Operation Mechanism Research Articles

Research on Mechanisms for University Connotation Construction and High-Quality Employment in the Context of New Quality Productivity

The introduction of the concept of new quality productivity has attracted a great deal of attention in the educational community. However, there is an urgent need to align it with policy orientation and advancements in science and technology moving forward. Colleges and universities themselves should be the leaders of advanced thinking and scientific and technological development, and play their due roles in line with the development of the times to provide quality and urgent talents and intellectual support. For this reason, this paper proposes that universities should consciously establish a set of regular operation mechanisms, namely, the linkage mechanism between “social demand” and “connotation construction,” and operate regularly under the guarantee of the system. This enables universities to lead or grasp the pulse of scientific and technological development, constantly improve the level of connotation construction, promote high-quality employment, and provide high-quality services for modernization and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

The Operation Strategy of a Multi-Microgrid Considering the Interaction of Different Subjects’ Interests

As the share of renewable energy generation continues to increase, the new-type power system exhibits the characteristics of coordinated operation between the main grid, distribution networks, and microgrids. The microgrid is primarily concerned with achieving self-balancing between power sources, the network, loads, and storage. In decentralized multi-microgrid (MMG) access scenarios, the aggregation of distributed energy within a region enables the unified optimization of scheduling, which improves regional energy self-sufficiency while mitigating the impact and risks of distributed energy on grid operations. However, the cooperative operation of MMGs involves interactions among various stakeholders, and the absence of a reasonable operational mechanism can result in low energy utilization, uneven resource allocation, and other issues. Thus, designing an effective MMG operation strategy that balances the interests of all stakeholders has become a key area of focus in the industry. This paper examines the definition and structure of MMGs, analyzes their current operational challenges, compiles existing research methods and practical experiences, explores synergistic operational mechanisms and strategies for MMGs under different transaction models, and puts forward prospects for future research directions.

Operating Mechanism Principles and Advancements for Halide Perovskite-Based Memristors and Neuromorphic Devices.

With the advent of the generation of artificial intelligence (AI) based on big data-processing technologies, next-generation memristor and memristive neuromorphic devices have been actively studied with great interest to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck limits. Among various candidates, halide perovskites (HPs) have been in the spotlight as potential candidates for these devices due to their unique switching characteristics with low energy consumption and flexible integration compatibility across various sources for scalability. We outline the characteristics and operating principles of HP-based memristors and their neuromorphic devices. We explain filamentary- and interface-type switching according to the type of conducting pathway occurring inside the active HP layer and the operating mechanisms depending on the species that make up this conducting pathway. We summarize the types and mechanisms of current changes beneficial for neuromorphic device applications and finally organize various suggested analysis tools and physical models to enable experimental determination of switching mechanisms from various perspectives.

The Function of International Law in Modern International Relations: A Constructivist Perspective

Following World War II, the ongoing process of globalisation led to a proliferation of international conflicts and disputes, prompting an increase in the application and regulation of international law. International law, as a legally binding framework for the rights and responsibilities of sovereign states and other entities with international status, has been crucial in reducing global strife, maintaining peace and promoting cooperation. The post-Cold War era coincided with the rise of constructivist theory, which offers a sociological perspective on world politics, emphasising social normative structures over economic material ones. This perspective underscores the influential role of ideas, norms, and culture in shaping state behaviour constructively. Theoretically, constructivist theories within international relations elucidate the legal function of international law while bolstering its authority and status; thereby further explaining its significance within global affairs. The research encompasses three main components: First, an exploration of the theoretical underpinnings of international law and an analysis of constructivism within the field of international relations will be presented. Secondly, a detailed examination of specific operational mechanisms in modern international relations and their contribution to establishing an orderly framework will be undertaken; and thirdly case analysis to examine how these mechanisms have influenced specific events thus revealing their practical impact. Ultimately concluding that as a normative institutional construct, international law has significantly contributed towards rule-making processes conflict resolution efforts as well as maintaining order within global relations while also highlighting that its construction is an ongoing evolutionary process necessitating continual adjustment within the broader context.

Analyzing the innovation ecosystem of China's major science and technology projects: From the ecological and systems science perspective

The National Major Science and Technology Projects in China are characterized by government leadership, interdisciplinary collaboration, and international cooperation. However, challenges such as insufficient innovation capacity and inadequate commercialization of scientific achievements are becoming increasingly prominent. This paper adopts the conceptual framework of natural ecology to examine these projects. By utilizing theories and methods from ecology and systems science, we draw an analogy between the innovation ecosystem of China's national major science and technology projects and the structure of ecological systems, analyzing the interrelationships among the components of the innovation ecosystem and establishing the four-level model. The findings indicate that collaboration and policy guidance among the enterprise, research, and auxiliary innovation layers promote scientific output and innovation, while the external environmental layer provides robust support and safeguards, collectively driving the development of the innovation ecosystem. We study the operational mechanisms of the innovation ecosystem in depth, identifying mechanisms of competitive symbiosis, coordination, and sharing. These mechanisms work together throughout the project management process, offering new insights for enhancing the scientific and effective management of these projects. The national innovation ecosystem and high-quality development mutually reinforce and complement each other. As a critical pathway to high-quality development, our study provides new approaches to addressing the challenges of insufficient innovation capacity and the difficulty in translating scientific achievements into practice, contributing to the optimization of resource allocation, and the deep integration of technological innovation with economic and social development.

Advances in Group-10 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide PdSe2-Based Photodetectors: Outlook and Perspectives.

The recent advancements in low-dimensional material-based photodetectors have provided valuable insights into the fundamental properties of these materials, the design of their device architectures, and the strategic engineering approaches that have facilitated their remarkable progress. This review work consolidates and provides a comprehensive review of the recent progress in group-10 two-dimensional (2D) palladium diselenide (PdSe2)-based photodetectors. This work first offers a general overview of the various types of PdSe2 photodetectors, including their operating mechanisms and key performance metrics. A detailed examination is then conducted on the physical properties of 2D PdSe2 material and how these metrics, such as structural characteristics, optical anisotropy, carrier mobility, and bandgap, influence photodetector device performance and potential avenues for enhancement. Furthermore, the study delves into the current methods for synthesizing PdSe2 material and constructing the corresponding photodetector devices. The documented device performances and application prospects are thoroughly discussed. Finally, this review speculates on the existing trends and future research opportunities in the field of 2D PdSe2 photodetectors. Potential directions for continued advancement of these optoelectronic devices are proposed and forecasted.

Organic thermoelectric device utilizing charge transfer interface as the charge generation by harvesting thermal energy

We propose an organic thermoelectric device having a new power generation mechanism that extracts small-scale thermal energy, i.e., a few tens of millielectronvolts, at room temperature without a temperature gradient. We demonstrate a new operating mechanism based on an organic thermoelectric power generation architecture that uses the charge separation capabilities of organic charge transfer (CT) interfaces composed of copper (II) phthalocyanine and copper (II) 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11,15,16,17,18,22,23,24,25-hexadecafluoro-29H,31H-phthalocyanine as the donor and acceptor, respectively. With the optimized device architecture, values of open-circuit voltage VOC of 384 mV, short-circuit current density JSC of 1.1 μA/cm2, and maximum output Pmax of 94 nW/cm2 are obtained. The temperature characteristics of the thermoelectric properties yield activation energy values of approximately 20–60 meV, confirming the low-level thermal energy’s contribution to the power generation mechanism. Furthermore, from surface potential analysis using a Kelvin probe, we confirm that charges are generated at the CT interface, and the electrons and holes are diffused to the counter-electrodes with the aid of Fermi-level alignment between adjacent layers.

Hydrodynamic and energy-harvesting performances of a compact-array OWC device: An experimental study

This study proposed and evaluated a compact-array oscillating water column device called “Rainbow”, which is expected to adapt to the nearshore wave climate characteristics in China, and satisfy the quick response requirements to coastal and offshore electricity. The proposed device employs a bent-duct buoy concept, with an open mouth in two opposite directions, and embraced a moon pool in a ring shape. Moreover, models under a scale ratio of 1:10 are designed and manufactured, which are fixed on the bottom and tested in regular and irregular wave scenarios in a wave tank. The time histories of critical performance parameters, hydrodynamic and aerodynamic performances, and capture width ratios in different modules were recorded and analyzed to reveal the operating mechanisms of the model. The various module arrangement topologies were found to cause significant differences in the value distribution characteristics of the capture width ratio in different modules, peaking at 0.26. The experimental results can be employed as critical benchmark cases for further designs and optimizations.

Improvement of Single Event Transient Effects for a Novel AlGaN/GaN High Electron-Mobility Transistor with a P-GaN Buried Layer and a Locally Doped Barrier Layer.

In this paper, a novel AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure with a P-GaN buried layer in the buffer layer and a locally doped barrier layer under the gate (PN-HEMT) is proposed to enhance its resistance to single event transient (SET) effects while also overcoming the degradation of other characteristics. The device operation mechanism and characteristics are investigated by TCAD simulation. The results show that the peak electric field and impact ionization at the gate edges are reduced in the PN-HEMT due to the introduced P-GaN buried layer in the buffer layer. This leads to a decrease in the peak drain current (Ipeak) induced by the SET effect and an improvement in the breakdown voltage (BV). Additionally, the locally doped barrier layer provides extra electrons to the channel, resulting in higher saturated drain current (ID,sat) and maximum transconductance (gmax). The Ipeak of the PN-HEMT (1.37 A/mm) is 71.8% lower than that of the conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMT (C-HEMT) (4.85 A/mm) at 0.6 pC/µm. Simultaneously, ID,sat and BV are increased by 21.2% and 63.9%, respectively. Therefore, the PN-HEMT enhances the hardened SET effect of the device without sacrificing other key characteristics of the AlGaN/GaN HEMT.

Comprehensive Analysis of Agricultural Practices in Adapting Soil, Water and Pest Management to Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa

Agriculture constitutes the primary economic sector in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, engaging over 70% of the population, predominantly vulnerable rural communities. For decades, agriculture in SSA has grappled with climatic constraints, intensifying the vulnerability of impoverished communities. In response, communities have developed indigenous practices to adapt to these climatic hazards, warranting greater recognition for potential optimization. This review identifies agricultural practices related to climate change adaptation, specifically focusing on soil management, water, and pests. The operational mechanisms of the most widely utilized practices were scrutinized through a thorough analysis. The study concludes by identifying nine practice categories. Results indicate that water collection practices and the use of organic fertilizers are the most prevalent in soil and water management. Additionally, agricultural and biological control practices dominate pest management. The comprehensive analysis underscores that the most frequently cited practices may not always be the easiest to implement. Nevertheless, these practices are agro-ecologically sustainable, contributing to soil health restoration, efficient water management, and pest control in Sub-Saharan African countries. The findings suggest a need for a research program that concentrates on the simultaneous application of these practices, enabling their optimization for more sustainable agriculture, particularly in the context of climate change adaptation and soil fertility restoration in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Preoptic area controls sleep-related seizure onset in a genetic epilepsy mouse model.

In genetic and refractory epileptic patients, seizure activity exhibits sleep-related modulation/regulation and sleep and seizure are intermingled. In this study, by using one het Gabrg2 Q390X KI mice as a genetic epilepsy model and optogenetic method in vivo , we found that subcortical POA neurons were active within epileptic network from the het Gabrg2 Q390X KI mice and the POA activity preceded epileptic (poly)spike-wave discharges(SWD/PSDs) in the het Gabrg2 Q390X KI mice. Meanwhile, as expected, the manipulating of the POA activity relatively altered NREM sleep and wake periods in both wt and the het Gabrg2 Q390X KI mice. Most importantly, the short activation of epileptic cortical neurons alone did not effectively trigger seizure activity in the het Gabrg2 Q390X KI mice. In contrast, compared to the wt mice, combined the POA nucleus activation and short activation of the epileptic cortical neurons effectively triggered or suppressed epileptic activity in the het Gabrg2 Q390X KI mice, indicating that the POA activity can control the brain state to trigger seizure incidence in the het Gabrg2 Q390X KI mice in vivo. In addition, the suppression of POA nucleus activity decreased myoclonic jerks in the Gabrg2 Q390X KI mice. Overall, this study discloses an operational mechanism for sleep-dependent seizure incidence in the genetic epilepsy model with the implications for refractory epilepsy. This operational mechanism also underlies myoclonic jerk generation, further with translational implications in seizure treatment for genetic/refractory epileptic patients and with contribution to memory/cognitive deficits in epileptic patients.

The role of financial inclusion in expanding the tax base

The research aims to demonstrate the impact of implementing financial inclusion of the tax base, by imposing a tax on users of digital activities represented by social media platforms (content owners) through an applied study to know the mechanism of operation of these platforms, the extent of their influence, the profit mechanism achieved from them, and analyzing the data using the Excel program. The applied results have concluded that the scope of tax registration for these activities contributes to increasing the state's tax base, as more taxes are collected from various sources and the coverage of taxable activities increases. This affects supplementing the state's general budget through its reliance on sources other than oil to support it. Budget, and this is what the government is heading towards at this stage.

One-Step Self-Assembled WO3/rGO Microspheres Photoanode Assembled Efficient Photocatalytic Fuel Cells for Simultaneous Organic Pollutant Degradation and Electricity Generation.

Photocatalytic fuel cells (PFCs) present a promising and environmentally friendly approach to simultaneously treat organic pollutants in wastewater and electricity generation. The development of photoanodes with high light absorption and carrier mobility is essential for enhancing the performance of PFCs but remains challenging. Herein, a one-step self-assembly strategy was adopted to develop flower-like WO3/rGO microspheres for PFC devices. Attributed to the abundant surface-active sites, enhanced light harvesting, and efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers, the WO3/rGO photoanode demonstrated superior rhodamine B (RhB) degradation rate (90% in 2 h), maximum power density (4.74 μW/cm2), and maximum photocurrent density (0.096 mA/cm2), 1.4, 2.4, and 4.0 times higher than the corresponding pure WO3 photoanode, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the built-in electric field formed between the interface of WO3 and rGO promotes the transfer of photogenerated electrons from WO3 to rGO, thus exerting a significant impact on improving the migration and separation of photoinduced charge carriers. Moreover, by combining experimental and theoretical results, a complete PFC operation mechanism for the PFC system was proposed. This study focuses on the strategy of constructing rGO-doped photocatalysts to enhance the interfacial charge transfer mechanism, providing a promising approach for the development of high-performance photoanodes in PFC systems.

Modeling Electronic Devices with a Casimir Cavity

The Casimir effect has been exploited in various MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system) devices, especially to make sensitive force sensors and accelerometers. It has also been used to provide forces for a variety of purposes, for example, for the assembly of considerably small parts. Repulsive forces and torques have been produced using various configurations of media and materials. Just a few electronic devices have been explored that utilize the electrical properties of the Casimir effect. Recently, experimental results were presented that described the operation of an electronic device that employed a Casimir cavity attached to a standard MIM (metal–insulator–metal) structure. The DC (direct current) conductance of the novel MIM device was enhanced by the attached cavity and found to be directly proportional to the capacitance of the attached cavity. The phenomenological model proposed assumed that the cavity reduced the vacuum fluctuations, which resulted in a reduced injection of carriers. The analysis presented here indicates that the optical cavity actually enhances vacuum fluctuations, which would predict a current in the opposite direction from that observed. Further, the vacuum fluctuations near the electrode are shown to be approximately independent of the size of the optical cavity, in disagreement with the experimental data which show a dependence on the size. Thus, the proposed mechanism of operation does not appear correct. A more detailed theoretical analysis of these devices is needed, in particular, one that uses real material parameters and computes the vacuum fluctuations for the entire device. Such an analysis would reveal how these devices operate and might suggest design principles for a new genre of electronic devices that make use of vacuum fluctuations.

A Multi-Functional Reactive Power Compensation Device with the Capability of Grounding Fault Regulation and Its Parameter Design Method

Aiming at the problems of low equipment utilization and the high-capacity requirements of existing arc-suppression devices, a multi-functional reactive power compensation device with the capability of grounding fault regulation (MF-RPCD) is proposed. Firstly, the topology and operation mechanism of MF-RPCD are introduced in this paper. MF-RPCD works in a reactive power compensation mode when a power grid is under normal operation to ensure the unit power factor operation of the power-grid side. When a single line-to-ground fault occurs in the power grid, MF-RPCD works in a fault-regulation mode to effectively suppress the ground-fault current. Secondly, the parameters of the active and passive parts of MF-RPCD are optimally designed to ensure the stable operation of MF-RPCD. Finally, the correctness, feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed topology and functions are verified using simulations and experiments.

Parcel-Locker-Sharing Model for E-Commerce Logistics Service Providers

In the e-commerce last-mile delivery process, the asset operators (logistics service providers who own parcel locker facilities) support their delivery service with parcel lockers, while the non-asset operators (logistics service providers without parcel lockers) perform door-to-door delivery. Due to demand fluctuation, asset operators’ parcel-locker slots may be left vacant, while non-asset operators are stuck with the high-cost door-to-door service. The exclusiveness of parcel-locker usage reduces resource utilization and service efficiency in last-mile delivery. Therefore, this paper proposes a parcel-locker-sharing model in which these two parties share the parcel-locker capacity in last-mile delivery. The asset operator rents the unused parcel lockers to the non-asset operator by charging a rental fee,while the non-asset operator rents the parcel lockers for delivery to save logistics costs. The motivation of this alliance is to increase the profits of both parties and that of the total supply chain. This study establishes the supply-chain profit model for the parcel-locker-sharing framework and finds that the profit or loss depends on the comparison of the operation cost savings and delivery-cost savings. A numerical analysis is conducted to validate the final result. The research further suggests the optimal rental quantity and price interval. This paper is the first to study the operational mechanism of sharing the parcel locker between two distinct types of logistics service providers and to offer recommendations for industrial application.

High-temperature fretting wear behavior and microstructure stability of a laser-cladding Ti-Al-C-N composite coating meditated by variable cycle conditions

Ti-6Al-4 V titanium alloy is used for low-pressure compressor blades of aero-engine due to its high specific strength, excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability. Low-pressure compressor blades are subject to fretting wear in service, which may lead to fracture failure of the blades. The preparation of wear-resistant coatings is currently an effective solution in solving the problem of fretting wear on Ti-6Al-4 V titanium alloy. However, the fretting wear resistance and microstructure stability of the coating under variable cycle fretting conditions require more attention. In this work, the fretting wear performance and microstructure stability of the Ti-Al-C-N composite coating under variable cycle fretting conditions are investigated. The results show that the parameters of variable cycle operating conditions have a notable effect on the coefficient of friction (COF). The variable frequency and variable temperature working conditions result in the alteration of the fretting operation mechanism. Whereas the variable stroke amplitude and the variable load conditions do not cause changes in the fretting operation mechanism, and both are in the gross slip region (GSR). The lowest wear rate occurs under variable stroke amplitude conditions. The wear rate is the maximum under the variable cycle temperature condition. According to the dissipated energy calculation, the difference between the two different stroke amplitudes is the biggest among all the conditions. EBSD and TEM analyses show that the subsurface of variable stroke amplitude worn scar has a more uniform strain distribution, and reveals a unique subsurface structure with a transformation from crystalline to amorphous, which contributes to improving the wear resistance. This work provides insights into coating microstructure stability and wear mechanisms under variable cycle conditions.

Организационные аспекты мониторинга беременных в Тульской области.

In recent decades, there has been an increasing use of modern technologies and information systems in order to increase the accessibility, effectiveness and quality of medical care. The issue of organizing medical care using digital technologies in the Tula region is relevant. The purpose of the study is to determine the main organizational aspects of the work of the situational center of the Tula Regional Perinatal Center named after V. S. Gumilyovskaya for monitoring pregnant women. Materials and methods. The structure and mechanisms of operation of the situational center of the GUZ «TOPTS named after V. S. Gumilyovskaya» are analyzed. Research methods: empirical, analytical, descriptive. Results. The situation center inside the perinatal center represents a new direction, where the collection, visualization and processing of data from various services play a crucial role in optimizing and improving the level of medical care for pregnant women registered in the regional women’s clinics. One of the main pillars is such a division of the perinatal center as the obstetric remote consultation center. In addition to the ADCC, the situation center receives data on the state of the service from the regional information subsystem for monitoring maternity care in the Tula region (RISAR) and reports from the BARS-Web-Vaults information and analytical system. The main visualization tool obtained from all data sources used by the situation center is a component of the information and analytical system of the Situation Center of the Governor of the Tula Region interactive analytical panels with a graphical interface – dashboards. Conclusion. Creation of a situation center in the State Institution «TOPC named after. V. S. Gumilevskaya» is designed to increase the efficiency of the obstetrics and gynecology service in the region through the prism of modern technologies. The combination of modern technologies and medical knowledge in the situation center makes it a relevant tool for improving medical care for pregnant women and newborns, providing medical institutions with solutions based on advanced information technologies and data analytics. The introduction of a situation center made it possible to reduce the number of errors in routing pregnant women at the regional level.

Service Design for Social Innovation: A New Path for the Development of Government Public Services Based on the TB4D Model

Public service is related to everyone’s life and future and directly feeds back on the development of society and the country. How to better shape and develop it is a critical issue for both individuals and groups. As the primary provider, the government plays a vital role in its creation, development, and transformation. In recent years, with the rapid development of human society, this field has been placed in the midst of new challenges. These are the difficulties that government departments urgently need to solve, and the traditional solutions have shown apparent inadequacies. Service design, as a powerful responder, is gradually emerging and playing an important role, influencing a series of dimensions from service innovation to social policies. The application of service design in government public services holds significant social value. However, related research remains in its infancy, needing a systematic theoretical framework. This paper focuses on government public service design and carries out systematic design research on it in order to realize the corresponding social and academic value. This paper established a theoretical framework for government public service design centered on the TB4D model, based on an in-depth study of the relevant literature, nearly 30 representative industry case studies, and three practical projects conducted by the author. The model integrates the TSLC operational mechanism model, the Behavior-Organization-Policy operational content model, the “3 + 1” development mode, and the method reference guide for government public service design based on the Double Diamond design process model. The letters and numbers in the model’s name sequentially represent these four components. Specifically, the TSLC operational mechanism model derives its name from the initials of four parts: trans-dimensional cognitive and thinking mode, systems thinking, learning interactive innovation process, and cultural regeneration and value shaping. The “3 + 1” development model denotes three forms of development centered on internal design capability and the form of joint development focused on external design capabilities. The TB4D model combines both theory and practice, yet to better illustrate its overall performance, this paper reverted to the practical domain. It quantitatively evaluated 20 complete projects, calculating the mean value and 95% confidence intervals to verify the model. The results demonstrate that the model is valid and possesses high industry representativeness, effectiveness, and universality. The organic operation of the model will provide systematic, innovative solutions to address the problems and challenges faced in the public service field, promoting the sustainable development of society. Since research in this area is still at an early stage, the theoretical model proposed here emphasizes its intrinsic principles and universal logic. It aims to provide foundational theoretical support for the development of this field and systematic guidance for relevant practices. As the industry evolves, the model’s content can be further refined and enriched to better reflect contemporary characteristics. Additionally, because this model serves as a foundational framework for the entire field, it can be further expanded to develop sub-models with local characteristics when applied to different regions.

Advancements in Key Parameters of Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Light Detection and Ranging: A Research Review

As LiDAR technology progressively advances, the capability of radar in detecting targets has become increasingly vital across diverse domains, including industrial, military, and automotive sectors. Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) LiDAR in particular has garnered substantial interest due to its efficient direct velocity measurement and excellent anti-interference characteristics. It is widely recognized for its significant potential within radar technology. This study begins by elucidating the operational mechanism of FMCW LiDAR and delves into its basic principles. It discuss, in depth, the influence of various parameters on FMCW LiDAR’s performance and reviews the latest progress in the field. This paper proposes that future studies should focus on the synergistic optimization of key parameters to promote the miniaturization, weight reduction, cost-effectiveness, and longevity of FMCW LiDAR systems. This approach aims at the comprehensive development of FMCW LiDAR, striving for significant improvements in system performance. By optimizing these key parameters, the goal is to promote FMCW LiDAR technology, ensuring more reliable and accurate applications in automated driving and environmental sensing.