green innovation, including reducing environmental impacts, improving the energy efficiency of buildings, improving air and water quality in urban environments, and examines examples of successful implementation of green technologies in various countries and cities. The researchers call for the active introduction of green innovations in construction in order to create sustainable cities that can combine modern amenities with minimal impact on natural resources. The article emphasizes that green innovations in construction not only contribute to reducing the negative impact on the environment, but can also significantly save resources and costs for the operation of buildings in the long term. The authors draw attention to the fact that the support and development of green technologies in construction can lead to job creation, stimulate innovation and improve the quality of life in cities. The role of state and municipal authorities in promoting green initiatives, implementing sustainable construction standards, as well as providing financial incentives for enterprises actively involved in creating environmentally sustainable urban environments is also highlighted. In general, the paper notes the need to understand the importance of the transition to green innovations in construction in order to ensure the sustainability of cities, improve the quality of life of citizens, and, what is especially important in the modern world, to cope with the challenges of climate change.

ОЦІНКА ПОШКОДЖЕНЬ КОНСТРУКТИВНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ БУДІВЕЛЬ І СПОРУД ВІБРОАКУСТИЧНИМ МЕТОДОМ

Purpose. Improving methods and algorithms for assessing damage and cracking of buildings and structures structural elements using the vibroacoustic method to improve the safety of their operation. Methods. Analytical methods of wave theory and statistics, experimental methods for studying the spectral density of acoustic responses. Results. For the safe operation of buildings and structures, reducing operational and environmental risks in cases of partial loss of stability, it is important to carry out timely and rapid monitoring of internal damage to their structural elements. Based on direct Fourier transforms, algorithms are proposed for transforming the spectra of selected periodic vibroacoustic signals of the structure response of a controlled object to an exciting shock effect into rectangular control pulses for digital systems. To assess the damage to structural elements of buildings and structures, it is proposed to use methods of vibroacoustic control - longitudinal profiling and vertical acoustic probing. Methodological diagnostic parameters were developed during experimental studies of concrete tubings. It has been established that the absolute deviations of the parameters characterize the change in damage along the entire length of the section under study, and the maximum values of the deviations of the parameters show the location of the most unstable (dangerous) sections. Vibroacoustic studies identified areas with increased stress, areas of hidden cracks and damage in concrete. It is proposed to determine integral indicators of damage to structural elements associated with zones of acoustic audibility of normal resonant waves. These waves are recorded by a receiver with octave filters that pass low frequencies to the structures of various materials. Originality. The method of assessing damage and cracking of structural elements of buildings and structures using the vibroacoustic method, which is distinguished by algorithms for converting the spectra of selected periodic signals of the structure response of the to an exciting impact into rectangular control pulses for digital systems, has been further developed. Practical implications. Algorithms for transforming vibroacoustic spectra make it possible to automate monitoring of damage to buildings and structures in real time, to increasing the accuracy and information content of monitoring. Based on integral indicators of damage to structural elements, it is possible to identify the risks of the objects stability loss. Keywords: buildings and structures safety, vibroacoustic methods, diagnosis of fractures.

Energy supply for the building stock of tomorrow – A case study

Reducing energy consumption and using renewable energy sources for the building operation is crucial to achieve lower overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this case study we conduct a building energy system optimisation for a new residential district in Darmstadt, Germany under different boundary conditions using the optimisation software Sympheny. Boundary conditions of the year 2023 lead to similar results to the owner’s plan, which is mainly based on natural gas-fired cogeneration plants. However, different scenarios with predicted emission factors and energy prices for 2050 lead to a shift towards the usage of renewables. As planners tend to use current boundary conditions for their calculations, we assess the possibility of switching to a renewable heat supply after the expected life span of the cogeneration plants. The obstacles identified mainly concern the temperature level, but also the space that will not be accessible at that time. The results emphasise (1) that the decarbonisation of space heating in Germany goes hand in hand with the need to decarbonise the electricity grid and (2) the need for planners to start considering future developments as part of building energy system planning.

INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACE DESIGN WITH A PASSIVE ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH IN THE TINGKIR SUB-DISTRICT, SALATIGA

Public places that provide a secure, welcoming, and beautiful environment are becoming increasingly important to enhance community welfare. The government is attempting to enhance public services in Salatiga's Tingkir sub-district by creating an integrated public space design for the neighbourhood. Presenting this integrated public space is difficult as it must allow for various community activities in a typical community area, including sports, education, recreation, and events. In response to this problem, a passive design strategy that optimises building operations and conserves resources by considering context and microclimate elements is given in the design of a public space. These include modifications to the traditional Javanese stilt house form, skylights for daylighting, and roof protection against predicted excessive rains and sunshine. Integrated public space planning aims to fulfil many communities' requirements and provide a visually stunning and sustainable environment for everyone via these strategies. This study's most effective passive design techniques are adapting the traditional stilt house model to increase natural ventilation on artificial cooling systems and roof protection as shading, which can effectively regulate temperature. These methods are anticipated to enhance public spaces' overall sustainability and livability, transforming them into ecologically conscious and neighbourhood-focused hubs of activity and engagement.

New energy-efficient materials for construction

Today in the world there is a huge amount of energy-efficient materials and products, including internal and external load-bearing and enclosing structures of buildings, which allow solving problems of energy saving in the operation of various buildings and structures. However, such materials do not always have high strength, as well as physical and mechanical properties for use in load-bearing parts of a large building. In this regard, the urgent tasks of developing energy-efficient structures and products are increasing strength, reducing thermal conductivity, increasing weather resistance and moisture resistance, as well as reducing cost.
 As a result of comprehensive research, the authors have developed new cellular concretes with high strength characteristics, low thermal conductivity and low cost based on local raw materials and waste. This approach leads to a significant reduction in energy and resource consumption and promotes the introduction of environmentally friendly production methods while maintaining high product quality standards.
 Experimental studies were carried out in a specially designed laboratory chamber. This installation ensured uniform temperature control inside the chamber, as well as uniform temperature distribution throughout the entire thickness of the products. This was achieved through a rational combination of energy sources used.
 The article presents the results of studies of the physical and mechanical properties of foam concrete and the structural features of the material. The production of high-quality products became possible thanks to a combination of mild heat treatment conditions and the exothermic properties of cement. In addition, the impact of additional electrical energy at a minimum consumption (10-20 kWh/m3) on the hardening process of foam concrete is characterized by a periodic and short-term effect. In contrast, traditional heat treatment methods require significantly higher energy consumption - from 80 to 100 kWh/m3.
 The results of X-ray and electron microscopy studies confirmed that the developed energy-efficient materials have high physical and mechanical properties and low cost.

Smart Approach for Fire Detection Systems in Kigali

The functional buildings and other sensitive places in Rwanda are highly affected by sudden fire outbreaks caused by reckless human actions and unexpected incidents resulting in highly valuable property damage and human lives losses. To tackle this problem, security and safety measures against unexpected fire outbreaks in real-time with the help of modern technologies are required. In this study, the real-time smart fire outbreak detector and extinguisher system were designed for monitoring and controlling the sudden fire outbreak inside a building using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. In this system, the smart sensor node was designed based on an ESP-8266 module with Gas, temperature, and flame sensors for fire outbreak detection as well as an automatic fire outbreak location finder with an extinguisher system. It also employs a smartphone with a customized mobile app (Blynk Application) that provides the interface between the user and the system through a platform. As a result, around 655 ppm of smoke was detected which is the indicator for abnormal conditions together with all other values greater than 400 ppm. The developed Blynk App successfully linked the building and remote operator for notification about the fire condition on smartphones for decision making.

Analisis Yuridis Akta Perdamaian Perjanjian Kerjasama Penglolaan Barang Milik Negara (Perjanjian Antara Pusat Koperasi TNI Angkatan Darat Dengan PT Luwiwan Megah Perkasa)

The focus of this research is a case that happened between Koperasi TNI Angkatan Darat (Indonesian Army Cooperative) and PT Luwiwan Megah Perkara in connection with the management of Sriwijaya Sports Centre which fall under the category of state-owned assets. The assets stand on a state-owned land with management rights in the form of Right to Use Certificate on the name of Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia. The management of the asset was in the form of Build Operate Transfer (BOT) agreement. The Koperasi TNI Angkatan Darat (Indonesian Army Cooperative) itself is an independent legal entity and not structurally under the auspice of the Indonesian army. The main problems on this research are: 1) the legal standing of Koperasi TNI Angkatan Darat (Indonesian Army Cooperative) in entering into a management agreement of state-owned assets; and 2) Legal analysis of the claim submitted by PT Luwiwan Megah Perkasa against Koperasi TNI Angkatan Darat (Indonesian Army Cooperative). This research is normative legal research, with the nature of descriptive analysis research. The approach used is the statutory approach. The theory of agreement, theory of authority, and legal protection theory are used to analyze the main problems in this research

Life Cycle Assessment of the Construction Process in a Mass Timber Structure

Today, the application of green materials in the building industry is the norm rather than the exception and reflects an attempt to mitigate the sector’s environmental impacts. Mass timber is growing rapidly in the construction field because of its long span, speed of installation, lightness and toughness, carbon sequestration capabilities, renewability, fire rating, acoustic isolation, and thermal resistance. Mass timber is close to overtaking steel and concrete as the preferred material. The endeavor of this research is to quantitatively assess the ability of this green material to leverage the abatement of carbon emissions. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a leading method for assessing the environmental impacts of the building sector. The recently completed Adohi Hall mass timber building on the University of Arkansas campus was used as a case study in an investigation to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the construction phase only. The energy used in building operations is the most dominant source of emissions in the building industry and has galvanized research on increasing the efficiency of building operations, but reduced emissions have made the impacts of embodied carbon (EC) components more noticeable in the building life cycle. While most studies have focused on the manufacturing stage, only a few to date have focused on the construction process. Consequently, few data are available on the environmental impacts associated with the installation of mass timber as a new green material. The present study began with the quantification of the materials and an inventory of the equipment used for construction. Then, this study determined the EC associated with running the equipment for building construction. The GHG emissions resulting from the transportation of materials to the site were also quantified. Based on data collected from the construction site, the results of this study indicate that earthwork ranks first in carbon emissions, followed by mass timber installation and construction. In third place is ready-mix poured concrete and rebar installation, followed by Geopiers. A comparison of these results with those in the existing literature shows that the EC generally associated with the building construction phase has been underestimated to date. Furthermore, only emissions associated with the fuel usage of the main equipment were considered.

The Beginning of the Large-Scale Reconstruction of the Russian State Library: Architecture and Digitalization

The article reveals the foundations of design and research surveys, on the basis of which the Russian State Library (RSL) implemented the project of repair and restoration works for the central entrance of the library. The aim of the works was to adapt the cultural heritage object to modern use. The building complex, conceived in the mid — 1920s, was completed by 1940, but it was not fully commissioned until 1960. In the mid — 1970s, there was insufficient space to store the growing holdings. The front decoration of the central hall suffered enormous damage over the years. In 2019, a negative trend in the condition of the building was revealed. The main book depository was overloaded. The problems of the RSL are combined in a comprehensive investment programme for the reconstruction and restoration of infrastructure facilities. In 2019—2020, design solutions were developed for the repair and restoration of buildings and individual public spaces of the library. In 2021, the first stage of restoration of the entrance group began. The decision was made to carry out the work in a service-preserving environment and the challenge was to transform the very model of service to readers. The team working on the restoration made decisions reflecting the development of 21st century technologies and current standards for the automation of library processes. As a result of the works, new technological channels for the building operation and space for servicing readers were arranged, a climate control system was installed, the power supply and electric lighting system was replaced, historical interiors were restored, modern fire and engineering safety systems were created, a new centralized information and navigation complex for readers was deployed, etc. In 2023, a grandiose historical space was opened for the RSL readers.

Reliability of pile foundations in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (Tomsk)

One of the main problems associated with the operation of building structures in permafrost conditions, is the deformation of support systems due to changes in soil geometric parameters. The methods used today for assessing the health of buildings and support systems are not universal. One of the important indicators during the buildings operation, which allows us to determine the health of the permafrost soil–pile foundation–structure system, is the vibrational amplitude of the supporting structure.Purpose: The aim of this work is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the pile foundation reliability in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.Methodology/approach: Modern monitoring and remote sensing technologies are used to collect the real-time data. Numerical modeling was carried out to assess long-term trends in changes in meteorological parameters and their impact on pile foundations. New methods and technologies are developed to improve the stability of pile structures in permafrost conditions and permanently frozen soil.Practical implications: The obtained results can be used in design and operation of buildings in permafrost conditions. Moreover, these results can be used to develop new technologies and equipment for improving the performance in the oil and gas and other industries relating to engineering structures in the Arctic zone of Russia.

Automated PLC Code Generation for the Implementation of Mode-Based Control Algorithms in Buildings

Faulty programming of control functions in Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS) might result in inefficient building operations. To reduce programming errors, an automated implementation process of control functions might be a promising solution. Recently, Building Information Modeling (BIM) contributes to digitizing building construction projects but is rarely used in the planning and implementation of control functions in BACS. The control description in BIM also remains unclear. Regarding these problems, a control documentation method for BIM and an automated control implementation approach can simplify control implementation in BACS and hence improve the building operation. In the previous work, we developed the MODI method for a structured planning process of mode-based control algorithms for building energy systems. This method showed the potential to support digitized control planning and implementation in BACS. Based on this, in this paper, we introduce a documentation method to report mode-based control algorithms in the industrial foundation class (IFC), enabling data sharing among BIM, and a software-assisted approach to automatically generate PLC codes for implementing these algorithms. The case study demonstrates the documentation of a desired mode-based control strategy for an energy supply network in IFC and the implementation of this strategy in a PLC program. In the simulation phase, we test the implemented control strategy to verify the functionalities of the PLC program. The results prove that mode-based control strategies can be fully automatically implemented in a PLC program based on IFC data.

ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ КАМЕННОЙ КЛАДКИ ПОСЛЕ ДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЙ. МЕТОДЫ РАСЧЕТА И ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ

Civil engineers are encouraged to apply novel techniques, to improve and to adapt well-known methods amid the reality of modern life. An impressive number of restoration and strengthening techniques are developed for unreinforced masonry (URM) material well-known for centuries. Masonry may need restoration and strengthening due to errors made in the course of design, construction or long-term operation of buildings and structures. Besides, masonry needs strengthening in seismic areas. Strengthening of masonry structures, subjected to dynamic impacts during military operations, was initiated after the Second World War. Construction technologies advanced considerably over the last seventy years, and today shotcrete, a widely known strengthening technique, can be applied for a good reason. This article addresses shotcrete as a method for restoring masonry damaged by explosion impacts. Results of the laboratory testing of materials and parts of structures are provided together with improved methods of analysis. The methodology for computer-aided analysis of buildings is also presented, taking into account the staged nature of work and the ability of external shotcrete to support loads. Practical restoration of buildings is addressed in the conclusions section, and conclusions are drawn there.

Development of a Management Framework for Energy Efficiency for Sustainability of Hotels in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Using Structural Equation Modelling

The paper examined the utilized critical factors that affect hotel building sustainability in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and developed a framework to identify the suitable operational and technical for improving the energy performance of hotel constructions. The mixed methods for collecting energy used data from twenty-four established hotel buildings have been adopted in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The survey method was applied in the forms of questionnaires to collect data for the research. The surveying work was carried out on a population of hotel buildings employees with various academic qualification levels and age including engineers, developers, and managers. Structural equation modeling, analysis based on the validation survey, was used to examine the dependencies and interdependencies of the critical factors. The IBM, SPSS 22 and AMOS 23 were used on the basis of maximum likelihood estimates for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis resulting in validated measurement and structural models. This study utilized seventeen critical factors influencing building energy performance in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The model identified energy performance building indicators; and established causality as standard metrics for building energy efficiency evaluation and benchmark between building energy performance, management policy, operations, and strategic driver. This recognized strong interdependent relations in the template between the four constructs. The stronger results were: strategic drivers on the energy performance model and management policy on strategic drivers highlighting the importance of energy-saving constructs.

Forecasting the Costs of Adapting Social Infrastructure to Changing Geocryological Conditions (the Case of Norilsk)

Climate change and increased anthropogenic impact lead to the melting of permafrost and, consequently, destruction and deformation of buildings and structures built on it. This causes significant additional financial costs associated with the need to use specific technologies for the construction and operation of buildings in the permafrost zone, as well as direct and indirect damage from the loss of fixed assets. According to forecasts of geocryological changes, in the Russian Arctic these negative trends should intensify in the future. In this study, using the case of the Norilsk city (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia), some problems associated with estimating the costs of adapting healthcare and educational facilities built on permafrost to changes in engineering and geocryological conditions until the middle of the 21st century are analyzed. The analysis showed that the amount of probable costs for the group of objects under consideration associated with direct damage from deformation and destruction of buildings, as well as the need for their liquidation and replacement construction, significantly exceeds the financial resources allocated for this in the relevant strategic documents planning of Norilsk. An effective mechanism for redistributing damage over time and reducing it is the installation of the soil thermal stabilization systems. The paper briefly analyzes the geography of production and consumption of this type of product. The results obtained can be used to develop similar assessments and adaptation programs in cities in the permafrost zone of Russia.